#Anglo-Portuguese Society

[theoutcastrogue]

"The knife is a weapon of the Other"

"The emerging martial art of Bartitsu, appearing in middle-class magazines during the Boer War, was the encapsulation of British civilian gallantry. Yet Bartitsu would have slid into obscurity had it not been for its curious appearance in the Sherlock Holmes canon. The final showdown of the ‘duel’ between Holmes and Moriarty is a wrestling match between two Victorian masterminds. When Holmes returns to London he tells Watson that he and Moriarty went to battle at the Reichenbach Falls unarmed. Holmes managed to ‘slip through’ Moriarty’s grip as he possessed ‘some knowledge’ of ‘baritsu, or the Japanese system of wrestling’, adding that the art had on occasion been useful to him.

Founded in the 1890s by an Anglo-Scottish engineer, Edward William Barton-Wright (1860–1951), Bartitsu was a synthesis of British boxing, French la savate (kickboxing) and Japanese jujitsu. Barton-Wright tapped into the need for a bourgeois form of self-defence, something which he could promote as being British and yet was also exotic and refined.

The principal aim of Bartitsu’s promoters was ‘to provide a means whereby the higher classes of society may protect themselves from the attacks of hooligans and their like all over the world’. These urban gangs were a new form of folk devil, descendants of the mid-Victorian-era garotter. While they were armed with clubs, knuckles, iron bars and leather belts, it is doubtful that they carried firearms. Nevertheless, the press did represent the hooligan as a threatening presence.

Perhaps the scares promoted the growth of a burgeoning culture of ‘British’ self-defence which avoided the aggressive and increasingly unmanly action of using a firearm against a ruffianly lower-class opponent equipped only with basic weapons.

Barton-Wright follows a literary tradition when he presents his martial art as a British form of self-defence. Pierce Egan’s well-known self-defence manual was supplemented with a word on the ‘Englishness’ of physical heroism, arguing that ‘Englishmen need no other weapons in personal contests than those which nature has so amply supplied them with’. In 1910 the former lightweight boxing champion Andrew J. Newton said in his manual Boxing that ‘the native of Southern Europe flies to his knife’, whereas the ‘Britisher […] is handy with his fists in an emergency’. Elsewhere it was maintained that the ‘Italian, Greek, Portuguese, or South American’ ‘give preference to the knife’ while the Englishman extols boxing. For Barton-Wright, British boxers ‘scorn taking advantages of another man when he is down’, while a foreigner might ‘use a chair, or a beer bottle, or a knife’ or, ‘when a weapon is available’, he might employ ‘underhanded means’. The views of these articles reappear in a later self-defence manual of 1914, where it is argued that Britons ‘live in a country where knife and revolver are not much in evidence’. This statement about the low number of firearms and edged weapons can be read as an attempt to extol British virtues and is not necessarily representative of reality. The knife is a weapon of the Other. Barton-Wright’s view that English practitioners of Bartitsu are principled men is reflected in the Sherlock Holmes canon, where Holmes never uses a knife, although his enemies, whether foreign or British, do so at times."

— Emelyne Godfrey, Masculinity, Crime and Self-Defence in Victorian Literature (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) (very abridged)

#Masculinity Crime and Self-Defence in Victorian Literature #Emelyne Godfrey #theory #how to stab #sherlock holmes #arthur conan doyle #bartitsu #rogues in fiction #moral panics #dishonour on your cow

[evita-shelby]

Rules: Share your OC's full name and the meaning/origins behind it. Then (If you'd like) inculde any insights or symbolic meanings about their name you wish to share, or just your reasons for giving them the name that you did!

No pressure tags: @zablife @raincoffeeandfandoms @call-sign-shark @thegreatdragonfruta @red-riding-wood @runnning-outof-time @arcielee @assortedseaglass

Eva Leonor Smith Riley

Cw: use of a slur, mentions of suicide

For oc names i go with how the parents would name them given the society they live in and vibe. Eva was no different.

Eva gets two lastnames because of naming conventions in mexico, so its her father's surname followed by mother's maiden name.

So first name and middle name:

Eva: is the latin spelling of the hebrew words Chava/Hava meaning life or life giver.

While i could lie and say Eva’s name was chosen of the symbolism that she helps Tommy heal and grow into a better man, she is named Eva after Evita Peron, first lady of Argentina who after her dictator husband was overthrown.

She was rather influentian and there was a myth taht where her body was hidden(it was exhumed and stolen) flowers would appear there.

Eva's name also comes from a 1917 femme fatale played by Mimi Derba in La Tigeresa named Eva who pretended to be a poor woman to win the heart of a lower class man and then broke up with him, faked her death which drove him insane only for her (now married to a rich man) to visit the institution he was in for charity and he kills her in his mad rage.

While the femme fatale is more in line with s1 Grace , Eva reveals in Of Gods and Witches she seduced the president's son and when he discovered his father was gonna have her assassinated while under house arrest he commits suicide ala Antigone and Haemon. This all happened while she was secretly dating her best friend and cousin’s secret girlfriend, Antonia.

But in the fic, Eva is named Eva because her mother, Isabel, schemed to make herself go into labor in the Sistine Chapel(right ubder God's Creation of Eve)to get the current Pope (Benedict XV) attend the baptism and his successor the future Pope Pius XI to be her godfather because the archbishop of mexico refused to go to her family's estate to baptize Eva’s older brother Gabriel.

Leonor: is the portuguese and spanish variant of Eleanor meaning Torch, light and/or sun ray.

Leonor was the name of her great grandmother who descends from Emperor Moctezuma, the last Aztec ruler, through his son Juan Moctezuma who was made a spanish noble. Leonor Moctezuma, Eva’s great grandmother, was born to a member of the Moctezuma family and a Nahua secretary in Mexico City.

Last Names:

Smith: anglo-saxon 'to hit or strike' possibly related to a person who was a metal worker.

So Smith is a common English surname and the surname of a romani traveller king named Absalom Smith in the early 19th century. He died in 1826 with the title of king of the gypsies (please excuse the slur)and had been elected so in the early 19th century according to the Mamchester Times. He was a fiddler and his daughter Beatte Smith was so beautiful there is portrait of her in Belvoir Castle, Manchester.

The Smiths were apparently an important Romani family like the Boswells who the Shelbys claim descendance from and the Welsh Romani woman Tommy seeks to see if the sapphire was cursed is also a Boswell. Eva was originally going to be a Boswell but that would've made her a relative of Tommy and i decided against it.

Riley: anglicized irish last name meaning rye-clearing.

So Eva’s grandfather Patrick Riley was an Irish immigrant and oc nephew to John Patrick Riley, Captain of the Saint Patrick's Battalion who were composed Catholic Irish, Scotsmen. Freed slaves and men of color tired of the racism they dealt with in the US and defected to Mexico right before the Mexican American War in the 1850s.

John Riley immigrated to the US due to the Great Famine and despute being known for his great strength of character and morality died alone and penniless in Veracruz as the torture and defeat of his battalion at the hands of the americans left him with very severe trauma and teh letters D on both sides of his face branded onto his skin for desertion even though he deserted before the war.

It provides as to why Eva is of mixed race and how her grandmother who is old money ended up having red haired children and show how diverse Mexico actually is

#oc games #eva smith shelby #eva smith riley

[hahahax30]

TSC and Anglocentrism

As a quick preface, I want to say that by writing this I’m not attacking cc or tsc. I merely want to point out some flaws in the way tsc’s world building has been conceived. I’m not anti anything, so if someone reads this, don’t take it the wrong way.

Long story short: tsc is anglocentric as fuck, and it shouldn’t be, because in theory it isn’t. Cc tells us that nephilim society is global, since demons plague every single country, from the US to Greenland, so there needs to be American shadowhunters, Greenlandic shadowhunters as well as shadowhunters of every other nationality in between. Furthermore, she also says that when the angel raziel created the shadowhunters, he also gave them a personal piece of land in Central Europe to inhabit and manage as they wish. That would mean that, in theory, Alicante (*sighs*) should be a mesh of different cultures that in some degree or other should be present in the books so as to truly showcase that shadowhunters are, in fact, a global phenomenon.

Instead, cc has created a heavily anglocentric society. All the leaders —inquisitors and consuls— that we know of have been either American or English: Charlotte and Maurice are British, Jia and Robert where American (as far as I know, Jia’s Chinese-American, correct me if I’m wrong), Alec is American. Diego may become the Inquisitor, in which case he’ll be the only non-American/British inquisitor we’ve had in over a decade of books, and honestly that’s so antithetical to a society that’s “global”. Global societies have leaders from multiple cultural backgrounds, look at world organisations right now, they’re far from the best, but the UN’s secretary-general is currently a Portuguese man, who preceded a Korean man, who preceded Ghanaian man, etc. Same goes for the European Union. That’s how a global society is, not whatever tsc has going on.

This implies that nephilim society is heavily stratified and that there’s an in-universe perception that the hegemonic countries are the only ones who are allowed to lead or, that only hegemonic country’s people (read English/American people) are allowed to truly make use of the homeland raziel supposedly tailored for every shadowhunter.

What bothers me is that these issues have such an easy remedy: decentralise the fuck out of the nephilim. If they can’t be equal as part of the same unit because either the US or the UK is going to hog the power and Idris/Alicante (*sigh*), create several units and then make those equal. Have several consuls and inquisitors and “homelands” and bam, problem solved. Or cc could’ve just admitted that tsc is anglocentric from the get-go, if she argues that an Anglo-Saxon man summoned the angel, that raziel had a limited power that extended only to the Anglo-Saxon community and later on its descendants (aka the US) and the people that immigrated into those communities, while at the same time acknowledging other communities found their own way of combating demons, and, again, problem solved.

Really, cc just falls short of achieving a globalised society and if you look into it it’s irksome.

#tsc #the shadowhunter chronicles #cc #cassandra clare

[lightdancer1]

Intersectionality was a part of the history of the pan-African Diaspora from the beginning:

The reality of slavery in this hemisphere is that it began with the specific processes and cultural frameworks of the Spanish Empire and the human consequences of both its wars against Indigenous American societies and the attempts to enslave and enserf Indigenous Americans that brought a population collapse on a Biblical scale.

At the very beginning intersectionality shaped the history of the pan-African Diaspora. Because Spanish land-hunger and the brutality of landlords who did the 'obey but do not comply' routine were what they were, Indigenous American societies collapsed and the shattered remnants were incapable of meeting the self-centered views of the Hidalgos who made themselves great lords of new colonial systems.

Because the entire premise of early European colonialism in the Spanish as well as the Anglo worlds was that 'he who comes here does not need to work and shall eat very well' this was a catastrophe in more ways than one, and thus the Spanish and Portuguese began to turn to the shattered world of the former Songhai imperium, whose new rulers were entirely enthusiastic for new weapons and ready to receive them.

Neither the Spanish nor the Portuguese, in the beginning, nor the African states they encountered, could anticipate the scale of what was set in motion by those contacts, nor what they would represent.

#lightdancer comments on history #black history month #slave trade #the columbian catastrophe

[memorableconcerts]

4º Aniversário ROCK RENDEZ VOUS - Lisboa - Portugal

18 de Dezembro de 1984

O Rock Rendez-Vous (também conhecido por RRV) foi um dos mais conhecidos clubes de Lisboa, no Bairro do Rego, Portugal, durante a década de 1980 e inícios de 90, do século XX.

O RRV foi considerado um dos mais importantes espaços da música Rock em Portugal durante os anos 1980, sendo hoje recordado como um lugar mítico do Rock em Portugal. Localizava-se no antigo cinema Universal, na Rua da Beneficência, 175, em Lisboa. A abertura, deu-se a 18 de dezembro de 1980, com um concerto do "Pai do Rock Portugues", Rui Veloso. Foi encerrado em 1983, mas logo a seguir, foi feita uma petição para reabrir o clube, obtendo o efeito pretendido. Encerrou definitivamente a 27 de Julho de 1990 e foi demolido.

O RRV foi um centro de divulgação da música pop rock e rock alternativo, promoveu concertos de muitos nomes grandes da música portuguesa tais como, Xutos & Pontapés, Go Graal Blues Band, Aqui d'el-Rock, UHF, IODO, Jafumega, GNR, Heróis do Mar, Delfins, Táxi, Radar Kadafi, ZEM, Quinta do Bill, Mler Ife Dada, URB, Ban e More Republica Masónica, TumTá TumTum, Dead Dream Factory entre outros.

A nível internacional, divulgou grandes bandas da música anglo-saxónica tais como, Teardrop Explodes, Killing Joke, Echo & the Bunnymen, The Chameleons, Danse Society, The Raincoats, The Sound, Rose of Avalanche ou The Lords of the New Church.

Em 1984, o RRV promoveu o 1º Concurso de Música Moderna, que atingiu grande sucesso no circuito musical Português e que durante anos serviram de montra ao que de mais inovador era efectuado pelos jovens músicos portugueses. Teve 6 edições (de 1984 a 1989) e uma 7ª edição (em 1994), realizada no Cinema Condes, com o apoio da RTP.

#rock #post punk #80s music #alternative rock #new wave #portugal #lisboa #punk #punk music #live music #RRV #rock rendez vous

[nimblermortal]

WIP game!

Tagged by @alishatheninth (who chose The Gold Guard)

Make a new post

Embolden the themes that appear in your WIP 

Italicise those that are loosely covered

Tag people

addiction | beauty | betrayal | change vs. tradition | chaos vs. order | circle of life | coming of age | communication | convention vs. rebellion| corruption | courage | crime and law | dangers of ignorance | darkness and light | death | desire to escape | dreams | displacement | empowerment | facing darkness | facing reality | faith vs. doubt | fall from grace | fame and fortune | (found) family | fate | fear | fear of failure | free will | fight vs compromise | friendship | fulfilment | good vs. bad | government | greed | guilt and forgiveness | hard work | heroism | hierarchy | honesty | hope | identity crisis | immortality | independence | individual vs. society | inner vs. outer strength | innocence | injustice | isolation | knowledge vs. ignorance | life | loneliness | lost love | love | man vs. nature | manipulation | materialism | motherhood | nature | nature vs. nurture | oppression | optimism | peer pressure | poverty | power | power of words | prejudice | pride | progress | quest | racism | rebirth | relationships | religion | responsibility | revenge | sacrifice | secrets | self-awareness | self-preservation | self-reliance | sexuality | social class structure | survival | technology | temptation and destruction | time | totalitarianism | weakness | vanity | war | wealth | wisdom of experience | youth

It's about an alternate Old Guard consisting of Egil Skallagrimsson, Enkidu (who might be Gilgamesh? he's cagey about it), a pre-Christian German, and a survivor of King Zumbi's quilombo - all of them teaming up to kill Jeff Bezos, not because they think it will make a difference in society, but because they think it would be good for their friend Egil. He has trouble being a person, and the fact that he proposed this is a very good sign for his having made big strides, it should be encouraged!

It's about the line in the Old Guard "We do what we think is right," among people who have long since learned that what they think is not often right.

It's about having a cast who cheerfully winds in and out of German, Portuguese, and Icelandic mid-sentence, and no one can read it but me-on-the-day-I-wrote-it.

Oh, and Jeff Bezos has an Anglo-Saxon riddle tower.

#memes #the things the cast do outside their big violent missions #is generally considered more important than what they do on the big day #Enkidu is an activist with a family #Sigrid is a doctor #Capivara has an inner city capoeira school #Egil is on the dark web all the time writing poetry in Ruby

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 3.12

538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius. 1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the Catholic Church. He is best known for initiating the Crusades. 1158 – German city Munich (München) is first mentioned as forum apud Munichen in the Augsburg arbitration by Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich I. 1579 – Start of the Siege of Maastricht, part of the Eighty Years' War. 1622 – Ignatius of Loyola and Francis Xavier, founders of the Society of Jesus, are canonized by the Roman Catholic Church. 1689 – James II of England landed at Kinsale, starting the Williamite War in Ireland. 1811 – Peninsular War: A day after a successful rearguard action, French Marshal Michel Ney once again successfully delays the pursuing Anglo-Portuguese force at the Battle of Redinha. 1912 – The Girl Guides (later renamed the Girl Scouts of the USA) are founded in the United States. 1913 – The future capital of Australia is officially named Canberra. 1918 – Moscow becomes the capital of Russia again after Saint Petersburg held this status for most of the period since 1713. 1920 – The Kapp Putsch begins when the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt is ordered to march on Berlin. 1928 – In California, the St. Francis Dam fails; the resulting floods kill 431 people. 1930 – Mahatma Gandhi begins the Salt March, a 200-mile (320 km) march to the sea to protest the British monopoly on salt in India. 1933 – Great Depression: Franklin D. Roosevelt addresses the nation for the first time as President of the United States. This is also the first of his "fireside chats". 1938 – Anschluss: German troops occupy and absorb Austria. 1940 – Winter War: Finland signs the Moscow Peace Treaty with the Soviet Union, ceding almost all of Finnish Karelia. 1940 – The most destructive train accident in Finnish history kills 39 and injures 69 people in Turenki, Janakkala. 1942 – The Battle of Java ends with the surrender of the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command to the Japanese Empire in Bandung, West Java, Dutch East Indies. 1947 – Cold War: The Truman Doctrine is proclaimed to help stem the spread of Communism. 1950 – The Llandow air disaster kills 80 people when the aircraft they are travelling in crashes near Sigingstone, Wales. At the time this was the world's deadliest air disaster. 1967 – Suharto takes power from Sukarno when the People's Consultative Assembly inaugurate him as Acting President of Indonesia. 1968 – Mauritius gains independence from the United Kingdom. 1971 – The 1971 Turkish military memorandum is sent to the Süleyman Demirel government of Turkey and the government resigns. 1989 – Sir Tim Berners-Lee submits his proposal to CERN for an information management system, which subsequently develops into the World Wide Web. 1992 – Mauritius becomes a republic while remaining a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. 1993 – Several bombs explode in Mumbai, India, killing about 300 people and injuring hundreds more. 1993 – North Korea announces that it will withdraw from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and refuses to allow inspectors access to its nuclear sites. 1999 – Former Warsaw Pact members the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland join NATO. 2003 – Zoran Đinđić, Prime Minister of Serbia, is assassinated in Belgrade. 2003 – The World Health Organization officially release a global warning of outbreaks of Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). 2004 – The President of South Korea, Roh Moo-hyun, is impeached by its National Assembly: the first such impeachment in the nation's history. 2009 – Financier Bernie Madoff pleads guilty to one of the largest frauds in Wall Street's history. 2011 – A reactor at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant explodes and releases radioactivity into the atmosphere a day after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. 2014 – A gas explosion in the New York City neighborhood of East Harlem kills eight and injures 70 others. 2020 – The United States suspends travel from Europe due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

#Events

[mywifeleftme]

184: Tom Zé // Tom Zé [Grande liquidação]

Tom Zé [Grande liquidação] Tom Zé 1968,

I’m about as unqualified as it gets to chat about Tropicália as it gets, being a complete neophyte to the genre and a non-Portuguese speaker to boot, but I’ve been loving Tom Zé’s first self-titled (sometimes marketed as Grande liquidação, or Big Sale) since picking it up at the shop a few months back. As I understand it, Tropicália had a strong surrealist/Dadaist edge early on, and Zé seems the most committed to the shtick. The rear of Grande liquidação includes a manifesto-like statement from Zé that acridly inveighs against the shallow commercialism he sees in Brazilian society, suggesting some familiarity with Guy Debord and the Situationist International: “We are an unhappy people, bombarded by happiness,” it begins. “Smiles sell. They sell toothpaste, tickets, painkillers, diapers, etc. And as reality has always been confused with gestures, television proves every day that no one can be unhappy anymore.”

Despite its satirical intent (signposted by titles like “Catechism, Toothpaste, and Me” and “Intensive Manners Course”), it’s impossible to listen to any of Zé’s music without a genuine smile springing to your face. He has a genius for fusing samba and other Brazilian forms with Anglo-American psychedelia to create lavish pop songs that fizz with possibility. My favourite might be “Sem Entrada e Sem Mais Nada” (“No Entry and Nothing Else”), a suite-like composition that packs as many ideas into 2:40 as most Stateside bands of the era managed over an album side, or “Parque Industrial,” a delirious fantasia about the doubtful promise of Brazilian industrialization. (“Parque Industrial” is probably more familiar to most in the laidback arrangement released the same year on the collaborative LP Tropicália: ou Panis et Circencis, where it’s performed by Gilberto Gil, Caetano Veloso, Gal Costa, and Os Mutantes.) While not as instrumentally experimental as I’m told his ‘70s work becomes, Zé’s world already has a cartoony palette—brass fanfares collapse into womp-womp squawks; Zé’ narrates the captivity of eight million Paulistanos “loving with all their hate” over a chirping, slightly manic organ and a chorus of church bells.

At 86, Zé remains a puckish prankster and a musical visionary—as a new fan, I can’t wait to see what the 55 years between 2023 and this 1968 debut held for him.

184/365

#tom zé #tom ze #tropicália #tropicalia #brazilian music #luaka bop #mr bongo #gilberto gil #caetano veloso #gal costa #os mutantes #'60s music #latin american music #situationism

[dan6085]

The history of South Africa is a complex and multifaceted story that spans centuries, from the indigenous San and Khoi peoples who inhabited the region for thousands of years, to the arrival of European explorers and settlers, to the tumultuous 20th century, which saw the country struggle with apartheid, political upheaval, and social change.

The earliest known inhabitants of the region that would become South Africa were the San and Khoi peoples, who lived in the area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans. These groups were largely hunter-gatherers and pastoralists, and they developed complex societies with their own languages, customs, and beliefs.

The first Europeans to reach South Africa were Portuguese explorers, who landed on the coast in the late 15th century. However, it was the Dutch East India Company that established the first permanent European settlement in 1652, at what is now Cape Town. The Dutch settlers, known as Boers or Afrikaners, gradually expanded their control over the region, pushing aside the indigenous peoples and establishing farms and towns.

In the early 19th century, British forces seized control of the Cape Colony from the Dutch, and began to expand their influence throughout the region. This led to a series of wars between the British and the Boers, culminating in the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902. The British ultimately emerged victorious, and South Africa became a British colony.

In 1910, the Union of South Africa was established as a self-governing dominion within the British Empire. However, the country remained deeply divided along racial lines, with white minority rule dominating political and economic power. In 1948, the National Party, which was committed to apartheid or racial segregation, came to power, and began implementing a series of laws that institutionalized discrimination against non-white South Africans.

The apartheid system was characterized by the forced removal of millions of black South Africans from their homes and the establishment of separate and unequal public facilities for different racial groups. Resistance to apartheid grew throughout the 1950s and 1960s, as black South Africans organized protests, strikes, and boycotts. In 1960, the Sharpeville Massacre, in which police opened fire on unarmed protesters, drew international attention to the brutality of the apartheid regime.

In the 1980s, pressure from the international community and growing resistance within South Africa forced the government to begin dismantling the apartheid system. In 1990, Nelson Mandela, who had spent 27 years in prison for his anti-apartheid activism, was released, and negotiations began to establish a democratic, non-racial South Africa.

In 1994, South Africa held its first democratic elections, with Mandela becoming the country's first black president. The transition to democracy was not without challenges, and South Africa has struggled with issues such as high levels of crime, poverty, and inequality. However, the country has also made significant progress in areas such as education, healthcare, and human rights.

Today, South Africa is a diverse and vibrant country, with a rich cultural heritage and a complex history. While the legacy of apartheid continues to shape many aspects of South African society, the country has made significant strides in building a more inclusive and equitable society, and remains a key player on the African continent and in the global community.

[collymore]

Ukraine going badly for the Anglos and a distraction consequently needed?

By Stanley Collymore The white west led by the USA are irrefutably responsible for over 90% of all the conflicts, past and present, across the world. And everywhere you look these odiously vile white warmongers are always evidently there. And crucially it’s the blasted USA who's always the very bloody, first ones to flee when the distinctly barbaric and bloody chaos they quite ignorantly and barbarously, really didn't mind toxically starting quite simply gets dangerously underway. Then furthermore, and also   quite unsurprisingly, nothing in the UK with literally exactly the same fucking white supremacy mentality works any more; and clearly, that’s the sad truth! And wherever in Britain that you care to look, there’s everything from broken aircraft carriers, a broken military; sewage strewn over the beaches and the sea as well as in our lakes and rivers; a rather obvious, broken government likewise too with identical, political opposition parties; a Tory government, broken economy keenly supported by a fucking racist, Labtory Zionist, plus an undoubtedly quite thoroughly, kiss-me-ass bogus anti-Semitic cunt, toxically in charge nominally, of this Tory Labour Party!   A prat Zionist puppet who at his puppet masters' bidding rather earnestly and very obediently is keenly endeavouring to chuck out of that party, the real Labour personages who have ethically endeavoured all of their lives - politically and otherwise - both from within as well as externally of the real Labour Party, and likewise its genuinely associated, trade union movement to very morally, politically and similarly financially, distinctively cucially, make Britain the equal; non- racist; meritocratic; and the genuine workable and really working society, that realistically it can truly become. Not some entrenched entity for several coteries of effectively   rather obviously privileged, money obsessed and, discernibly also, quite money grabbing; fucking Zionist, unquestionably selfish; quite arrogant bastards and bitches. Who when they are justifiably criticized, or essentially condemned over this promptly lyingly and asininely, clearly bloody absurdly   squeal, just like stuck pigs that these fair criticisms of them, and their kind are fraudulent anti-Semitism! Yet are themselves rather ironically, some of the most racist cunts that infest this species we label as "human beings". (C) Stanley V. Collymore 26 April 2023. Author's Remarks: Semites are a biological race, not a bloody religion. The Palestinians are biological Semites as are the Falasha who are irrefutably the oldest authentic Jewish sect on Planet Earth; and there are blacker in complexion than any Afro-Caribbean, the ethnic group to which Diane Abbott as well as I genuinely belong. And like all Afro-Caribbeans we enforcedly carry in our DNA system the white male Y chromosome barbarically and brutally imposed there through the systematic and systemic rape of our people by white Caucasians, the direct consequence of the Transatlantic Slave, begun in my ancestral homeland of Barbados by Sephardic Jews, kicked out of Brazil and were permanently refused sanctuary anywhere across the Americas except for Barbados that took them in; and that’s how these mother fuckers repaid the hospitality of Barbados. Go check it out. The same Sephardic barbarians who subscribed to the notion - when white Irish indentured servants barbadozed as it was called then to Barbados, couldn’t hack the arduous work in Barbados and died off in their thousands - these fucking Sephardic Jews, because of their relationship with the Arabs who’d previously saved their pathetic asses from Iberian Christendom until both they and the Arabs themselves were kicked out of Portugal and Spain, moved to Brazil when it was briefly under Dutch control and were themselves summarily kicked out when the Portuguese regained control - now to further enhance their financial intake – how unsurprisingly not seeing who they were – connived with the Arabs who had a geological knowledge of Africa, which these Sephardic Jews didn’t, to have Black slaves shipped to Barbados and subsequently over the ensuing 500 years to other areas of the Caribbean and Latin America as well as the colonies that opened up in North America. Naturally, become stupendously rich, these Sephardic Jews, and with the first generation of their kind and the oldest Jewish population in North America stemming from Barbados, where the oldest synagogue anywhere across the Caribbean, Latin or North America is still located and is now a world heritage site, continued to make their fortune in North America. Although there are those across the CARICUM region, who because of its barbaric association with slavery and the trillions, in today’s terms that Jews made off of our Black people, would dearly have loved to see this synagogue blown to smithereens. But Bajans, who’re a mature and intelligent people who haven’t received any slavery compensation and aren’t waiting for any or demanding such, concentrating instead on developing their country which boasts one of the highest standards of education globally, a first rate National Health Service, and has one of the largest and healthiest centenarian populations anywhere in the world, decided to let it stay. And none more eloquently so than the Father of Barbados’ Independence and a Royal Air Force World War 2 hero, ERROL WALTION BARROW, whose courageous and altruistic efforts like many other Barbadians and Afro-Caribbeans significantly helped to save these Zionists asses: for let’s face it, that’s what the majority of them are, Zionists, and most definitely not practising religious Jews! But have no compunction whatever in dishonestly and disingenuously using the religion of Judaism for their own nefarious purposes. And those who’re practising Judaism are no different in actuality from white European Christians whose ancestors converted to Christianity. European Jews are not biologically Semites! The country they primarily originated from was a small kingdom of its own on the borders of what we now know as Russia and was politically sandwiched between the Ottoman Empire and the Christian, so-called Holy Roman Empire. And these Khazars were people who made their living primarily from mercenary activities; in short supplying both sides in a conflict simultaneously with weapons and the like. The Ottomans wanted them to join them and the Holy Roman Empire wanted them too on their side, and both these entities gave them an ultimatum. So to avoid being set upon by either or both these entities, the ruler of these Khazars came up with his own plan claiming that he’d ordered his people to become Jews. That way they belonged no side, Ottoman Turk or so-called Holy Roman Empire and could carry on with their profitable warmongering business of assisting both sides at the same time and profiting hugely from both whoever won or even loss? It’s the 21st Century now, and fuck all has changed with these people. Go check it out you ignoramuses. Judaism, Christianity and Islam are all Semitic religions; and why? Because the people that founded them were genuine Semites born in the Middle East and North Africa; the Falasha for example being principal among them. Joseph and Mary supposedly fled to Egypt when Herod wanted to kill Jesus. Egypt then was a Black country just as Australia was an Aborigine one when whites first reached there, although the cunts in Australia delude themselves and still do that that island continent was Terra nullius; never mind the Aborigines having lived there, as they still do, for over 66 thousand years. Likewise, Egypt was Black and the influx of Arabs came in the same fashion as whites into Australia. I mention this fact because it’s significant. Mary, Joseph and Jesus, in a region that was exclusively brown and Black somehow WHITE? Kiss-me-ass laughable to anyone with a functioning brain! But to compound this arrant nonsense by suggesting that they then fled to Egypt with Jesus to be safe: a country that was overwhelmingly Black and with Jesus’ life at serious risk, that’ll be like a Black couple in 2023 fleeing the British police for whatever reason with their Black baby child and heading for an exclusively WHITE area of Britain like say Windsor; or a few similar white ones I could name across mainland Europe, and not expecting to stand out by taking such a ludicrous action? It’s a fucking joke! Even a common o garden white criminal in the UK who’s wanted by the police wouldn’t go and actually try to hide out in what’s an exclusively Asian or Black area, any more than if I was personally wanted by the police as a Bajan/British Black man, although quite enforcedly born British, would I head off for an all-white area to hide out. Shows you how fucking stupid, gullible and significantly racist whites are and specifically British ones. Lol! Try working that one out you dim-witted racists. So either Joseph, Mary and Jesus were white or they weren’t. And if they were white, they were sure as hell taking one big risk trying to hide away in a Black country. Or perhaps the Blacks in Egypt then were very much like us quite friendly Bajans, exceptionally friendly and accommodating and took them in like we did the Sephardic Jews (smile). Seriously, no white Christian or white European Jew, any more so than significant numbers of Blacks, ludicrously so Asians or anyone else are logically or sensibly Semites. Like I said earlier, just like Diane Abbott and all other Afro-Caribbeans I carry the white male Y chromosome in my genetic makeup; I was also like I said enforcedly born British, as our ancestors then had no choice relative to their own nationality. But do I see myself, or call myself, a white Caucasian, because I have Caucasian DNA inside my genetic makeup?  That’ll be fucking daft! But I’m British and far more so than all these pogrom and European holocaust escaping prats who proselytize themselves as British when essentially they scarcely are. Put bluntly my ancestral homeland of Barbados made a very insignificant offshore European island, well part of it called England, what it historically and subsequently became. What the hell did the ancestors of Tom Bauer, name change Bower; Michael Hecht; same in respect of Howard; Dominic Raab, at least he’s kept his original name; Amanda Platell; Sarah Vine et al - all hard-core racists and Zionists, who have the bloody effrontery to see the likes of Diane Abbott as “outsiders” do for Britain. Get a fucking life you blithering ignoramuses. You are the descendants of Pogrom chasers who were your own people that kicked you out and killed you, and caused those of you who survived to find rescue in Britain when no other European country wanted you; the same situation during the European holocaust; as significant numbers of you are also of German origin. No Bajan, Jamaican, other CARICOM state member or Afro-Caribbean put you in the very invidious situations you and your ancestral lot were in. But many Black and Brown people risked their lives courageously and altruistically and furthermore loads of them died to save your very ungrateful, racist asses. So much so that Errol Barrow the Founding Father of the Barbadian Nation, now thankfully a Republic, along with many others resolutely refused post-war to accept any of your fucking medals or awards. Because they know what the white British are like, having as a people to put up with you for in excess of 400 years. And practically everything you have in Britain goes back to our original ownership or that of other enslaved and colonized non-white countries. Meanwhile, Germany that carried out two holocausts of its own in what was then South West Africa systematically and intentionally wiping out over 80% of its indigenous population; the country where the groundwork for the European holocaust was cast and to whom no compensation has been paid, while anyone calling himself or herself a Jew can and does qualify for the post-war German Compensation scheme, and if you’re like David Cameron and his wife Samantha, can in their own right, also get post Transatlantic Slavery Compensation as well, as a consequence of their ancestors having given up under the Abolition Act of 1833, their slaves – never mind they were hugely compensated in today’s terms with trillions of Pounds, but their descendants like David Cameron and Samantha centuries later can carry on receiving these payments in their millions of Pounds; meanwhile the slaves at the time got nothing nor have their descendants. Interestingly enough David Cameron is dead set against any compensation for salve descendants claiming that no one in Britain today is responsible for slavery, yet quite happy though to collect, along with wife Samantha, in her own right millions of Pounds for their ancestors having been obliged to give up their slaves and at a time when the likes of David and Samantha weren’t even contemplated let alone born. But that’s white logic for you. Christian when it comes to collecting Transatlantic Slavery Compensation; but a Jew however, when it comes to collecting the German “Wiedergutmachung Agreement” compensation scheme payments exclusively paid to anyone who calls themselves a “Jew”, when most are Zionists, who like their Christian counterparts relative to churches, wouldn’t know what the inside of a synagogue looks like! And significantly, since 1952, the German government has paid in excess of £60 Billion in indemnification to these people; not a bad financial racket for people who keep telling the world they only lost 6 million people. However, not a single Deutschmark or Euro has been paid to the Gypsies who lost considerably far more people than that alleged Jewish total; likewise no compensation either to those Frenchmen and women of Black/white ethnicity, derogatorily referred to as the Rhineland Niggers who died just as barbarically in the European death camps; or anyone else. And bloody well guess what? Not one solitary Jew or Zionist has ever campaigned publicly or made any official representation on the behalf of the other European holocaust victims. And in essence it all only about their fucking selves.  Never mind in the least bit to them that these people were in the same concentration and death camps of Europe as their parents and grandparents who they want everyone else to fucking eulogize eternally; and if sensible people refuse to do so because they can see the rampant hypocrisy involved, they are then branded anti-Semites! In all humanity one would sensibly imagine that knowing other people suffered the same barbarities as your relatives, real or the alleged ones you made up to get the “Wiedergutmachung Compensation, would strike a humanitarian chord in you and want that these people and their relatives would similarly be compensated as any Jew or Zionist who turns up for his or her handout, whether or not they had anyone in these atrocious concentration or death camps. And the brutal and honest reason is these malevolently egregious Zionist pillocks simply see it as “more money for themselves and their kind!” Yet these recipients aren’t poor people; are people that collectively and literally control the financial institutions of the white west as well as Hollywood the image shaping bastion of western deception, lying and delusions off which the white intellectually challenged, toxically verminous and white racist scum avidly feed off of and literally believe all the Zionist shit told to them; and against this sickening backdrop one would never have thought that the white Caucasian European war, vaingloriously referred to as World War 2, ended in 1945 and we’re actually now in 2023, the 21st Century. A standard joke among my German friends and students over the decades I’ve lived and worked in Germany is not only the psychological change of these people who not only delusionally believe that the entire world is against them, an intensely quite incestuously inbred lot – just look, even casually at the physical and specifically the facial characteristics that mark them out – while essentially doing so from a position generally of privilege, is this arrant nonsense that they’re actually Semites and that anyone who challenges that idiocy of theirs is racist and anti-Semitic. Categorically and unapologetically they’re not Semites but Europeans who effectively and rather intentionally conveniently chose a Semitic religion, as it happened to actually cover their financial asses. That’s just what it was! All my life I’ve been an Anglican in my faith and the Anglican faith is part of the Semitic set up as Christianity was created by people who were genuine biological Semites, but it doesn’t make me or any other Bajan a Semite; and I can tell you that Barbadian churches are and have always been thoroughly packed during religious services, which is much more than anyone can ever honestly say for white British churches of any allegedly Christian kind. What next, having Charles Windsor, Camilla, William, Kate or the rest of them labelling very genuine Christians who criticize them as being anti-Semitic because we don’t agree with their licentious and immoral conduct? Get a fucking life, idiots! In closing, there’s a standard German joke: yes the Germans do have a sense of humour, that if these people are Semites then they actually went through one hell of a massive transformation when they were kicked out of the Middle East; leaving there either Black or Brown in biological complexion and ending up snow white as Caucasians in Europe. But anyone with a functioning brain and who knows how to use it knows full well that they’re not, were never or are ever likely to be biologically Semites. Moreover, we live in the world of DNA science, so prove it or shut up with your unwholesome crap! Criticizing a Palestinian or Falasha on their race is anti-Semitic because they are biologically Semites; yet the Falasha, who’re the world’s oldest Jewish sect are treated most appallingly in Israel. And by the way no other British politician has been subjected to as much racism and death threats as Diane Abbot. And what Diane wrote is by no means anti-Semitic or racist. Curious though that when real racists spout their venom at non-whites that’s acceptable because it’s freedom of speech and freedom of expression. And genuine sufferers of racism don’t need anyone to explain to them what racism is. Just the odiously toxic and make-believe ones. Have a great day!

#Hate and Greed

[fitz-higgins]

LGBT literature of the 1860s–1910s. Part 1

Although homosexual love became more prominent in literature in the 1920s, there were dozens of different novels, poems and essays about homosexual men and women before that decade, and many of them were officially published! Here are ten such works, written between the 1860s and 1910s.

1. Une Femme M’Apparut (A Woman Appeared to Me), by Renée Vivien (1904). A beautiful autobiographical novel about Vivien’s relationship with Natalie Barney and also about her relationship with Catholicism.

[Read online in French or in English (also on Web Archive)]

2. The Green Carnation, by Robert Smythe Hichens (1894). A scandalous novel with characters based on Oscar Wilde and Lord Alfred Douglas (Bosie). Bold and delicious, according to The Observer. Esmé Amarinth and Lord Reginald Hastings are followers of “the higher philosophy” and navigate their lives in the Victorian society that doesn’t favour men like them.

[Read online]

3. A Marriage Below Zero, by Alan Dale (1889). This American novel is considered the first English-language novel that portrays a romantic relationship between men. Elsie Bouverie, falls in love with Arthur Ravener and later marries him. However, soon she realises that Arthur is more than fond of Captain Dillington. Indeed, the two are in love and some time later go to live in Paris together.

[Read online]

4. Mikaël, by Herman Bang (1904). A semi-autobiographical story of an artist’s unrequited love for his bisexual student. This novel was later adapted into a silent film Michael by Carl Theodor Dreyer in 1924 which is available with English, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Bulgarian subtitles here.

[Read online in Danish]

5. Wings, by Mikhail Kuzmin (1906). A tale of Vanya Smurov who is attached to his mentor Larion Stroop. An aesthete, Larion introduces him to the world of Classical and Renaissance art, and they go to Italy together. This novel offers an interesting insight into gay community in Russia.

[Read online in Russian or buy in English]

6. Poems by Digby Dolben (1860s). Dolben’s poems are plainly homoerotic, even though they don’t specify gender of the author’s love interest. My personal favourites are Homo Factus Est and A Song.

[Read online]

7. An Anglo-American Alliance: A Serio-Comic Romance and Forecast of the Future, by Gregory Casparian (1906). Get this: an Edwardian science fiction novel set in 1960 about lesbian romantic relationship, although one of them is actually a transmasc character. And they live happily. Be warned, though, that this is still an Edwardian novel, i.e. it’s rather problematic.

[Read online]

8. The Sins of the Cities of the Plain, or, The Recollections of a Mary-Ann, with Short Essays on Sodomy and Tribadism (1881). This book is based on the life of Jack Saul, an Irish male prostitute, or rentboy, and it is one of the first homosexual erotic works. Also includes a look into the Victorian transvestite/drag community.

[Read online]

9. Fridolins heimliche Ehe (Fridolin's Mystical Marriage), by Adolf Wilbrandt (1875). First work in German that presents homosexuality in a positive light. What’s more, the main character claims his soul is both male and female, and he is attracted to both men and women. Another novel with a happy couple!

[Read online in German or in English]

10. The Intermediate Sex by Edward Carpenter (1908). Carpenter, a socialist and gay rights activist, was a significant figure for gay writers of the early 20th century. In this work, he writes about homosexuality, sexual libertaion and gender fluidity.

[Read online]

P.S. One should remember that these books are very much products of their time and, once again, they can seem problematic to a modern reader, often in more ways than one. Nonetheless, they are an important part of gay and lesbian history and would be of interest to anyone who is interested in this subject.

Stay tuned, more books to come!

#lgbt literature #lgbt history #gay literature #lesbian literature #gay history #lesbian history #queer history #victorian literature #blog: literature #blog: history

[timac-extraversal]

Four Racial Futures

(TIMAC #003, ~3,800 words, 16 minutes)

Summary: Four alternative paths to the current dominant left/liberal racial vision for future America are discussed, including an underestimate of the size of the white population, Castizo Futurism, Landian Hyper-Racism, and changes in society's understanding of developmental psychology.

Epistemic Status: Political speculation.

-☆☆☆-

‘Majority Minority’ America? Don’t Bet on It John J. Miller, Wall Street Journal (2021/02) [paywall]

“The surge in mixing across ethno-racial lines is one of the most important and unheralded developments of our time,” says Mr. Alba, a professor at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. He rattles off facts and figures: Today, more than 10% of U.S.-born babies have one parent who is nonwhite or Hispanic and one who is white and not Hispanic. That proportion is larger than the number of babies born to two Asian parents and not far behind the number of babies born to two black parents. “We’re entering a new era of mixed backgrounds,” Mr. Alba says.

The census apparently counts those who identify as both white and non-white as 'non-white,' which may be undercounting the number of people who are likely to identify as 'white' in the United States. Sociologist Richard Alba argues that assimilation is bidirectional, but proceeding apace.

The infamous Razib Khan chimes in on Twitter:

The Great Demographic Illusion: Majority, Minority, and the Expanding American Mainstream [link] haven't read this book but summary supports my exp./priors in 21st century.

"When they marry, 72% of Asian-white women and 64% of Asian-white men take white spouses. The government nevertheless counts them and their progeny as nonwhite." i have a blue-eyed blonde-haired 1/4th japanese friend. she probably doesn't realize she's counted as nonwhite

fwiw, my half brown kids 'identify' as tan. but if they were forced to pick a race and others were forced would choose white more than anything else

On the one hand, we have the largely implicit left-wing theory that if there is no majority race, there can be no organized oppression by a majority race. On the other, the implicitly-left-wing theory that if there are many mixed-race people, it will become too difficult to organize by race - identifying people on the basis of race will be harder and people will have split loyalties.

Either might fail on its own. If people are naturally prone to politics by race and ethnicity, then a lack of a clear supermajority in a majority-minority country may lead to shifting ethnic coalitions, with no group feeling that it's in a comfortable position of power. Even within a mixed group, there might be selection in some specific direction, such as colorism, which is currently its own category of discourse.

On the other hand, it's apparently possible that some form of unironic 'Multiracial Whiteness' could "win," either from widespread adoption of 'white' as a norm even if whites were a minority, or by a supermajority ending up 7/8ths 'white' and the definition of 'white' expanding to match...

[Quora] What is Castizo Futurism? Renatto Belerofonte (2020)

Among the right-wingers, there is also a joke that "the Alt Right is a hispanic movement." And just as there is Afro-Pessimism, there is a 'White Optimism' in the form of "Castizo Futurism," as Quora user Renatto Belerofonte describes better than I could:

Castizo Futurism comes from the idea that the future of whites in the United States and Latin America is not as dire as white supremacists that believe in white genocide think it is. White Identitarians traditionally organize their societies through Hypodescent (the idea that the offspring of an union between two conflicting classes adopts the social standing of the lower class involved) [...] An example of hypodescent would be the One Drop Rule.

[...]

Castizo Futurism is basically the adoption of Hyperdescent by American White Supremacists, the idea that whiteness is a malleable condition that can morph according to the material and historical conjuncture of society. If Hispanics in the US suddenly stop being “non-whites” and start to be perceived as “mostly mestizos and castizos that are already predominantly European with various degrees of native blood” then you can conceive the prospect of “whitening” them overtime. If Mestizos can become Castizos (which according to White Supremacists is the cut-off at which you start to manifest European behavior and appearance) then there is the possibility that White Genocide can be reversed.

As Renatto writes, "if you look at non-anglo societies this paradigm is not the case [...] Spanish, Portuguese and French societies in America believed that you could 'become' white through generations of intermarriage..."

Human beings grow old and wish to create a legacy in their environments. For some people, this is children. For others, it is activism. Suppose you tie your self-identity to a great confrontation to overcome "whiteness," and then just as you saw the traditions of your ancestors as something outdated to be overturned, most of an entire generation simply ignore you and decide that they are now white.

Who, exactly, is going to stop them?

Of course, there is no guarantee that this will happen, but at the same time, there is no requirement that it won't.

One of the great advantages to adopting relatively liberal methods and tactics is that you aren't obligated to pin your hopes on demographic triumphalism - if the future goes a bit off-script, that isn't necessarily a problem. And it may well go off-script; one of the characteristics of the future that I have tried to express in my blogging is that, for most of us, it will be unexpected.

Why does the old conventional racism use hypodescent? Old conventional racism might claim to be based on thinking in terms of evolution, but it isn't necessarily. Often it proceeds as if race is primordial, trailing back into the mists of time. Why embrace hyperdescent now? In part, because 'white' was something that emerged once through evolution and selection, and it's implemented as a statistical distribution of heritable traits (even if those heritable traits are solely appearance). As long as those traits exist, it can simply be recreated if the appropriate conditions arise.

[Landian] Hyper-Racism Nick Land, Xenosystems.net (2014/09, arch. 2015)

Speaking of statistical distributions of traits, there are some pessimists that argue that intra-European political preferences are heritable and conserved.

But even those 'within-white' preferences, should they exist, may end up scrambled...

Assortative mating tends to genetic diversification. This is neither the preserved diversity of ordinary racism, still less the idealized genetic pooling of the anti-racists, but a class-structured mechanism for population diremption, on a vector towards neo-speciation. It implies the disintegration of the human species, along largely unprecedented lines, with intrinsic hierarchical consequence. The genetically self-filtering elite is not merely different — and becoming ever more different — it is explicitly superior according to the established criteria that allocate social status. Analogical fusion with Cochran’s space colonists is scarcely avoidable. If SES-based assortative mating is taking place, humanity (and not only society) is coming apart, on an axis whose inferior pole is refuse. This is not anything that ordinary racism is remotely able to process. That it is a consummate nightmare for anti-racism goes without question, but it is also trans-racial, infra-racial, and hyper-racial in ways that leave ‘race politics’ as a gibbering ruin in its wake.

"The problem with ordinary racism," Nick Land writes, "is its utter incomprehension of the near future."

If the conventional racists view race as primordial, as something that can only be either preserved or lost, and the would-be Castizo Futurists view race as something that can change over generations, then the Transhumanists are the most radical. Transhumanists tend to view the body mechanically, as a system of parts, each of which could potentially be replaced. This is the view on the macro level - they would support growing new organs in vats and transplanting them - but it's also true on the micro level. To a Transhumanist, a gene is not the same thing as a person who has it, and a gene is not in itself sacred any more than the radiator on your car is sacred. (Alter someone's genetics unwillingly, however, and you might find far more stern disagreement - not unlike the violent disagreement you might get if you broke into someone's car and stole their radiator.)

Someone once described Americans as 'temporarily-embarassed millionaires.' For temporarily-embarassed cyborgs, much of contemporary race discourse is just not very impressive. For Liberal Transhumanists, a man who has inherited frail leg bone genes is not an inherently unworthy being, but is merely someone who has not yet received robot legs - just as they are human beings who have not yet received anti-aging pills. And if some men have sturdy leg bone genes instead? Rather than a threat of enduring hierarchy, those genes represent potential untapped capital that could be used to raise the standard of living (from the typical subjective perspective).

In the famous animated franchise Ghost in the Shell, the lead character has an entirely synthetic body, except for her brain. If this were possible (and at this point, we don't know that it is, though we're continuing to experiment in fields like tissue engineering), one might describe a society capable of it as "also trans-racial, infra-racial, and hyper-racial in ways that leave ‘race politics’ as a gibbering ruin in its wake."

Are there risks involved with this mindset? Certainly. But many of the basic criticisms will ring as hollow to transhumanists as basic conservative criticisms ring hollow to many left-wing and liberal readers.

This future is not yet etched in stone, but on the other hand, an article in Nature published in 2020 argued that...

Together, these findings suggest that there are, at present, no known insurmountable hurdles to the eventual development of safe and effective clinical applications of genome editing in humans. […] Therapeutic genome editing will be realized, at least for some diseases, over the next 5-10 years.

Part of what makes contemporary race discourse so unimpressive to transhumanists is that it fails to integrate Crispr or PGD-IVF into its moral imagination. Right-wingers are said to look backwards, and left-wingers and progressives to look forwards. But while the right-wing WrathOfGnon would encourage readers think on ancestral time scales by physically building villages out of traditional materials (a view which, right or wrong, is consistent), a number of Progressives fail to imagine beyond the next fifteen years.

...or perhaps they do. Can children consent to what's considered a genetic disease (such as Tay-Sachs, which is quite lethal)? Would having kids the old-fashioned way come to be seen as a low-class activity for rednecks and religious fundamentalists? There are ways in which genetic equity is at odds with genetic freedom.

It's also possible that they are simply technology pessimists, maintaining multiple rings of protection in case technology should fail to pan out this century. Though if this is their perspective, perhaps they should consider the potential dangers of their current rhetoric as well.

Contrary to the Liberal Transhumanists, for someone like Land, everything is highly competitive evolution.

genomic manipulation capabilities, which will also be unevenly distributed by SES, will certainly intensify the trend to speciation, rather than ameliorating it.

I take issue with Land, here. Not just morally (though he writes "this blog generally seeks to spread dismay whenever the opportunity arises"), but in practical terms.

Every time we edit a gene, we risk an off-target result, which may cause disease. The tradeoffs for early genetic engineering favor focusing on monogenic disease, the sort of situation where your choices are to risk genetic engineering or experience near-certain death by age 30. Many traits like intelligence or general health, should they be genetic, are likely highly polygenic. Hypothetically, a rich man could pay for a thousand edits, but this would only work with a relatively mature technology where the rate of error is very, very low.

Something closer to the opposite of Nick Land's idea might come to pass, in which sharp negative points are eroded away except for a few populations such as religious conservatives, including the literal Amish, and medical skeptics, paid for by big institutions like insurance companies and public health authorities. In twenty years, the likes of L0m3z, a right-wing Twitter contrarian, may write about the coming "Planet of Midwits."

As for Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis In-Vitro Fertilization, although it is currently being used for preventing the transmission of Huntington's Disease (if you have $35,000 to spare), the gains from embryo selection for other traits can be more limited than people might expect.

[Video] The Glenn Show: The Dark Matter of Developmental Psychology Glenn Loury & James Heckman, BloggingHeads.tv (2020/12)

GLENN: I'm talking to one of the great economists working on human development. What are you up to at the Center for the Economics of Human Development at the University of Chicago?

HECKMAN: Well, one of the great issues of course, always, is exactly how do you improve the lot of human beings. Namely, how do you measure what improvement is, what are the relevant life skills, and then how do you develop those skills? What's the proper role for social policy, and I don't mean just governmental policy, I mean social policy? There are some very strong interventions, evidence for interventions, showing how if you tell parents a certain amount of information that they lack, it can have huge effects on their children. And the same is true of interventions that occur in adolescent years. Human potential is not being fully utilized. [...] I've been working on this not only in the US, but in several countries around the world - a lot of time spent in China, recently.

[...]

HECKMAN: And then gradually society has become more and more cognitively focused. Well that sounds good. When Governor Clinton was governor of Arkansas, well all of these well-meaning officials were talking about how to improve schools, what do they talk about? Nate scores - reading, writing, and arithmetic. They don't talk about character formation. They don't talk about self-control, executive functioning, the way you can help govern your life. [...]

HECKMAN: One of the main lessons of this body of work, and I'm proud to have contributed to this, is in showing the power of social and emotional and personality skills in shaping lives. Skills that can be actually cultivated, and skills that can be cultivated not just at the beginning of life, but through adolescence especially.

What evidence is there? Aside from more contemporary study in his own field, Heckman mentions discusses the Perry Preschool Project, a topic which comes up sometimes when one is looking into this field. While increases in IQ scores failed to stick, the experimental group had improvements in other life outcomes such as earnings, home ownership, and lower risk of incarceration.

HECKMAN: ...but the way you take the kid to the next step matters a lot. You've got to do it with some patience, and with some empathy - some attachment. And so there's a whole subject matter in child development psychology which we're looking at now - we actively are exploring.

HECKMAN: By the way, I don't want to pretend this is all completely known. This is what makes the work that I'm doing now so exciting. Because now we're measuring these interactions, week by week. This is now not in the US, it's in western China, one of the poorest areas. We can see how the interactions between the parent and the child are leading to the growth of skills on the part of the child. [...]

HECKMAN: This was something that was tried in Jamaica some 40 years ago. I'm working with a group of people with a study that's still ongoing outside of Kingston, Jamaica. It's called the "Reach Up and Learn" study in Jamaica. The China study is patterned after that study. [...]

So the research the Heckman is focused on is not limited to a particular race, country, or culture.

HECKMAN: It turns out that a lot of parents don't really know how to parent. And what do I mean by that? They don't have a clear idea what a normal growth trajectory is for a child, what a child can do. And they often don't understand how powerful they are in shaping the life of the child. So you give them that kind of information. Nobody's being forced to do anything. Just empower people. Almost every caretaker of a young child really wants that child to succeed. [...] When they are told this information, they act on it.

Asian Americans live longer than non-hispanic white Americans, and have a higher median household income. [1☆][2☆] While there is some racial tension between white and asian Americans (see, for instance, ongoing 'cultural appropriation' arguments and other discourse), it's generally considered less of an issue than disparities between the country's white majority and black Americans.

Could parental information and mentoring programs reduce disparities in the United States, even if they aren't resolved? And could this turn down the heat on race discourse?

For instance, at $76k median household income, white households make about 77% of what asian households do. Black American households make about $45k, or about 60% of white American household income. At 77%, they would make about $59k, not far off from the $56k of hispanic households.

What are the potential downsides? The most likely way for the program to fail is for it to have no effect or, at worst, a modest negative effect. [3] It isn't incompatible with an ecological view of human society. It would cost money, but probably not much more than another couple years of additional schooling.

Given the modest downside risk, what are the potential upsides? If the reports on the Perry Preschool Program are accurate and the effects can be replicated, there are a large savings to be had, mostly from the reduction in crime. [4☆]

But can the effects be replicated? The sample size for the Perry Preschool Project was relatively small. As far as Early Childhood Education programs go, the effectiveness of Head Start, which provides more than just preschool and is "based on a 'whole child' model," is disputed. [5☆][6☆] However...

Two older "high-quality" preschool programs mentioned frequently in the research literature are the HighScope Perry Preschool program from Ypsilanti, Michigan, and the Chicago Child-Parent Center (CPC) program. These programs include parent education and support and thus differ in significant ways from the type of preschool programs offered by Head Start, as well as the more recent "high-quality" programs. They are also much more expensive on a per-capita basis. Both the CPC and the HighScope Perry Preschool programs were started in the 1960s, and researchers have carried out long-term cost-benefit analyses for both programs. These analyses conclude that better long-term outcomes more than pay for their higher program costs, mainly in the form of higher career income and lower rates of criminal behavior.

- Armor & Sousa [6☆]

By 2018, the "Reach Up and Learn" program Heckman was speaking of had been expanded to 9 other countries, with varying degrees of effectiveness depending on its implementation. [7☆] (Though its associated US domain has expired.) Heckman's own study is, as one would expect, positive about the effects - and was published in Science.

Early childhood education increased earnings by 25%, enough for growth-stunted children to completely catch up to the earnings of the non-stunted comparison group. The control group remained far behind. In fact, average earnings from full-time jobs were 25% higher for the treatment group than for the control group. Ninety-eight percent of treated children had been employed at age 22, with 94% in full-time jobs.

Jamaica is not America, and interventions that worked under conditions in Jamaica might be less effective in America. However, if it could be achieved, a 25% increase in median income would put black American households at roughly $57k annual income, just above hispanic households, and within striking distance of the $59k target.

A nutritional intervention was also attempted, however, although "Other studies have shown cognitive benefits from nutritional supplementation in the first 24 months," Heckman wrote, "The nutrition supplement for the child was often shared with the family, so it may not have been sufficient to produce better outcomes."

And the nutrition angle might be worth looking into - the study cited (preceded by an analysis, by one of the same authors, of 13 studies on the subject) by Scott Alexander in Society is Fixed, Biology is Mutable showed that vitamins didn't do much for well-nourished kids, but that a minority of undernourished kids may have benefitted greatly.

-☆☆☆-

[1☆] As of 2014, asian Americans lived about 86 years, hispanics about 83 years, and non-hispanic whites about 79 years.

[2☆] In 2019, asian households had a median household income of $98,174 US to white non-hispanic median household income of $76,057. (It should be noted however, as shown in this Wikipedia article that is easier to read than the government data it cites, that household median incomes for groups within "white" or "asian" are not all the same.)

[3] Heckman's program and attitude suggest that an ideological explanation of how we got here isn't included, just an assumption of lack of access to resources by impoverished parents, whether that's in Jamaica, Peru, or China. This suggests the program lacks a loop where program failure just means that the program wasn't tried hard enough.

[4☆] Updating the Economic Impacts of the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program (2005)

At a 3% discount rate the program repays $12.90 for every $1 invested from the perspective of the general public; with a 7% discount rate, the repayment per dollar is $5.67. Returns are even higher if the total benefits--both public and private--are counted. However, there are strong differences by gender: a large proportion of the gains from the program come from lower criminal activity rates by the treatment group, almost all of which is undertaken by the males in the sample. The implications of these findings for public policy on early childhood education are considered.

[5☆] Wikipedia collects a number of studies both for and against.

[6☆] The Dubious Promise of Universal Preschool David J. Armor & Sonia Sousa, National Affairs (2014/01, arch. 2014/01)

[7☆] Reach Up: how a Jamaican early childhood intervention swept the world APolitical.co (2018/04)

#timac #politics #racepol

[hoofae]

since you said yes i can fangirl about engport in your inbox i present to thee

(citing this from jstor that i only use to read articles like these ; Prestage, E. (1934). The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 17, 69-100. doi:10.2307/3678521) 

#TUMBLR DIDN'T NOTIFY ME OF THIS I APOLOGIZE #but yes thank you #idk why but i think i remember reading this article sometime ago it seems familiar #the more you read about these two the more it starts making sense doesn't it #I know the feeling #submission

[derwandelndegeist]

Barbara von Cilli is Mystical Samadhi Mabon Witch and Mystical Samadhi Kung Fu and Tai Chi and Feng Shui Magician Christmass Queen of Carinthia and Carpathia Phanagoria and Sarmathia Blue Konigin of Germany the Holy Roman Empire Austria Switzerland and Italy Barbara von Cilli is Mystical Samadhi Lady Witch of the Anglo-Saxon Epic Barbara von Cilli is Princess of Xanadu and Italian Khanbaliq Sarmathian Karakorum Hunan Capital Song China Shimla Shanghai and Formosa Portuguese Imperial Island I'm Harold von Luxembourg I'm the Greatest God of Bulgaria Kolchida Phanagoria Sarmathia Switzerland and Anglo-Saxon England and Ireland Stybor Styborycz is Lord Knight of the Praetorian Guard of the Carinthian Empire Carpathia Transylvania the Tatras Phanagoria and Sarmathia Wladislaus the Immortal is Young Divine Knight of Mystical Glory God of Beauty King of Carpathia Carinthia Germany Austria Croatia Slovenia Hungary and Transylvania Epic Gothic Titanic Knight of Furor Drakonicus and Redemption Glory Madeleine Princess of France Carinthia Carpathia Austria Tyrol Insbruck Italy and Switzerland is Delightful Young Queen of Beauty Love and Amour Courtois Grace Orchideya There Will Be a Reckoning Odin Idunna and Freyja Elizabeth von Luxembourg is Supreme Drakoness Queen of Germany Austria Switzerland Hungary and Carinthia and Queen Grand Magister of the Divine Star Society and Order of the Drakon with Many Barons and Baronettes Knightess Crusader of the Order of the Temple of Solomon Wladislaus Warnenczyk is Knight of Love Beauty and Amour Courtois Field Marshal of Poland Hungary Italy Bulgaria Carpathia Switzerland and Sarmathia Lord Knight Drakon of the Order of the Drakon King Knight of Varna Epic Glory Adrianople Constantinople Thessaloniki Mount Athos Philipopol Zlatitsa Kunovitsa and Nish and Budapest King of Hungary Bulgaria Sarmathia Poland and Italy Janos Hunyadi is Knight of Beauty Valour Love and Amour Courtois and Star Delightful Chivalry Generalisimus of Bulgaria Hungary Carinthia Germany and Carpathia Grand Master of Order of the Drakon and Knight Crusader of the Order of the Temple of King Solomon Galilea Jerusalem and Aramea Knight Crusader of Vidin Nicopolis Zlatitsa Kunovitsa Philipopol Sofia Ihtiman Adrianople Constantinople Varna Kosovo Pole and Belgrade Sigismund von Luxembourg is Knight Crusader of Heaven and Hell Harrower of Hell Liberator of Noble Men and Women from Hell Lord of Drakonian Mountains Lord of Asgard Walhalla and Shangri-La Catedrali Carpathia Bulgaria Sarmathia Rex Tremundos Majestatis Qui Salvandos Salva Gratis Salve Me Fons Pietatis Salve Me Fons Pietatis O King of Tremendous Majesty Who Saves without Price Those Destined to Be Saved Save Me Font of Piety it's the Jeanne d'Arc Redemption Glory Epic Jeanne d'Arc is Mystic Virgin Queen of France of Orleans Glory Mikael Adonai in Excelsior in Heavenly Samadhi in Redemption Glory on Mabon Christmas in Bulgaria Avalonia Germany Austria and Italy Excelsior Nox Arcana

Queen Mary of Anjou Hungary Bulgaria Italy Avalonia and Germania Herzogin of Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia and Slovenia Carinthia and Carpathia Queen of Amour Courtois Orchideya Rose Lotus Star Delightful Beauty Compassionate Princess of Gothic Love Powerful Woman Goddess and a German Witch Princess of Peles Castle Bran Castle and Sinaia Castle in Transylvania Queen of Buda Hungary Lady of the Bosnian Epic Knight Nikolai Garain is Lord Knight Commander of the Praetorian Guard of 55 Knights of the Drakon Somewhere in Eastern Bosnia Lord Guardian of the Honour and Glory of the Carinthian Empire Lord Knight Commander of the Order of the Drakon Lord Lieutenant Knight Guardian of the Carinthian Kingdom Lord Knight Defender of Queen Mary of Germany and Her Mother Queen Elizabeth of Bosnia from Multitudes of Croatian Rebels Defender of the Royal Chariot in Furor Drakonicus with a Master Sword with a Few Remaining Knights against Croatian Rebels! It's Operation Ulrich von Ungingen in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ulrich von Ungingen is Grand Magister of the Teutonic Order the Livonian Order and Marienburg Castle in Teutonia! Queen Mary of Anjou Hungary Carpathia and Germany is Great Knightess and Lady of Beauty Love and Mystery Brave Horsewoman and Archer in Epic Gothic Adventure Somewhere in Hungary Near Budapest in Epic of Rovine Hunt! Настане Вечер Месец Изгрее Звезди Обсипят Свода Небесен Гора Зашуми Вятър Повее Балканът Пее Хайдушка Песен Годуинсън Годуинсън Годуинсън Сър Орфео Христо Ботев Константин Кирил Философ Любов под Свода Небесен It Becomes Evening and the Moon Rises Stars Bejewel the Vault of Heaven the Forest Rustles the Wind Blows the Wind Echoes the Beauty of Nature Eol Sings the Love of Heaven the Balkan Sings Haidut Epic Love Song Sir Orpheo and Samodiva Eyridice Boethius Cosmic Poetry Hristo Botev Constantine Cyrill the Philosopher The Battle of Dobor in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1408 is Battle of Reckoning and Furor Drakonicus for the Croatian Rebellion in 1386 and the Deserters from the Crusade of Nicopolis in 1396 the Bosnian Bogomils and Heretics! I'm King Sigismund von Luxembourg I Invaded Croatia and Hungary with Slovakian and Carinthian Army of Knights of the Drakon to Blast Ladislaus of Naples Claimant to the Hungarian Throne with Croatian Supporters from Segeszvar Hungary and the Hungarian Kingdom! It's Teutonic Order Operation!0 unread messages

#literature #politics #spirituality #political #lu #military #vlad dracula #culture

[rhyanneee]

World’s Literature

A. Southeast Asia

“All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us.” ―  J.R.R. Tolkein

Southeast Asia is composed of eleven countries of impressive diversity in religion, culture and history: Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Timor-Leste, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. Based on my research, the predominant themes of Southeast Asian arts have been religion and national history. In religion the main interest was not so much in actual doctrine but in the life and personality of the Buddha and the personalities and lives of the Hindu gods. In national history the interest was in the legendary heroes of the past, and this theme appeared only after the great empires had fallen and the memories of their glory and power remained. The Buddha image, which went through various stages of development, remained the favorite motif of sculpture and painting. The depiction of scenes from his previous lives in fresco and relief sculpture also had the purpose of teaching the Buddhist ethics to the people, as the Jatakas emphasized certain moral virtues of the Buddha in his previous lives; it also gave an opportunity to the artist to introduce local color by using, as background, scenes from his own contemporary time. The depiction of scenes from the Hindu epics also had the same purpose and gave the same opportunity to the artist. Many figures from the Buddhist and Hindu scriptures, such as gods and goddesses, heroes and princesses, hermits and magicians, demons and dragons, flying horses and winged maidens, became fused with similar native figures, and, gradually, folklore plots became merged in the general religious themes.

B. East Asia

“Only the very weak-minded refuse to be influenced by literature and poetry.” ― Cassandra Clare, Clockwork Angel

East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The modern states of East Asia include China, Hong Kong, Japan, Macau, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. According to my research, some of the themes in East Asia literature are Immortality, Unfaithfulness, Disrespect in the Society, Abused Marriages & Families, Religion, Traditional Practices, Traditional Beliefs and Social Class. Some of the books in East Asia were concerned of the ethical practices that were common in their society. Some of them are about “respect.” Respect is one of the most cherished virtues in the society, and many of the East Asian literatures have always expressed this in different ways, especially the need to respect the elderly and those in power. Another common theme that comes out of the books focuses on the abused marriages. In the two cases, we witness marriage partners engaging in abusive acts against their wives or husbands. There are so many books which possesses such styles and themes in literature.

C. South and West Asia

“There is no surer foundation for a beautiful friendship than a mutual taste in literature.” ― P.G. Wodehouse

South Asia or Southern Asia is the southern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The region consists of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The West Asia region comprises of 12 member countries; Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, State of Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Based on my research, the peoples of South Asia have had a continuous literature from the first appearance in the Punjab of a branch of the Indo-European-speaking peoples who also settled all of Europe and Iran. In India this branch of Indo-Aryans, as they are usually called, met earlier inhabitants with different languages and no doubt a different culture—possibly a culture akin to that of the Indus Valley civilization, which had a script, and perhaps a literature of its own, of which nothing is known. Certain to have been settled in India were peoples who spoke languages of Dravidian origin, as well as other languages, called Munda, now preserved only by aboriginal tribes, which show affinities with the languages of Southeast Asia. In the Hellenistic period literature and culture flourished in Western Asia. Traditional literary forms such as lists continued to be produced by the native population and were adapted by the new rulers. While there is little evidence for the creation of new narrative literature, which may in part be due to the fragmentary nature of our sources, existing epics, wisdom texts, and folktales were retold, rewritten, and transmitted. Greeks living in Western Asia created historiographical, ethnographical, and geographical works about their surroundings, inspiring in turn the Babylonian priest Berossus to write a reference work on Babylonia in Greek. Much as during the Persian Empire, political instability and changes in power led to a diverse and independent culture of writing. Continuity in all genres, writing systems, and languages remains the most important characteristic of Western Asian literature at least to the beginning of the Christian era.

D. Anglo-America and Europe

“Literature is the most agreeable way of ignoring life.” ― Fernando Pessoa, The Book of Disquiet

Anglo-America most often refers to a region in the Americas in which English is a main language and British culture and the British Empire have had significant historical, ethnic, linguistic and cultural impact. Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east. Based on my research, like other national literatures, American literature was shaped by the history of the country that produced it. For almost a century and a half, America was merely a group of colonies scattered along the eastern seaboard of the North American continent—colonies from which a few hardy souls tentatively ventured westward. After a successful rebellion against the motherland, America became the United States, a nation. By the end of the 19th century this nation extended southward to the Gulf of Mexico, northward to the 49th parallel, and westward to the Pacific. By the end of the 19th century, too, it had taken its place among the powers of the world—its fortunes so interrelated with those of other nations that inevitably it became involved in two world wars and, following these conflicts, with the problems of Europe and East Asia. Meanwhile, the rise of science and industry, as well as changes in ways of thinking and feeling, wrought many modifications in people’s lives. All these factors in the development of the United States molded the literature of the country. Western European literature could be viewed as a parade of movements—Romanticism, Realism, Naturalism, Futurism, Structuralism, and so on indefinitely. European literature refers to the literature of Europe. European literature includes literature in many languages; among the most important of the modern written works are those in English, Spanish, French, Dutch, Polish, German, Italian, Modern Greek, Czech and Russian and works by the Scandinavians and Irish. Important classical and medieval traditions are those in Ancient Greek, Latin, Old Norse , Medieval French and the Italian Tuscan dialect of the renaissance. European literature, also known as Western literature, is the literature written in the context of Western culture in the languages of Europe, as several geographically or historically related languages. Diverse as they are, European literatures, like Indo-European languages, are parts of a common heritage belonging to a race of proud nations which boast the likes of Homer who wrote Iliad and Odyssey, Virgil who wrote the Aeneid, Dante who wrote Divine Comedy, Chaucer who wrote Canterbury Tales. These, and other literary masterpieces form part of what we call as Western Canon.

E. Africa

“Literature is a textually transmitted disease, normally contracted in childhood.” ― Jane Yolen

Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% of its land area. With 1.3 billion people as of 2018, it accounts for about 16% of the world's human population. Based on my research about Africa’s Literature. Afro-Asiatic and African languages together with works written by Africans in European languages. Traditional written literature, which is limited to a smaller geographic area than is oral literature, is most characteristic of those sub-Saharan cultures that have participated in the cultures of the Mediterranean. In particular, there are written literatures in both Hausa and Arabic, created by the scholars of what is now northern Nigeria, and the Somali people have produced a traditional written literature. There are also works written in Geʿez (Ethiopic) and Amharic, two of the languages of Ethiopia, which is the one part of Africa where Christianity has been practiced long enough to be considered traditional. Works written in European languages date primarily from the 20th century onward. The literature of South Africa in English and Afrikaans is also covered in a separate article, South African literature.

F. Latin America

“Literature is news that stays news.” ― Ezra Pound

Latin America is a group of countries and dependencies in the Western Hemisphere where Romance languages such as Spanish, Portuguese, and French are predominantly spoken. According to my research about Latin America’s Literature. Romanticism, Realism, Naturalism, and Emerging Literary Trends. The Latin American wars of Independence that occurred in the early nineteenth century in Latin America led to literary themes of identity, resistance, and human rights. Latin American literature, the national literatures of the Spanish-speaking countries of the Western Hemisphere. Historically, it also includes the literary expression of the highly developed American Indian civilizations conquered by the Spaniards. Over the years, Latin American literature has developed a rich and complex diversity of themes, forms, creative idioms, and styles. A concise survey of its development is provided here. For a history of literature written in Portuguese in Brazil, see Brazilian literature. Latin American literature refers to written and oral works created by authors in parts of North America, South America, and the Caribbean. Latin American authors usually write in Spanish, Portuguese, English, or a language native to their specific country. Latin American writers working in the United States can be classified as writing Latin American literature too. Latin American literature has a rich history starting in the Pre-Colombian period and working all the way up to modern day. With each period of Latin American history, came a genre that dominated the field. In this lesson, we will look at the main periods of Latin American literature, the genres that fueled those periods, and authors who are well known in Latin American literature.

Source: 

Wikipedia, Britannica, Google and Online Library.

Saunar, Rhenz Rhyanne 11 - St. Alypius

[elegantturkeypalacestudent]

LITERATURE

SOUTHEAST ASIA

Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is the southeastern subregion of Asia, Southeast Asia is composed of eleven countries of impressive diversity in religion, culture and history: Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Timor-Leste, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.

The earliest Homo sapiens presence in Mainland Southeast Asia can be traced back to fifty thousand years ago and to at least fourty thousand years ago in Maritime Southeast Asia. As early as ten thousand years ago, Hoabinhian settlers had developed a tradition and culture of distinct artefact and tool production. During the Neolithic period, Austroasiatic peoples populated Indochina via land routes and sea-borne Austronesian immigrants preferably settled in Maritime Southeast Asia. The earliest agricultural societies that cultivated millet and wet-rice emerged around 1700 BCE in the lowlands and river floodplains of Indochina

"ASEAN members' flags in Jakarta. Modern Southeast Asia has been characterised by high economic growth by most countries and closer regional integration. Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand have traditionally experienced high growth and are commonly recognised as the more developed countries of the region. As of late, Vietnam too had been experiencing an economic boom. However, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos and the newly independent East Timor are still lagging economically."

According to my research, it says that "On 8 August 1967, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was founded by Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines. Since Cambodian admission into the union in 1999, East Timor is the only Southeast Asian country that is not part of ASEAN, although plans are under way for eventual membership. The association aims to enhance co-operation among Southeast Asian community. ASEAN Free Trade Area has been established to encourage greater trade among ASEAN members. ASEAN has also been a front runner in greater integration of Asia-Pacific region through East Asia Summits." This is according to wikipedia.

The notable literary genres in southeast asia are;

Traditional Oral Literature- Folktales, Proverbs, Riddles, legends.

Religious Narratives and Literature- Buddhist Codes and verses, Jataka Tales.

Narrative Poetry - Epic Stories.

One of the example is The legend of Princess Kinnaree Manorah by Anthony Phanvilay is an example of south east asian myths. This story of Manorah has inspired a dance form known as the Manorah Buchayan.

EAST ASIA

East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms

East Asia is politically divided into eight countries and regions: China, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau.

East Asia, one of the five regions of Asia, is located east of Central Asia, with its eastern border running along the East China Sea. East Asia is politically divided into eight countries and regions: China, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau. This region covers a total area of 4,571,092 square miles and has a population size of more than 1.641 billion, which represents 22% of the global population and 38% of Asia's total population. Many residents of East Asia are concentrated in major metropolitan areas such as Beijing and Tokyo.

The geography of East Asia is varied depending on the zone. The inner continental area experiences a temperate climate, while Mongolia is covered by the arid Gobi desert. China, the largest country in the region, is home to both mountains and plateaus, while Japan is characterized by thousands of islands and coastlines. Today, East Asia is believed to have some of the most advanced technologies in the world, which fosters economic development.

East Asian literature includes:

Chinese literature

Japanese literature

Korean literature

Mongolian literature

Taiwanese literature

EXAMPLE OF THEIR ART

Chinese art is visual art that, whether ancient or modern, originated in or is practiced in China or by Chinese artists. The Chinese art in the Republic of China (Taiwan) and that of overseas Chinese can also be considered part of Chinese art where it is based in or draws on Chinese heritage and Chinese culture. Early "stone age art" dates back to 10,000 BC, mostly consisting of simple pottery and sculptures. After this early period Chinese art, like Chinese history, is typically classified by the succession of ruling dynasties of Chinese emperors, most of which lasted several hundred years.

SOUTH AND WEST ASIA

South and West Asia is also identified by its economic potential and growth. The region is valued for its supply of low cost goods, services and skilled labour to the global economy but at the same time, it is notorious for the payment of low wages, appalling working conditions and trafficking of labour. This changing economic landscape has had a corresponding impact on the social and geographic fabric of the region.

South Asia has a peninsula-like shape that is bordered by three bodies of water: the Indian Ocean to the south, the Bay of Bengal to the east, and the Arabian Sea to the west. The region includes Indian subcontinent and surrounding countries. South Asia is politically divided into eight autonomous countries: Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, and the Maldives. The region covers a total area of roughly two million square miles and has a population size of more than 1.74 billion, which is nearly a quarter of the global population. Additionally, South Asia has the distinction of being the most densely populated area in the world.

West Asia is located in the area between Central Asia and Africa, south of Eastern Europe. The majority of the region is often referred to as the Middle East, although it geographically excludes the mainland of Egypt (which is culturally considered a Middle Eastern country). West Asia is politically divided into 19 states: Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Yemen. It also includes the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt. The region covers a total area of around 2.415 million square miles and has a population size of 313.428 million.

A large area of the region is covered by an arid desert environment. However, West Asia does have several points of access to large bodies of water, including the Black Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Red Sea, Caspian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and the Aegean Sea.

Anglo-Americans

are people who are English-speaking inhabitants of Anglo-America. It typically refers to the nations and ethnic groups in the Americas that speak English as a native language who comprise the majority of people who speak English as a first language.

Languages

English (American, Canadian, Jamaican, Trinidadian, Guyanese, Belizean, Bajan, Bahamian, Vincentian, Grenadian, Anguillian, Montserrat, Antiguan and Barbudan, Saint Kittian and Nevisian, and Falkland Islands)

Europe

second smallest of the world’s continents, composed of the westward-projecting peninsulas of Eurasia (the great landmass that it shares with Asia) and occupying nearly one-fifteenth of the world’s total land area.

AFRICA

Africa is the world's hottest continent with deserts and drylands covering 60% of land surface area (e.g. Kalahari, Sahara and Namib). Africa is the world's second driest continent (after Australia). Africa has approximately 30% of the earth's remaining mineral resources. Africa is also the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases.

All in all, there are 54 sovereign African countries and two disputed areas, namely Somaliland and Western Sahara (see the list of African countries below).

African literature

the body of traditional oral and written literatures in Afro-Asiatic and African languages together with works written by Africans in European languages. Traditional written literature, which is limited to a smaller geographic area than is oral literature, is most characteristic of those sub-Saharan cultures that have participated in the cultures of the Mediterranean. In particular, there are written literatures in both Hausa and Arabic, created by the scholars of what is now northern Nigeria, and the Somali people have produced a traditional written literature.

LATIN AMERICA

Latin America is a group of countries and dependencies in the Western Hemisphere where Romance languages such as Spanish, Portuguese, and French are predominantly spoken.

The region consists of people who speak Spanish, Portuguese and French. These languages (together with Italian and Romanian) developed from Latin during the days of the Roman Empire and the Europeans who speak them are sometimes called 'Latin' people. Hence the term Latin America.

LATIN AMERICA LITERATURE

Latin American literature refers to written and oral works created by authors in parts of North America, South America, and the Caribbean. Latin American authors usually write in Spanish, Portuguese, English, or a language native to their specific country.

Credits to google and wikipedia for the images and some infos!

by; ELLAINE HIPOLITO