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#Prophet Muhammad's Successor

leroibobo · 6 months

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ruins of the white mosque of ramla, palestine. construction was initiated by umayyad governor sulayman ibn abd al-malik in 715-717 ce, but was completed by his successor umar ii in 720.

an earthquake in january of 1034 destroyed the mosque, and reconstruction was completed 200 years later. it since had several destructions, restorations, and expansions, including one restoration by saladin. the last took place between 1844-1918; since then, it has been mostly destroyed, with only its minaret still intact.

the mosque is reputable in muslim tradition; its minaret is referred to as the tower of forty martyrs, after the belief that forty companions of the prophet muhammad are buried under it. within local muslim tradition, it's believed that the prophet salih was also buried here, and a maqām in his honor is located nearby. a religious celebration of salih used to take place here annually before the nakba.

below the mosque's courtyard also exist three large cisterns (last two pictures) which provided water for worshippers, including for a former pool for wudu.

#palestine #architecture #worship #muslim #nakba #religious tombs #my posts #there's another maqām dedicated to salih in acre #also to clarify it’s been ruins since the earthquake #(i think)

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theworsthistorynerd · 3 months

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"In the late 6th century, a new monotheistic religion called Islam was founded by its prophet Muhammad, whose followers became known as Muslims. Muhammad united the tribes of Arabia into a religious polity, a caliphate, whose domains he and his successors extended into a vast empire through holy war (jihad).[296][ci] They conquered Palestine in 636 to 640.[247][cii][ciii]

Society in the caliphate formed a pyramid with five layers.[297] Arabs were at the top, followed by converts to Islam (mawali) (this distinction disappeared after the Abbasids seized power).[297] Below them stood dhimmis, followed by non-Muslim free men and slaves at the bottom.[297] The dhimmi (meaning "protected person") were Christians, Jews, and Samaritans, who the Muslims designated as "peoples of the Book" (ahl al-kitab), meaning that they, like the Muslims, based their worship on a book God had given to them, which, in its essence, was identical to the Koran.[298] Unlike the previous rulers, the Muslims allowed them to practice their religions in peace. However, non-Muslim men had to pay a special tax (jizya) and they had to be submissive to Muslims.[298][civ] Dress regulations were imposed on non-Muslims, but it is uncertain whether they were ever enforced in Palestine.[299][cv] Muslim men were permitted to marry non-Muslim women even if the latter choose to remain in their faith. Muslim women, however, could not marry non-Muslim men, unless they first converted to Islam.[300][cvi] The Muslims also lifted the Romans' centuries-long ban on Jews in Jerusalem.[301]

The Muslims organized the territory of the Byzantine Dioceses Orientes (Syria) into five military districts, or provinces (jund, pl. ajnad).[302][cvii][cviii] The territory of Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Tertia became Jund Filastin and stretched from Aqaba in the south to the lower Galilee in the north and from Arish in the west to Jericho in the east.[303][cix] The Tulunids later expanded the borders of the province eastwards and southwards to include regions in modern-day southern Jordan and north-western Saudi Arabia.[304][cx] The newly founded city Ramla became Jund Filastin's administrative capital and most important city.[305] Jund al-Urdunn corresponded with Palaestina Secunda, covering most of the Galilee, the western part of Peraea in Transjordan, and the coastal cities Acre and Sur (Tyre).[306] Tabariyyah (Tiberias) replaced Scythopolis as the province's capital.[307]

Throughout the period, Palestine was a sort of gold mine for the caliphate and among its most prosperous and fertile provinces.[308] Palestine's wealth derived from its strategic location as a hub for international trade, the influx of pilgrims, its excellent agricultural produce, and from a number of local crafts.[309] Products manufactured or traded in Palestine included building materials from marble and white-stone quarries, spices, soaps, olive oil, sugar, indigo, Dead Sea salts, and silk.[310] Palestinian Jews were expert glassmakers whose wares became known as "Jewish glass" in Europe.[311] Palestine was also known for its book production and scribal work.[312]

The Muslims invested much effort in developing a fleet and in restoring seaports, creating shipyards, fortifying coastal cities, and in establishing naval bases in Palestine.[313] Acre became their chief naval base from which a fleet set out to conquer Cyprus in 647.[314] Jaffa came to replace Caesarea as Palestine's main port due to its proximity with Ramla.[315]

Though Palestine was now under Muslim control, the Christian world's affection for the Holy Land continued to grow. Christian kings made generous donations to Jerusalem's holy sites,[cxi] and helped facilitate the ever increasing pilgrimage traffic.[317][cxii] Pilgrims ventured for the adventure, but also to expiate sin.[319][cxiii] Many pilgrims were attacked by highwaymen which would later be cited by the Crusaders as a reason to "liberate" Jerusalem from the Muslims.[320]"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Palestine#Crusader_period

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girlactionfigure · 1 year

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I wrote this last year in August. I post it again because of the situation in Jerusalem over al-Aqsa. I'll always tell the truth and the truth about Masjid al-Aqsā is what I've written here.

From Mīhrāb Dāwūd to Masjid al-Aqsā: How did an Umayyad myth transform Jerusalem's Temple Mount, a Jewish holy site, into a Muslim holy site.

I. The conquest of Jerusalem

Jerusalem was conquered by Muslim forces in May 638, an accomplishment ascribed by Muslim sources to the Caliph Umar. In return for assistance in the taking of the city, the Jews received the right to reside in Jerusalem and to pray on the Temple Mount without interference. They also received permission to build a synagogue on the Temple Mount.

II. Temple Mount as the Mīhrāb Dāwud

When the Caliph 'Umar visited Jerusalem, the Patriarch of the city Sophronius accompanied him on the Temple Mount, while he searched for the Mīhrāb Dāwud (David's prayer-niche) to perform a prayer. Later Muslim commentators identified this site with the Tower of David.

What is evident here is the Jewish connection found in the early Muslim tradition which considers the Temple Mount as Mihrab Dawud (David's prayer-niche).

An early Islamic apocalyptic text, probably composed in the 8th century but attributed to the converted rabbi Ka'ab al-Ahbar (d.652), reads "Ayrusalaim which means Jerusalem and the Rock which means the Temple. I shall send you my servant Abd al-Malik who will build you and adorn you. I shall surely restore you to Bayt Al Maqdis, its first kingdom and I shall crown it with gold, silver and gems. And I shall surely send you my creatures. And I shall surely invest my throne of glory upon the rock, since I am the sovereign God, and David is the king of the Children of Israel."

The scholars of Islamic studies Crone and Cook believe that originally the Muslims truly intended to rebuild the Jewish Temple. They attempt to prove this thesis by referring to the Jewish apocalypses. For example in The Secrets of Rabbi Simon Ben Yohai, which is also the basis for al-Ahbār's text, we read "The second king [Umar] who restores the breaches of the Temple," it refers to the Muslims conquerors as "the salvation of Israel."

This Jewish link was temporary and short, however, and the separation of the site from Judaism was swift, as the Arabization and political rivalry changed the cultural and religious landscape as well as the demographics of the land of Israel.

III. Hashemite–Umayyad rivalry: the beginning of the Fitna

The Banū Umayya clan, headed by Abū Sufyān, were a largely merchant family of the Quraysh tribe centred at Mecca. They were the traditional enemies of the Banu Hāshem, another clan of Quraysh which Prophet Muhammed (570 - 632 CE) belonged to. Therefore they initially resisted Islam, not converting until 627 when they had no other choice since Muhammed triumphed over all of his enemies in Arabia and founded an Islamic kingdom. Although they subsequently became prominent administrators under Muhammad and his immediate successors, they always looked for an opportunity to retaliate against Banu Hāshem. In the first Muslim civil war known as Fitna (656–661) - the struggle for the caliphate following the murder of ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān, the third caliph (reigned 644–656) — Abū Sufyān’s son Muʿāwiyah, then governor of Levant, emerged victorious over the newly appointed caliph ʿAlī, a Hāshemite and Muhammad’s son-in-law and the fourth caliph. Muʿāwiyah then established himself as the first Umayyad caliph and made Damascus his capital.

IV. Jerusalem under Umayyads: the new rival city of Mecca, Temple Mount as the Masjid al-Aqsā

In 682 CE, fifty years after Prophet Muhammad’s death, ‘Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (a member of the Banu Hāshem clan) rebelled against the Umayyad dynasty and conquered Mecca. Now with a rebel dynasty based in Mecca, both sides (Hashemites and Ummayads) engaged in a struggle for control of the Muslim world. The Umayyads opted to fight the rebels by damaging Mecca's economy, which was based almost entirely on revenues from Muslim pilgrims. Their secret weapon was to create a competing pilgrimage site by building a magnificent edifice, the Dome of the Rock, on the site of the destroyed Jewish temple and hoping that this mosque would turn Jerusalem into a religious and political center which would weaken Mecca's economy by siphoning off pilgrims from Mecca. Thus, a political strategy designed to fight mutineers in far-off Mecca transformed Jerusalem's Temple Mount into a Muslim holy site with far-reaching implications to this day.

Both the Hashemties and Umayyads resorted to fabricating prophetic traditions known as Hadith (sayings attributed to Prophet Muhammed) in their favor in order to give political and religious legitimacy to their claims and their rule.

Abd al-Malik, the Umayyad Caliph, in order to legitimize the construction of the Dome of the Rock on Temple Mount in Jerusalem, connected the city and the site with the the Qur'anic verse 17:1 (below) which describes the night journey of Muhammad's Isra and Miʽraj:

“Glory to Him who caused His servant to travel by night from the Sacred Mosque to the Farthest Mosque, whose precincts We have blessed, in order to show him some of Our Signs, He is indeed the All-Hearing, the All-Seeing.”

The designation of Temple Mount as the "Farthest Mosque" mentioned in that verse was made possible by making up Hadith which links the site with the night journey to heaven (Isra and Miʽraj). The Qur'anic reference to the masjid al-aqsā, however, applies specifically to al-Ji'ranah, near Mekkah (in Saudi Arabia), where there were two sanctuaries, Masjid al-Adnai and Masjid al-Aqsā, and where Muhammad sojourned in dha al-qa'dah of the eighth year after the Hijrah.

Abd al-Malik commissioned the construction of the Dome of the Rock in the late 7th century. Al-Aqsa Mosque, the second mosque on the Temple Mount, was built in 715. The wooden structure that was built over the Foundation Stone was first intended for a synagogue, but before it was completed, the site was expropriated by the city's Arab rulers. The Jews received another site on the mount for a synagogue in compensation for the expropriated building.

In this way, the Umayyads cleverly associated Muhammad's life with Jerusalem even though the prophet died years before the city's capture by the Muslims. This construction further cemented the site's holiness to Islam, as explains the Muslim historian al Ya'qubi (d. 874) who accuses Abd al-Malik of attempting to divert the pilgrimage from Mecca to Jerusalem, thus characterizing the Umayyad Dome of the Rock as a rival to the Kaaba.

There was an active synagogue on the Temple Mount during most of the early Muslim period. Solomon ben Jeroham, a Karaite exegete who lived in Jerusalem between 940 and 960, affirmed that Jews were permitted to pray on the Temple Mount, noting that "the courtyards of the Temple were turned over to them and they prayed there [on the Temple Mount] for many years."

After the conquest of Jerusalem by the army of the Fatimid dynasty (969), a Temple Mount synagogue was rebuilt and used until the Jews were banished by Caliph al-Hakim in 1015. When a subsequent ruler canceled Hakim's eviction order, the Jews again returned to this synagogue on the Temple Mount and worshipped there until the conquest of Jerusalem by the Crusaders. Hebrew writings found on the internal walls of the Golden Gate are believed to have been written by Jewish pilgrims at least one thousand years ago, thus testifying once again to the continued Jewish attachment to and presence on the Temple Mount in this era. An eleventh-century document found in the geniza or storeroom of a Cairo synagogue also describes the circuit followed by the pilgrims and the prayers they recited at each of the gates.

Sources:

Amikam Elad. Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic Worship: Holy Places, Ceremonies, Pilgrimage. Islamic History and Civilization. Studies and Texts 8. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995.

https://books.google.iq/books?id=CDz_yctbQVgC...

F.M. Loewenberg. Did Jews Abandon the Temple Mount?. Middle East Quarterly Summer 2013, pp. 37-48.

Moshe Gil. A History of Palestine, 634-1099. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Nuha N. Khoury, The Dome of the Rock, the Kaʿba, and Ghumdan: Arab Myths and Umayyad Monuments, in Muqarnas, Vol. 10, Essays in Honor of Oleg Grabar, Brill (1993), pp. 57-65, p.58.

Boris Havel. "Jerusalem in Early Islamic Tradition". Miscellanea Hadriatica et Mediterranea, University of Zadar v.5, 2018: 113–179.

Himdad Mustafa

#Israel #Jerusalem #Islam #Judaism

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tarragonblack1235813213455 · 6 months

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THEOLOGY

ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS ->

THE THREE MAJOR ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS are, in order of appearance, JUDAISM, CHRISTIANITY, and ISLAM, but there are other MINOR RELIGIONS.

■JUDAISM is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the covenant shared between God and Abraham.

The holy scriptures of JUDAISM are called the TANAKH, after the first letters of its three parts in the Jewish tradition. T: TORAH, the Teaching of Moses, the first five books. N: NEVI'IM, the books of the prophets. KH: KETUVIM, for the Writings, which include the psalms and literature for the wise.

ORTHODOX JUDAISM is the belief in a strict interpretation of Jewish law, which should be grounded in the Torah. As such, the revelation given to Moses from God on Mount Sinai is made glorious and just.

CONSERVATIVE JUDAISM is the belief in marriage and membership as a Jew. Other characteristics will include support of the Zionist movement and the rejection of the immutability of the "Torah" and the "Talmud" while still having faith in the eternal truth upon which it is based.

REFORM JUDAISM is the belief of the renewal in our living Covenant with God, the people of Israel, humankind, and the earth by acknowledging the holiness present throughout creation – in ourself, in each other, and in the world at large – through practice that will include reflection, study, worship, ritual, and much more.

■CHRISTIANITY is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered around the birth, life, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ.

THE BIBLE is the holy scripture of the Christian religion, purporting to tell the history of the Earth from its earliest creation to the spread of Christianity in the first century A.D. Both the Old Testament and the New Testament have undergone changes over the centuries.

□ROMAN CATHOLICISM

Roman catholicism is a branch of Christianity which has its belief about the sacraments, the role of the Bible and tradition, the importance of the Virgin Mary and the saints, and the papacy.

HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION

THE REFORMATION was a reform movement in religious belief that swept through Europe in the 16th century. It caused the creation of a branch of Christianity called PROTESTANTISM, a name used collectively to refer to the many religious groups that separated from the Roman Catholic Church due to their difference in doctrine.

□PROTESTANTISM

Protestantism is a branch of Christianity which will deny the universal authority of the Pope and affirm all of the Reformation principles of justification by faith alone, the priesthood available to any practitioner, and the Bible as the only source of revealed truth.

□QUAKERISM

Quakerism is a branch of Protestantism

Follow your "inner light"

The Bible

Equality for all

God is accessible to everyone

No clergy

No religious ceremonies

No sacraments

LOCATION -> England

WHEN -> 17th Century

Adventism

Anglicanism

Anabaptism

Baptism

Irvingianism

Lutheranism

Methodism

Moravianism

Pentecostalism

Waldensianism

■ISLAM is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion that was revealed to Muhammad, a prophet of Allah, and written down in the Qur'an years later by his followers.

SUNNI

Muhammad did not specifically appoint a successor to lead the Ummah before his death. This sect did, however, approve of the private election of the first companion, Abū Bakr. In addition to the previous mentioned, Umar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān, and ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib are also accepted as al-Khulafāʾ ur-Rāshidūn. After this, they believe that Muhammad intended that the Muslim community choose a successor, or caliph, by consensus. A practitioner of this sect will base their religion on the Quran and the Sunnah as understood by the majority of the community under the structure of the four schools of thought. These are HANAFI, MALIKI, SHAFI'I and the HANBALI.

SHI'A

Muhammad's family, the Ahl al-Bayt, including all of his descendants, have distinguished spiritual and political authority over the community. It is believed that Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib was the first of these descendants and the rightful successor to Muhammad. As a result, it was rejected that the first three Rāshidūn caliphs have legitimacy.

------------------------------------------

ETHICAL RELIGIONS ->

THE THREE MAJOR ETHICAL RELIGIONS are BUDDHISM, TAOISM, AND CONFUCIANISM.

■BUDDHISM is an ethical religion that was revealed by Siddhartha Gautama for anyone to gain spiritual enlightenment if that person followed the eight-folded path along with a personal commitment to any noble truth given to him/her through the journey of life in order to reach nirvana.

■TAOISM

■CONFUCIANISM

#theology #religion #monotheism #judaism #christianity #protestantism #islam #ethical religion

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apollos-olives · 4 months

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if you don’t mind me asking, what’s the difference between Sunni and Shia Muslims? I feel like there’s a long history there, but if you could sum it up please

this is a good question! (i say, sweating nervously because i am neither sunni nor shia)

while both have different beliefs in some different parts of islam, the main thing about what separates the two groups is their belief on who prophet muhammad's successor was. sunnis, for the most part, don't believe prophet muhammad declared a specific successor to lead the muslim community, and they rather believe in the khalifas, who were the leaders of the muslim community after prophet muhammad. shias, on the other hand, believe prophet muhammad declared his cousin, ali (who was the fourth khalifa btw), to be his successor, and believe that imams and religious leaders that directly come from the prophets family are the ones who they should listen to and follow. that's the main difference basically. i hope this helps :)

#and ofc if anyone has anything else to add #again. im not sunni or shia so i'm not 100% knowledgeable on either group completely

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deadpresidents · 4 months

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You said you read a lot about Arabia and Islam and I have a random question that you might be able to help with. I know that for centuries there was a caliph who was like the leader of muslims and I always wondered why if the king of saudi arabia is in charge of the holy sites why isn't he considered the caliph or declared himself as the caliph?

It's a good question and there are a number of complex reasons why that didn't/doesn't happen which require a much deeper dive, but I'll try to give a simplified answer. First of all, the caliph was the spiritual leader of the entire Muslim world and while the caliphs also had a political role as successors to Muhammad, that role changed dramatically through the centuries as the Muslim world grew, Islamic empires rose and fell, and Islam itself branched into different sects. The last widely-recognized caliphs were the Sultans of the Ottoman Empire, but even in the last decades of the Ottoman Empire, there were disagreements throughout the Muslim world about the legitimacy of anyone's claim on the caliphate. The two main branches of Islam -- Sunni and Shia -- have entirely different ideas on how a caliph should be chosen and who the caliph is chosen by.

When the Ottoman Empire collapsed after the end of World War I, the Sharif of Mecca -- Hussein, a direct descendant of Muhammad as the leader of Hashemite dynasty (and great-great grandfather of the current Jordanian King Abdullah II) -- attempted to declare himself the new caliph, but was not accepted. In many ways, it was like a modern European monarch suddenly declaring himself the Pope; that's just not how most Muslims believed the spiritual leader of the Islamic faith should be determined. Plus, Hussein only had a tenuous hold on Islam's holiest sites (Mecca, Medina, and, at the time, Jerusalem) following World War I, and Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud was in the process of taking control of what is now Saudi Arabia. Once Ibn Saud became King of Saudi Arabia, he took over as "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques" (Mecca and Medina), but the idea of declaring himself caliph was out of the question. Ibn Saud and the vast majority of his supporters were members of the deeply conservative, puritanical Wahhabi sect of Sunni Islam and they believed that the caliph was chosen by all Muslims, not declared by one person. As the guardian of Islam's two holiest sites, the King of Saudi Arabia is responsible for ensuring that all Muslims capable of making the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca (and the lesser pilgrimage to Medina) can do so. Unilaterally declaring himself the caliph would undoubtedly have alienated many Muslims, particularly those from countries outside of Saudi Arabia and especially Shiites. In other words, it's not within the power of the King of Saudi Arabia to give himself (or any other individual) the title of caliph, and he'd probably get just as much resistance from his fellow Saudis if he tried to do so. There's no way that the Ikhwan -- the ascetic tribes and Bedouins who largely acted as Ibn Saud's military forces as he conquered most of the Arabian Peninsula in the first half of the 20th Century -- would have remained loyal to the first Saudi King if he had unilaterally proclaimed himself the caliph.

The Muslim people around the world -- the ummah -- haven't been united since the death of Muhammad, which is when the divide between Shia and Sunnis began over the true successor of the Prophet, so any caliph is going to be seen as illegitimate by a significant percentage of the population. And in the modern world, any political aspects of a potential caliph are going to be superseded by the temporal responsibilities of the heads of state or heads of government in every country, no matter how large or devout their Islamic population might be. So, a modern caliph would really have to be a spiritual leader, not a political one -- very similar to the Pope. But the Pope also has the unique position of being the head of state (and, really, an absolute monarch) of a sovereign nation. The Islamic world is too fragmented and divided by opposing theologies to allow a modern-day caliph to govern, command military forces, and provide religious guidance in the same manner as Muhammad's immediate successors or even during the 600+ years of Ottoman Sultans. A caliph would effectively have the same standing today as a modern-day Doge of Venice or Japanese Shogun; it's an anachronistic position of leadership and somewhat outdated concept in the world we currently live in -- you know, like the Iowa Caucus or Electoral College.

#History #Politics #Political Leaders #Caliph #Caliphate #Islam #Muslims #Islamic world #Ummah #Saudi Arabia #Muhammad #Sunni-Shia Split #Shiites #Sunnis #Ottoman Empire #Ottoman Sultans #King of Saudi Arabia #Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques

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tamamita · 2 years

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So, something that confuses me about the schism between Sunni and Shia is the fact that the issue of succession is still a common dividing point between the two branches (branches being the term that I’m familiar with when referring to “primary” divisions in religions, like Christianity being divided into Catholic, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox).

I understand that the phrasing of this question might sound rude, so I want to rephrase it so that you understand what I mean:

The successors of Muhammad that both groups held up are both long dead, so why does the conflict rage on?

Once again, I’m sorry if I come off as a little rude, I’m just having trouble understanding aspects of the schism.

Just a suggestion: an analogy might be helpful with explaining this to me.

Don't worry about it. This is very compressed, because it'd take time to explain everything thouroughly, but I hope you get the gist of it.

Islam is a vast and complex religion and doesn't end simply at the passing of the Prophet (pbuh&hf) to understand the religion, one must understand the history of Islam past the Prophet's life. Most Sunnis are unfortunately rather ignorant of most events that took place after the Prophet's life, because the scholars of Ahlul Sunnah never felt that the history of Islam was fundamental to the theological and practical aspects of Islam. To understand schisms of Islam and why there is still an on-going conflict one must understand Islam historically and contemporarily.

In terms of history, Shi'a Muslims were simply partisans, a political party affiliated with the cause of the Prophet's cousin, Ali (a). Most Sunni and Shi'a hadiths narrate that Ali (a) had been chosen to succeed the Prophet implicltly and explicitly, thus Shi'as and many among the Sunnis are on terms that Ali (a) was indeed chosen to lead the Muslims after the Prophet's demise. When the Prophet died, the Prophet's family readied his funeral prayer, while this took place, some of the companions of the Prophet held a meeting in secret with the Ansars to discuss the succession of the Prophet. The Ansars (helpers) and the Muhajiroon (the first generation Muslims) fell into a violence with Umar selecting Abu Bakr to be the successor, much to the shock of the Muslim nation. Ali (a) did not pledge his allegience and subsequent events, violent in nature, took place, which would further legitimize the cause of the Proto-Shi'as at the time. Most Shi'as believe that the first Extremist terrorist attack befell on Ali (a) and the Prophet's daughter, Fatimah (sa), thus most Shi'as believe that the root of every contemporary Islamic violence stems from the usurpation of the caliphate by Abu Bakr, Umar and the Umayyads. Furthermore, the aftermath of these events had a great tool on the Islamic nation as years of civil war and tyrannical rule would lead to the martyrdom of the Prophet's grandsons, Hassan (a) and Hussain (a). The Battle of Karbala is a testimony in history which shows just how split the Muslims were among each other and how power and money became the ultimate gods in a world full of injustice and tyranny.

The people who continued the cause of Ali (a) and Hussain (a) were referred to as Alids. At this point in history the schools of theology started to develop, such as the Atharis, Mutazilas, Asharis and etc. It was the sixth Imam, Ja'far as-Sadiq (a) that laid the foundation of the theological aspects of Shi'a Islam and its jurisprudence, forming the Shi'a Islamic school of thought. The fundamental belief of infalibility and Imamate was an idea supported by the Qur'an and the Hadiths. Although Shi'as were split upon who'd be the Imams, only the Seveners, Fivers and Twelvers exist today. For the dynasties that stretched among the MENA region, the Shi'as posed a threat, because of their revolutionary plight, which the rulers feared could cause an uprising, thus the Shi'as were either outlawed or repressed for over centuries. Much of this dedication came through many classical polemicists, such as Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn Qayyim, Ibn Kathir and etc, who'd write fatwas, condemning Shi'as for heresy. Many of these fatwas are exploited today to legitimize violence against the Shi'as. With the rise of classical scholars, many new Islamic schools started to appear in various areas, providing people the instructions needed to practice Islam and declaring Sunni Islam to be the state religion (in opposition to the growing influence of Alids), keeping the population under control. It was by then you could say that the term Sunni came into existence.

To put it shortly, The Shi'as aren't on a mission to convert Sunnis, since they consider them Muslims, but they still wish to enlighten them about the events that took place following the Prophet's death as it helps understanding the historical and contemporary context behind the sectarian conflicts between the Sunnis and Shi'as. The Shi'as are more interested in forming unity with the Sunnis, but this task remains difficult, because of many Arab nations aren't willing to welcome any form of Iranian influence in the MENA region, which is why they have an easier time shaking hands with Imperialists.

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quran2002 · 4 months

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2:115 those who are reading our book are true believers, because our book says so

My issue with Islam is that apparently God didn't see it coming that Scripture was going to be corrupted, and Christ would be mistaken for His Son. So, 600 years later, He decided to make a conqueror His spokesman, giving him and only him a guaranteed to be true holy book. Which is awfully convenient for said conqueror and his successors.

Let's go with it. If God supports imperialism, why did He oppose it in Babel? Why was Israel not an expansionist state? Why was Christ not a successful conqueror?

Not to mention, Islam cannot demonstrate to be guided by God anyway, due to its own inner conflicts ever since Muhammad's death. Shouldn't God secure his succession line?

We have been warned about false prophets ever since Moses. Muhammad makes drastic and self-serving claims akin to all pagan kings who had claimed to be sanctioned by gods to rule over others. It is a clear red flag, and God should have known that it requires irrefutable signs.

#islam #quran #religion

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lgbtqiamuslimpedia · 4 months

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Abū Abd al-Munim Īsā Abdallāh al-Dhaib (Tuwais)

Birth : 632 AD in Medina

Also known as : Taus, Tuways, Tuwais

Ethnicity : Arab

Occupation : Musician, Poet

Religion : Islam

Gender : Mukhannath/Queer

Sexuality : Gynesexual

Spouse : N/A

Death : 714 AD

Early life

Abū Abd al-Munim Īsā Abd Allāh al-Dhaib (also known as Taus, Tuwais) was born in 632 AD in Saudi Arabia. S/he was born on the same day when Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) died. S/he was weaned (aqiqah) on the same day when Abu Bakr was died. S/he had circumcision (Khatna) on the same day when Umar was assassinated. Tuwais was married when Uthmān was killed & his/her first son was born when Ali passed way. S/he was a mawlā of the Banū Mak̲h̲zūm, which was one of the wealthy clans of the Quraysh. When al-Dhaib joined the group of Mukhannathun, s/he changed his/her name into Tuways.

Career

Tuwais first attracted attention by singing melodies that s/he had learned from Persian captives. Sometimes s/he took a nickname for him/herself, something that only female singers did in early Arabia. S/he chose Tuways (means little peacock in Arabic) as his/her nickname. Ṭuwais is typically described as the “leading mukhannath musician during his lifetime.”

Tuwais was also being in the service of Arwā bint Kurayz, the (mother of the Caliph ʿUt̲h̲mān ibn ʿAffān). S/h rose to fame as a musician in the reign of Rashidun Caliph Uthmān ibn Affan. Uthman was tolerant of the mukhannathun, as long as they were practicing Muslims (which, by all accounts, they were). Tuwais reportedly was the first “great musician in earliest days of Islam” & “most influential mukhannath in early Arabia”. Tuwais had many disciples such as al-Dalal, Ibn Surayj, al-Gharīḍ, etc. S/he tutored Ibn Surayj, who became famous as the first muslim singer to successfully combine Persian and Hijaz music. According to musical literature sources, Tuwais and other mukhannath musicians enjoyed an exceptional visibility & prestige for a period of two generations.

Furthermore Ṭuwais and other mukhannath musicians formed an intermediary stage in the social class (mostly associated with musicians): women in pre-Islamic Arab, mukhannathun in the Rashidun Caliphates and early Umayyad Caliphates, & mainly non-mukhannath men in later time periods.

Persecution

In the later Umayyad period, mukhannathun faced widespread religious persecution, especially mukhannath/queer entertainers. Their lifestyles were declared unislamic during the reign of Caliph Marwan I . Most of them were forced to conform to cis-heteronormative lifestyle.

The first religious persecution of mukhannathun started at the reigns of Umayyad Caliph Marwan I. The governor of Mecca serving under al-Walīd I is said to have “issued a proclamation against the mukhannathun”, in addition to other entertainers. The most severe instances of religious persecution is typically dated back to the time of al-Walīd I's brother and successor Caliph Sulaymān ibn ʿAbd al-Malik, seventh Caliph of Umayyad dynasty.

According to several variants of this story, the transphobic caliph Sulayman ordered the full castration of Tuwais & other mukhannathun. Some versions of the tale say that all of them were forced to undergo the procedure, while others state that only a few of them were. Therefore, mukhannathun of Islamic Medina began to fade from historical sources, and the next generation of singers and musicians had few mukhannathun in their ranks.

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ahlulbaytnetworks · 7 months

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~ The great Intercessor ~

Narrated that once Imam Sadiq (عليه السلام) was sitting in the Haram (Holy Kaba) at the station (maqam) of Abraham (ع), when an old man came to him. The man had spent his entire life in disobedience. He looked at Imam al-Sadiq (عليه السلام) and said,

"Great intercessor to Allah for the sinners!" Then he took hold of the curtains of the Kaaba and began to recite the following poem:

By the right of the radiance of Your face, O my Master,

By the right of the Hashemite al-Abtahee (resident of Mecca, i.e. Prophet Muhammad ص)

By the right of the Remembrance (Zekr) when it is revealed to Him,

By the right of His Successor, the hero/champion, and the brave,

By the right of all the Imams who have preceded on the path of their grandfather the Prophet (ص),

By the right of the Qaim al-Mahdi (عليه السلام) - You forgive the sin of the sinful servant.

He said, "Then he heard a voice calling, 'O old man, your sin was great, but We have forgiven you all your sins due to the respect/esteem (Hurmat) of your intercessors. If you had asked Us for the sins of the people of the earth, We would have forgiven them, except for the one who killed the she-camel (of Prophet Saleh), and the killers of the Prophets and the pure Imams."

خَبَرٌ آخَرُ رُوِيَ عَنِ الْإِمَامِ الصَّادِقِ ��‌ أَنَّهُ كَانَ جَالِساً فِي الْحَرَمِ فِي مَقَامِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ ع فَجَاءَهُ رَجُلٌ شَيْخٌ كَبِيرٌ قَدْ فَنِيَ عُمُرُهُ فِي الْمَعْصِيَةِ فَنَظَرَ إِلَى الصَّادِقِ ع فَقَالَ نِعْمَ الشَّفِيعُ إِلَى اللَّهِ لِلْمُذْنِبِينَ ثُمَّ أَخَذَ بِأَسْتَارِ الْكَعْبَةِ وَ أَنْشَأَ يَقُولُ‌

بِحَقِّ جِلَاءِ وَجْهِكَ يَا وَلِيِّي‌ , بِحَقِّ الْهَاشِمِيِّ الْأَبْطَحِيِ‌

بِحَقِّ الذِّكْرِ إِذْ يُوحَى إِلَيْهِ‌ , بِحَقِّ وَصِيِّهِ الْبَطَلِ الْكَمِيِ‌

بِحَقِّ أَئِمَّةٍ سَلَفُوا جَمِيعاً , عَلَى مِنْهَاجِ جَدِّهِمُ النَّبِيِ‌

بِحَقِّ الْقَائِمِ الْمَهْدِيِّ إِلَّا , غَفَرْتَ خَطِيئَةَ الْعَبْدِ الْمُسِي‌ءِ

قَالَ فَسَمِعَ هَاتِفاً يَقُولُ يَا شَيْخُ كَانَ ذَنْبُكَ عَظِيماً وَ لَكِنْ غَفَرْنَا لَكَ جَمِيعَ ذُنُوبَكَ لِحُرْمَةِ شُفَعَائِكَ فَلَوْ سَأَلْتَنَا ذُنُوبَ أَهْلِ الْأَرْضِ لَغَفَرْنَا لَهُمْ غَيْرَ عَاقِرِ النَّاقَةِ وَ قَتَلَةِ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ وَ الْأَئِمَّةِ الطَّاهِرِينَ.

(Source: al-Fazail, Shazan ibn Jibrael al-Qummi, Pg. 66)

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officialyourdailyinspiration · 10 months

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Today in Christian History

Today is Thursday, June 29th. It is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 185 days remain until the end of the year.

1073: Consecration of Gregory VII (Hildebrand). His reign will be marred by continual skirmishing with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV.

1315: (traditional date) Death by stoning of mystic and missionary Raymond Lull in Bougie, North Africa (Tunisia). He had been persuaded by a vision to seek the conversion of Muslims, had founded a school to train men to the task, and had studied Islamic culture.

1629: Samuel Skelton and Francis Higginson, Presbyterian reverends, arrive on the ship Talbot to Massachusetts, the first clergymen of that sect in what will become the United States.

1770: John Beck, born to missionaries in Greenland, returns to his land of birth, having completed his formal education in Europe. He will serve as a Moravian missionary in Greenland for over fifty years.

1794: Bishop Asbury preaches the dedicatory sermon for Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, founded by Richard Allen and fellow African-Americans after they were segregated from white worshipers in St. George’s Church, Philadelphia.

1861: At Casa Guidi (in Florence, Italy) toward morning the poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning seems to be in an ecstasy. She tells her husband of her love for him, gives him her blessing, and raises herself to die in his arms. “It is beautiful,” are her last words. Among her poems is the sonnet “Speak low to me, my Saviour, low and sweet.”

1864: In a ceremony that fills Canterbury Cathedral beyond capacity, Samuel Adjai Crowther is consecrated as the first African bishop of the Church of England.

1875: The first Keswick convention opens, a holiness movement that spreads around the world. Delegates had met for prayer the day before.

1881: Convinced that he is the long-awaited Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad, a Sufi Muslim in Kordofan (then a province of Sudan) proclaims “There is no God but God, and Muhammad is the Prophet of God, and Muhammad al-Mahdi is the successor of God’s Prophet!” He soon imprisons Christian missionaries and in 1885 will massacre many of the Christians in Khartoum.

1900: Pastor Meng is seized and beheaded at Pao ting Fu, having refused to flee, declaring he will stand by foreign missionaries whose lives are threatened.

1979: Repose (Death) of Archbishop Andrew (Father Adrian) of New Diveyevo Monastery in Jordanville, New York. Born in the Ukraine, he had been forced to flee his native land because of Soviet persecution, eventually migrating to the United States where he established an Orthodox monastery. He was sought out for his deep spirituality.

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loverandservantoftheahlulbayt · 6 months

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🍂🍁🍂 Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) -

The Last Imam

We have already mentioned that after the Messenger of Allah (S), the number of his successors and the leaders of this nation is twelve. The first of them is Ali Ibn Abi Taalib (as) and the last is Imam al-Mahdi (atfs), who is still alive and in occultation on Allah's command.

🍂 On analyzing these false claimants, the following consequences come to light:

1) The presence of false claimants proves the existence of the true claimant to this esteemed position. The counterfeit of only those currencies are available, which are actually in circulation. Hence, one can never find a 75 paise coin or a 25 rupee counterfeit note in the market.

2) An important peculiarity of the real Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) is that he will spread Islam to the nooks and corners of the world. The Islamic slogan 'There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah" will echo throughout the universe. All these bogus charlatans have departed from this world but failed in making Islam as the dominant religion of the universe. On the contrary, they became the cause of further dissension and disputes among the Muslims.

3) Yet another significant characteristic of the real Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) is that his Imamat and leadership will continue till the Day of Judgment. Immediately after his death, Resurrection will occur. These phony claimants have already left this world, causing confusion and chaos with all their deviations and no sign of Resurrection. T heir demise without the occurrence of Resurrection is another proof of their falsity.

4) Yet another very important feature of Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) leadership, which has been highlighted in all books concerning him, is that he will fill the earth with justice, fairness and equity as it would be fraught with injustice, tyranny and oppression. These sham impostors neither reduced the oppression and tyranny of the world nor did they fill it with justice and fairness. The converse was the reality. They became the cause of intense augmentation and increase in tyranny and oppression. This is another evidence of their deception and fallacy.

5) Allah the Almighty has never appointed any fallible and sinning person as a Prophet or an Imam. Human intellect supports the idea that a person who is responsible for the guidance of the entire humanity and is the guarantor of their salvation has to be infallible (ma'soom). While, we observe that among all these fake claimants, none were infallible. A brief look at their lives will reveal the filth and contamination in which they existed.

6) The true representatives of Allah always raised their voice against injustice and oppression. Consequently, the tyrants and their despotic reigns always opposed them and afflicted them with all kinds of tortures and troubles. On the other hand, these sham impostors assisted the oppressors in their mischievous designs and considered rebellion against the tyrants as prohibited.

Obviously, they had to support these oppressors for otherwise, from where would they receive support and assistance for their devious aims? This is precisely the reason that even today their head offices are based in imperialist and colonial capitals. For instance, while intense war rages on in Palestine, Bahaism continues to have its headquarters in Israel. Similarly, Qaadiyanism has its main centers in Britain and the United States. Obviously, children feel secure in the lap of their parents and are nourished in better there.1

For details, refer to books on Finality of Prophethood and on Imam al-Mahdi (atfs). Moreover, reliable and authentic books have been penned in refutation of these self-idolizing impostors and their sham religions.

These few lines have been jotted down to caution all from being deceived by every false claimant and glib talker, and to preserve our religion and belief.

The Messenger of Allah, Hazrat Muhammad Mustafa (S) is the last Prophet, his Shariat is the last Shariat and the Majestic Quran is a divine book. After him (S), there is neither any prophet nor book nor religion. Even today, he (S) is a Prophet and hence, everyday we proclaim in our azaan and our prayers, ' I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah (S)'. Not that he 'was' the Messenger of Allah, but he 'is' the Messenger of Allah.

Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) is the twelfth and last of the chain of leadership and guidance. He is alive and in occultation on divine command. Further information concerning Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) will be provided for in the coming pages, Inshallah.

Blessings of Allah be on you, O Master of Age, help us!

The belief in the Imamat, awaiting, and reappearance of Hazrat Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) is a mirror, which reflects the peak and perfection of true Islam.

In it lies the cure of oppressed mankind and the remedy for tyrannized humanity.

In which one can observe justice, equity, brotherhood and fraternity, instead of injustice, oppression and tyranny.

In which one sees the manifestation of pure monotheism (Tawhid) and sincere worship instead of polytheism and unbelief.

In which man, free from all sorts of dangers, hazards and insecurities, is worshipping the One God.

It is the reappearance of the Imam who will raise the standard of a divine government.

Who will destroy and uproot the oppressors and raise the oppressed slaves to unprecedented glories.

Whose advent will be a living portrait of perfection of religion, completion of bounties and satisfaction of the Lord.

🍂 1) The Creed of Imamate

The belief of Imamate is that important pillar of Islamic belief, without which the religious structure remains incomplete. The acceptance of all actions depends on the belief in Imamate. When the Holy Prophet (S) commenced his mission with Daawat al-Zul Asheerah, along with the call for Divine Monotheism, proclamation of his own messengership, he (S) also announced the mastership and vilaayat of Ameerul Mu’mineen (as).

He invited one and all for accepting this invitation. From then onwards, the Holy Prophet (S) kept informing and announcing the people about Imamate and Caliphate. Finally, on 18th Zilhajj, 10 A.H., in the vast plain of Ghadir al-Khumm, in front of a crowd of 1,24,000 pilgrims, he (S) not only announced the successorship and Imamate of Ameerul Mu’mineen (as) in clear terms, but, even ordered the people to pay allegiance to ‘Ali (as). The Muslims duly obliged. Later, in the destruction of Harith Ibn No'man, people also saw the fate of him who denies ‘Ali's mastership.

Along with the announcement of the mastership of ‘Ali (as), the Holy Prophet (S) also declared the Imamate and mastership of his eleven descendants. On various occasions, and in numerous ways, he made it clear that after him, till the Day of Judgment, the number of his successors and caliphs shall remain only twelve. The first of them will be ‘Ali (as) and the last, Imam al-Mahdi (atfs).

In a number of traditions, he has also mentioned the names, titles, agnomens, and characteristics of these twelve successors. Through his companion, Jaabir Ibn Abdullah Ansari, he sent salutations to the fifth among the Imams, Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (as). All these are practical testimonies of the truthfulness of the Holy Prophet (S).

The series of Imamate and guidance continues today and will go on till the dawn of resurrection. The Messenger of Allah (S) has underlined the significance of Imam al-Asr's (as) recognition through the famous tradition,

"من مات ولم يعرف إمام زمانه مات ميتة جاهليّة"

"One who dies without recognizing the Imam of his time, dies the death of ignorance (i.e. unbelief)."2

As is evident, the unbelievers will not attain salvation. They will go to hell and shall abide in it forever. Anybody who desires to save himself from the perennial chastisement of hell and gain the everlasting bounties of paradise, then it is for him to gain the recognition of the Imam of his time. On the flip side, one who does not recognize the Imam of his time, his religion is not perfect, his bounties are not complete and Allah the Almighty is not satisfied with him.

🍂 Today, who is our Imam?

The Holy Prophet (S) has already mentioned that the chain of Imamate will continue after him till the Day of Judgment. Therefore, it is necessary that there should be somebody from that series who has been divinely ordained. Who is he? In the light of reliable and au the n tic traditions (narrated by Shias as well as Sunnis), the Imam of our time, is the son of Imam Hasan al-Askari (as), Hazrat Imam al-Mahdi (aj).

🍂 2) The Importance in the Belief of Mahdawwiyah

If somebody believes and is certain about the Prophethood of all the previous Prophets and Messengers (pbbuta) but denies the Messengership of the last Prophet, Hazrat Muhammad Mustafa (S), is an unbeliever and his salvation, impossible.

Similarly, if someone believes in the Imamate of all the infallible Imams (pbbuta) but refuses to accept the Imamate of the last Imam, Imam al-Mahdi (atfs), he is not a believer and his deliverance, unattainable. Renowned Sunni scholars like Shaikh al-Islam Hamveeni, in his book "Faraaedus Simtain" and Shaikh Sulayman Qundoozi in his famous work "Yanaabee' al-Mawaddah" have recorded that the Holy Prophet (S) said,

"من أنكر خروج المهدي فقد كفر"

"One who denies the reappearance

of Mahdi, is an unbeliever."

🍂 Imam's Life at a Glance

Name : Muhammad

Title : Mahdi, Baqiyyatullah, Imam az-

Zaman, Vali al-Asr, Qa’im, etc.

Agnomen : Abul Qasim, Aba Saaleh

al-Mahdi (aj)

Father : The Eleventh Imam,

Hasan al-Askari (as)

Mother : Narjis Khatoon,

also called as Sosan.

Birthday : 15th Sha’ban, 255 A.H.

Birthplace : In the house of

Imam al-Askari (as)

in the Iraqi city of Saamarra

Commencement: 8th Rabi-al-Awwal,

260 A.H. of Imamat

Age : Still alive. Shall reappear on the

command of Allah the Almighty

🍂 3) Occultation (Ghaibat)

One can find in reliable traditions narrated on the authority of the Holy Prophet (S) that when Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) reappears, oppression and tyranny will be eradicated from the face of earth, and unjust and tyrannical rulers will be uprooted.

Therefore, every oppressive king, particularly the contemporaries of Imam Hasan al-Askari (as), strove to prevent the birth of Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) and his advent in this world. Also, as the Messenger of Allah (S) had prophesied that the number of Imams will be twelve, and that Imam Hasan al-Askari (as) will be the eleventh Imam, (and al-Mahdi (aj) the twelfth), they were sure that Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) will be born in his house only.

Consequently, tight security and strict surveillance was imposed. But just as Firaon had failed in his machinations to prevent the birth of Hazrat Moosa (as), which ultimately did occur, in the same way, despite all their efforts, the oppressors could not stop the birth of Imam al-Mahdi (atfs). As there was a great danger to the life of Imam al-Mahdi (atfs), the news of his birth was not announced to all and sundry. Only those who could be relied upon were informed about this holy occurrence. After the martyrdom of Imam Hasan al-Askari (as), when the Imamate and leadership of Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) began, the perils to his life increased.

His residence was raided umpteen times by the king's army. Hence, on divine command, Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) went into occultation. On the one hand, conditions were threatening and danger loomed large. While on the other, the masses had their queries and posers for which contact with Imam (as) was necessary. Considering this necessity, Imam (as) appointed four special deputies, through whom contact with Imam (as) could be possible. These four persons were called as Special Deputies (Nawwaab al-Arba' or Naaebeen al-Khaas).

The names of these Special Deputies were as follows (in chronological order):

1) Uthman Ibn Saeed Amri

2) Muhammad Ibn Uthman Ibn Saeed Amri

3) Husayn Ibn Rauh Nawbakhti

4) ‘Ali Ibn Muhammad Seymouri

The series of special deputyship started from 260 A.H. and terminated in the year 329 A.H. (i.e. 69 years). This period is called as Minor Occultation (Ghaibat al-Sughra). The year 329 A.H., with the death of the fourth deputy, ‘Ali Ibn Muhammad Seymouri, marked the end of minor occultation and the beginning of the Major Occultation (Ghaibat al-Kubra). Till Allah the Almighty does not permit Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) to reappear, the major occultation will continue.

Today, we are living in the era of the major occultation in which, Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) has not appointed any special deputy. But he has also not abandoned us. For our religious problems and questions, he has appointed jurists (mujtahideen), bearing all the necessary conditions, as his proof upon us and has ordered us to refer to them. As per his command, it is essential that our lives should be in conformity with the edicts of the living mujtahid.

🍂 4) Benefit of Imam az-Zaman's Existence in Occultation

Presently, our Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) is in occultation. But it does not mean that he is living in an isolated place, far away from inhabitation.

Occultation means that people are not aware of his place of abode. Even when they see their Imam al-Mahdi (atfs), they do not recognize him. Imam al-Sadiq (as) says,

"يرونهُ و لا يعرفونه"

"They see him but do not recognize

him."3

But Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) sees the people and recognizes them too. He himself declares,

"None of your news is hidden from us. We are not negligent in your protection nor are we forgetful of your remembrance. Had it not been so, calamities would have descended upon you and enemies would have annihilated you."4

This proves that although Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) is hidden from the eyes of the people, he is aware of their conditions. Now, we can benefit from his existence just as people draw advantage from the sun when it is concealed behind the clouds. We can relate all our difficulties to him. At every step, we can reach out to him through our cries for help.

Just let us give it a try, and feel his hand reach unto us, notwithstanding the veil of occultation. One can find thousands of such incidents in reliable books when people have called out to Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) for help and he has come to their rescue.

🍂 5) Longevity

Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) was born in 255 A.H. Today the age of Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) exceeds 1150 years. This is just his present age and his reappearance is still pending. The years after reappearance have also been discounted.

Perhaps some minds might pose the query, 'Is it possible for a man to live so long?'

The answer is a definite yes. Man can certainly attain longevity for the following reasons:

1) Till date, no limit has been fixed for human age, that after such and such age, man cannot or should not live.

2) There have been people who have lived even more than the present age of Imam al-Mahdi (atfs), like Hazrat Nuh (as) who propagated for 950 years before the famous deluge and his total age exceeded 2500 years.

3) Hazrat Khizr (as) and Hazrat Ilyas (as) continue to live till date.

4) Shaitan preceded Hazrat Adam (as) in existence and is still alive.

Imam Zaynal al-Abideen (as) says,

"In our Qa’im, is the tradition and

sign of Hazrat Nuh (as) and that

is his longevity."5

🍂 6) Awaiting

In the major occultation, an important duty is to await the reappearance of Imam al-Mahdi (atfs). Imam al-Sadiq (as) relates from the Holy Prophet (S),

"أفضل أعمال أمتي انتظار الفرج"

"The best act of my nation is to

await the reappearance."6

Awaiting is an inner condition that we experience vis-à-vis our beloved. Our restlessness for the meeting with the beloved is directly proportionate with the presence of love in our hearts for him. If you are waiting for a guest, you will prepare yourself for his arrival by cleaning up the house and providing the necessities of his comfort. You will inform the people about his arrival and will exhort them to join you in welcoming him. More than the house, you will prepare your heart for his comfort, leisure and ease.

If such preparedness and restlessness is found in us, then we are truly awaiting for the guest. But if I am simply sleeping lazily, without feeling the need for any preparation and readiness, then such an awaiting is nothing more than lip service.

Those who are waiting for Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) are restless for his reappearance. They are preparing for his arrival by improving themselves and inviting others to change for the better. They are themselves learning religious laws and injunctions while making others also aware of their religious obligations. They are restless due to the delay in the reappearance. The occultation of their beloved Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) has snatched sleep from their eyes.

Imam Zaynal al-Abideen (as) has described the characteristics and importance of the one who awaits the reappearance thus,

"O Abu Khalid (Kabuli)! In the period of his occultation, those who believe in his Imamate, await his reappearance are the best people of all times. Allah the Almighty has endowed them with intellect , understanding and cognition to such an extent that occultation (of Imam) for them is as good as his presence.

They are equal (in status) to those who are fighting alongside the Prophet of Allah (S) with their swords. Certainly, these are the real believers and our true Shias and they call towards the path of Allah, openly and secretly."7

🍂 7) Duties and Responsibilities

It is clear now as to how important it is to await for the reappearance of Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) and how great is the status and position of those who await. Also, it is a reality that as the level increases, responsibilities and duties increase too. Although there are a number of responsibilities of a believer during the major occultation, we shall mention a few important ones hereunder, keeping brevity into consideration.

🍂 a) Recognition of Imam al-Mahdi (atfs)

By recognition, historical knowledge and information is not what is implied. Rather, it means to be aware of those levels, perfection and authority that has been granted to Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) by Allah the Almighty. If we believe in these, then we will be sure that he is definitely keeping a watch on all our actions, every single one of them. He rules on each and every particle of this world. The entire universe is subject to his command. Only then will we refrain from sins and seek refuge and help from him for all our difficulties.

🍂 b) Improvement in deeds

We cannot see Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) with our sinful eyes but he, definitely, is observing us. If somebody really believes that he is constantly being watched by Imam al-Mahdi (atfs), he will keep away from quite a few sins. Good deeds are the only way to gain proximity and nearness to Imam al-Mahdi (atfs). And who does not desire to be nearer to his Imam (a.s.)? He (atfs) himself has admonished us,

"Then each one of you should act in such a way that your deeds bring you closer to our love, and refrain from all those actions that will bring you nearer to our wrath and anger."8

🍂 c) Reformation of the Society

To rectify and improve our society, i.e. our children, brothers, sisters, relatives, friends, acquaintances, etc. is also our responsibility. For, it is essential that the ground be prepared for the reappearance.

Imam Hasan al-Askari (as) says,

"An orphan is he who loses his father. But greater than him is he who has become distanced from his Imam and does not have access to him . He is not aware of his responsibilities and obligations. Among our Shias, one who is knowledgeable of our traditions and knowledge, should teach this Shia who is ignorant and unaware, and guide him. It is as if he has sheltered and nourished an orphan. Yes, the one who guides him and teaches him our religious laws, will be with us in the highest grades of paradise."9

🍂 d) Supplication (Dua)

Supplication is a weapon of the believer through which he repels calamities and encounters difficulties. He attains his desires with its help. The reappearance of Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) and his being safe from all evils and calamities is the heartfelt desire of every believer. One of the rights that he (as) enjoys upon us is that we should pray for him, first and foremost, in our supplications and invocations.

Naturally, we always pray for that thing first which enjoys utmost significance in our eyes. Nobody is greater than Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) nor is anything more important than his reappearance. It is necessary that after every Salat (prayer), our first supplication be in favor of Imam al-Mahdi (atfs).

We must begin and end our day with the prayers for the reappearance of our beloved Imam (as). Although there are a number of invocations for Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) like Dua al-Nudbah, which should be recited on Fridays, etc. we shall suffice here with only two important supplications for him.

🍂 (a) In every Salat (prayer), especially in obligatory prayers, we should recite the following invocation in the Qunoot. This is also called as Dua al-Salaamati.

اَللّـهُمَّ كُنْ لِوَلِيِّكَ الْحُجَّةِ بْنِ الْحَسَنِ صَلَواتُكَ عَلَيْهِ وَعَلى آبائِه في هذِهِ السَّاعَةِ وَفي كُلِّ ساعَة وَلِيّاً وَحافِظاً وَقائِداً وَناصِراً وَدَليلاً وَعَيْنا حَتّى تُسْكِنَهُ اَرْضَكَ طَوْعاً وَتُمَتِّعَهُ فيها طَويلاً

🍂 (b) After Salat (prayer) al-Subh (morning prayers), we must recite the brief Dua al-Ahd. It is a salutation, a covenant and a supplication, all put together.

اللّهُمَّ بَلِّغْ مَولايَ صاحِبَ الزَّمانِ صَلواتُ الله عَلَيْهِ عَنْ جَمِيعِ المُؤْمِنِينَ وَالمُؤْمِناتِ فِي مَشارِقِ الاَرْضِ وَمَغارِبِها وَبَرِّها وَبَحْرِها وَسَهْلِها وَجَبَلِها، حَيِّهِمْ وَمَيِّتِهِمْ وَعَنْ وَالِدَيَّ وَوُلْدِي وَعَنِّي مِنَ الصَّلَواتِ وَالتَّحِياتِ زِنَةَ عَرْشِ الله وَمِدادَ كَلِماتِهِ وَمُنْتَهى رِضاهُ وَعَدَدَ ما أحْصاهُ كِتابُهُ وَأَحاطَ بِهِ عِلْمُهُ، اللّهُمَّ إِنِّي أُجَدِّدُ لَهُ فِي هذا اليَوْمِ وَفِي كُلِّ يَوْمٍ عَهْداً وَعَقْداً وَبَيْعَةً فِي رَقَبَتِي، اللّهُمَّ كَما شَرَّفْتَنِي بِهذا التَّشْرِيفِ وَفَضَّلْتَنِي بِهِذِهِ الفَضِيلَةِ وَخَصَصْتَنِي بِهِذِهِ النِّعْمَةِ فَصَلِّ عَلى مَوْلايَ وَسَيِّدِي صاحِبِ الزَّمانِ، وَاجْعَلْنِي مِنْ أَنْصارِهِ وَأَشْياعِهِ وَالذَّابِّينَ عَنْهُ وَاجْعَلْنِي مِنَ المُسْتَشْهَدِينَ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ طائِعاً غَيْرَ مُكْرَهٍ فِي الصَفِّ الَّذِي نَعَتَّ أَهْلَهُ فِي كِتابِكَ، فَقُلْتَ: صَفّا كَأَنَّهُمْ بُنْيانٌ مَرْصوصٌ عَلى طاعَتِكَ وَطاعَةِ رَسُولِكَ وَآلِهِ عَلَيْهِمُ السَّلامُ ؛ اللّهُمَّ هذِهِ بَيْعَةٌ لَهُ فِي عُنُقِي إِلى يَوْمِ القِيامَةِ

🍂 (e) Sadaqah

When a person knows and likes somebody from the depth of his heart, he wishes him well and desires his safety from all evils and calamities. He prays for his wellbeing and health. He gives sadaqah for his safety and protection.

Praying or giving sadaqah does not mean that the concerned person is afflicted with calamities. Rather, it is an expression of our love for him. The more we love him, the more will be our invocations and sadaqah in his favor.

Today, who is more deserving to be loved and be attached with than the holy persona of Imam al-Mahdi (atfs)? Can a believer’s heart love anybody else more than him? To pray for Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) and to give sadaqah for his safety is an expression of our love for him. In the ta’qeebaat of the obligatory prayers, it has been emphasized to recite Ayat al-Kursi for the safety and security of Imam al-Mahdi (atfs).

🍂 (f) Seeking of Desires

Allah the Almighty has appointed the infallible Imams (as) as the media and doors for approaching Him. Presently, Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) is that door through whom Allah is approached. The Holy Quran says,

وَلِلَّهِ الْأَسْمَاءُ الْحُسْنَىٰ فَادْعُوهُ بِهَا ۖ وَذَرُوا الَّذِينَ يُلْحِدُونَ فِي أَسْمَائِهِ ۚ سَيُجْزَوْنَ مَا كَانُوا يَعْمَلُونَ

And Allah's are the best names, therefore call on Him thereby, and leave alone those who violate the sanctity of His names; they shall be recompensed for what they did.

Surah al-A'raaf

(7:180)

In the interpretation of this verse, traditions say that good names in the verse implies the infallible Imams (pbbuta) and that we should call Allah through them.10

Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) is the Door of Allah and His Name. If we plead to Allah through this all-important medium, our supplications will be accepted. Besides, it is the sincere desire of every father or every elder that the youngsters of the family approach him for their needs and that he fulfils them. Particularly, when he is in a position of power and authority. The elders feel great joy in fulfilling the needs of the youngsters.

Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) is our father, elder and the master of all bounties. Today, it is an important duty for us that we present our difficulties to him for their solution.

Unfortunately, we speak of our problems to everybody but to that Imam who is able to provide its remedies within no time.

The Holy Prophet (S) says,

"Whenever you get entangled in some difficulty, then seek refuge in the presence of Hazrat Hujjat (atfs) and invoke him. He will save you and grant you salvation. He answers the needy. He is the refuge of anybody who seeks refuge in him."11

🍂 (8) Meeting

Today, we are living in the times of the major occultation but it does not imply that all the doors leading to Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) have been shunted. Direct visitation is possible only on account of his grace. Nobody can arrange a meeting with him unilaterally (without Imam's consent). There have been some extremely fortunate people who had the honor and grace of a direct meeting with their master, Imam al-Mahdi (atfs).

Consequently, their problems were solved. Reliable books have mentioned the incidents of these fortunate ones. This was regarding apparent, physical visitation. As far a s heart to he art rendezvous is concerned, the possibility always exists for everybody. The heart is aware of the path to the sought one. For heartily contact, words are not required. Rather, its beats translate into the most effective of words. A broken heart narrates a thousand incidents in a few seconds. In Dua al-Nudbah, we cry,

بِنَفْسِي أَنْتَ مِنْ مُغَيَّبٍ لَمْ يَخْلُ مِنّا بِنَفْسِي أَنْتَ مِنْ نازِحٍ مانَزَحَ عَنّا

"May our lives be sacrificed on him who is distanced from the eyes but the hearts are not devoid of him. He is physically far from us but his remembrance and memories are not distant from our gatherings."

🍂 (9) Time of Reappearance

There is no doubt that one day certainly Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) will reappear from the Holy Ka'bah. A heavenly voice will announce his advent to one and all. There will not be any place on earth where the voice of this announcement will not reach. Of course, none knows that when this reappearance will actually occur. Its knowledge is only and only with Allah and none else. The holy Prophet (S) says,

"The reappearance of Mahdi will be like resurrection which will be very heavy for the heavens as well as for the earth. It will be sudden, unexpected."12

We cannot fix the time of reappearance but can advance it with our incessant and unceasing invocations and supplications. Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) exhorts,

"Pray more for the reappearance

for in it lies your salvation."13

🍂 (10) The Companions of Imam al-Mahdi (atfs)

We all desire earnestly and fervently to be included among the companions of Imam al-Mahdi (atfs). Every believer aspires to help the Imam of his time. There is no status or fortune higher than this for him.

More than nearly fourteen hundred years after his friends achieved martyrdom in Karbala while defending the Imam of their time, Imam Hussain (as), Prophets, Messengers, successors, angels, martyrs, witnesses, the truthful ones, and even the Almighty Allah Himself, continue to send incessant blessings and salutations on them.

The door of helping and assisting the Imam of the time is not closed. We too can be among the helpers and supporters of the Imam of our time. Traditions have talked about the characteristics of Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) helpers.

If these attributes and traits are found in us, then a million thanks to the Almighty, and we should pray for their betterment and improvement by the day (both quantitatively as well as qualitatively). But if these characteristics are not found in us, or if some are found and others are not, then we should supplicate to Allah the Mighty and the Wise that he adorns us with these attributes, for the sake of Imam al-Mahdi (atfs). Some of these characteristics and attributes are as follows:

• They are devout and highly religious

individuals.

• Their hearts are overflowing with the

love of their Imam al-Mahdi (atfs).

• They are nice and decent.

• They are concealed like mines of

treasures in the earth.

• In their certitude, they are stronger

than steel; if they pass by mountain,

they will render it into pieces.

• They fight only for divine pleasure;

any opponent who stands against them,

bites the dust.

• They are not cowed down by criticism

and censure.14

🍂 11) Advent and Government

When Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) arrives, the world will be a completely different place. Every particle will rejoice at his advent. Hazrat Esa (as) will descend from the fourth heaven and perform Salat (prayer) behind him. Self-sacrificing, pious, devout, religious and sincere believers will gather around Imam al-Mahdi (atfs).

They will form circles around him, with him sitting right in the middle, like a moon encircled with stars. He will reappear from Mecca and make Kufa his capital. The entire world will be under the rule of true Islam and the standard of Tawhid will be hoisted in the universe. Polytheism, disbelief, hypocrisy and their like will be uprooted from the face of the earth. Justice, equity, brotherhood and fraternity will be the order of the day.

Traditions have painted the picture of his reappearance beautifully. We shall mention a few special characteristics of his reappearance hereunder:

🍂 (a) Justice and Equity

Numerous traditions contain the following sentence,

"يملأ الأرض قسطاً وعدلاً كما ملئت جوراً وظلماً"

"He will fill the earth with justice and equity as it would be fraught with injustice and oppression."

Today, whatever oppression or injustice we are witnessing in any form whatsoever, will be totally annihilated. Justice, and sheer justice, will prevail. The deeply felt prayer of humanity will be actualized with the reappearance. The efforts of the Prophets (pbbuta) and the Messengers (pbbuta) will yield fruits with the establishment of justice.

🍂 (b) Honor For Religion

Religion will be honored in the government of Imam al-Mahdi (atfs). It will be implemented with all its minute details. The Holy Quran will dominate the universe. All those religious injunctions that have been forgotten or distorted will regain their original practical form and every one will act on them. In the salwaat of Friday, we find,

"O Allah! Enliven through him those laws of Your religion that have been destroyed. Grant a fresh lease of life to those sciences of Qur’an that have been forgotten . Manifest through him those laws that have been distorted. Till Your Religion appears in its original and pure form at his hands."15

🍂 (c) Unity and Harmony

One of the most serious maladies of our society is mutual discord and disharmony. Capabilities are destroyed. Assets are rendered useless. Respect and honor is ground to dust. Houses are divided and families are torn to shreds. All because of a single ailment - disunity and factionalism. But after the reappearance, all this will change. Factions will unite on one platform. In Dua al-Nudbah, we read,

"أيْنَ جامِعُ الْكَلِمَةِ عَلَى التَّقْوى"

"Where is the one who will gather

the people on piety and devotion?"

🍂 (d) Freshness and Greenness

Traditions have prophesied that when Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) reappears, the earth will throw up all its treasures. It will be green and vibrant. There won't remain any piece of land that will be dry and barren. The earth will gain new life and there will be vitality and vigor everywhere. Grains and fruits will be in immeasurable abundance. In one ziyarat, we salute Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) with the following sentence,

"السلام عليك يا ربيع الأنام ونضرة الأيام"

"Peace be on you, O spring of creation

and brightness of days."

🍂 (e) Perfection of Intellect

Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) will not only enliven the earth and extricate its hidden treasures but he will infuse new life into hearts, restore capabilities and perfect intellects. Traditions have prophesied,

"When Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) reappears, he will gently stroke the heads of the people by which their intellects will become complete and perfect."16

Ameerul Mu’mineen ‘Ali Ibn Abi Talib (as), in the first sermon of Nahjal Balagha, while explaining the aim of sending the Prophets and Messengers (pbbuta), states,

"...that they may extricate the hidden

treasures of the intellects..."

Therefore, the advent of Imam al-Mahdi (atfs) will mark the realization of the aim of sending of divine emissaries. Moreover, he will also avenge the blood of Imam Hussain (as). All those who killed him, oppressed him or were satisfied at these oppressions will be the targets of his sword.

≿━━━━༺❀༻━━━━≾

🍂🍁🍂 Sources 🍂🍁🍂

1. Taryaaq al-Quloob, (page. 15)

2. Bihar al-Anwar, (23/76)

3. Muntakhab al-Asar,

(part. 2, ch. 38, pg. 301)

4. Bihar al-Anwar, (vol. 53, ch. 31)

5. Kamaal al-deen, (vol. 2, pg. 524)

6. Kamaal al-deen, (vol. 2, pg. 644)

7. Kamaal al-deen, (ch. 31, had. 2)

8. Bihar al-Anwar, (vol. 53, pg. 181)

9. Tafseer Imam Hasan al-Askari (as),

(pages. 114-115)

10. Al-Kafi, (vol. 2, pg. 618, had. 2)

11. An-Najm al-Saaqib, (page. 787)

12. Muntakhab al-Asar,

(part. 1, ch. 1, pg. 30)

13. Bihar al-Anwar, (vol. 53, pg. 181)

14. Muntakhab al-Asar,

(part. 6, ch. 1, pg. 421)

15. Mafaateeh al-Jinaan, A'maal for Friday

16. Bihar al-Anwar, (vol. 52, pg. 336)

≿━━━━༺❀༻━━━━≾

🍂🍁🍂 al-Islam.org 🍂🍁🍂

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venicepearl · 2 years

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Fāṭima bint Muḥammad (Arabic: فَاطِمَة ٱبْنَت مُحَمَّد, 605/15–632 CE), commonly known as Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ (فَاطِمَة ٱلزَّهْرَاء), was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his wife Khadija. Fatima's husband was Ali, the fourth of the Rashidun Caliphs and the first Shia Imam. Fatima's sons were Hasan and Husayn, the second and third Shia Imams, respectively.

Fatima has been compared to Mary, mother of Jesus, especially in Shia Islam. Muhammad is said to have regarded her as the best of women and the dearest person to him. She is often viewed as an ultimate archetype for Muslim women and an example of compassion, generosity, and enduring suffering. It is through Fatima that Muhammad's family line has survived to this date. Her name and her epithets remain popular choices for Muslim girls.

When Muhammad died in 632, Fatima and her husband Ali refused to acknowledge the authority of the first caliph, Abu Bakr. The couple and their supporters held that Ali was the rightful successor of Muhammad, possibly referring to his announcement at the Ghadir Khumm.

Controversy surrounds Fatima's death within six months of Muhammad's. Sunni Islam holds that Fatima died from grief. In Shia Islam, however, Fatima's (miscarriage and) death are said to have been the direct result of her injuries during a raid on her house to subdue Ali, ordered by Abu Bakr. It is believed that Fatima's dying wish was that the caliph should not attend her funeral. She was buried secretly at night and her exact burial place remains uncertain.

#Fāṭima bint Muḥammad #Fatima #Islam #women in history

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knowthys · 10 months

Text

Eid-e-Ghadeer: The Greatest Day of the Year

Eid-e-Ghadeer: The Greatest Day of the Year Eid-e-Ghadeer is one of the most important holidays in the Shia Muslim calendar. It commemorates the event of Ghadir Khumm when the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family) is said to have appointed Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor. The event of Ghadir Khumm took place on the 18th of Dhu al-Hijjah, the 12th month of the Islamic…

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#Eid #Eid-e-Ghadeer #Ghadeer #Ghadeer-e-Khum #Khum

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nabulsi · 2 years

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owo (is captive audience)

OKAY SO first things first, I am in no way a historian. I just had this as part of my curriculum in high school and I listen to Islamic history podcasts. I'm speaking from memory and inserting my own feelings on the matter, too, I cant be held responsible if you take my words as your source for Islamic history content✌️

Another important thing. Islamic history, especially after the death of Prophet Muhammad PBUH is incredibly contested. And I'm not the most careful of which sources I'm getting for history cuz I just sample historical podcasts by vibes and whoever is easiest to listen to (and I will NOT go into the Aisha and Ali stuff. Do I need the girls fighting in my comments? Absolutely Not.)

But I will Start by saying. The first Caliphate was established after the death of Muhammad PBUH. There are Four eras of caliphates, ending with the Ottoman Empire.

The Muslims were in need of leadership and they looked to those closest to the Prophet PBUH. The first era, is the Rashidun Caliphate, which lasted 30 years? During this era, the Caliph was elected to his position by a method I can only describe as "when you make your big fandom name mutual a mod in your discord server" (Islamic Edition) (I mean, a serious historian would go "Um well, they were elected by their peers for their piety and leadership abilities" but I'm not allergic to fun)

Naturally, that worked out horribly. To give you an idea, the only Caliph in this era who was not politically assassinated was Abu Bakr who died of illness. Around midway through the Rashidun Caliphate, several government officials were hired through ✨ nepotism ✨ which promoted many Umayyads to high ranking political positions. (including Muawiya who was at this point governor of Syria, Jordan, and Palestine -remember this)

The last of the Rashidun Caliphs is Ali bin Abi Talib RA, Muhammad's cousin, who came to power after the ✨assassination ✨ of Uthman before him. After being snubbed several times, this man is the only Caliph who was elected democratically and through rebellion.

Anyway, Muawiya hated that. He was loyal to Uthman (supposedly) and he stood against Ali. But also like... we're gonna sit here and act like he didn't also just want to become the next Caliph? No. He's like the dude that shows up after the callout post has blown over and re-ignites the drama for clout. Kinda cringe of him ngl but w/e 💅This is a safe space for Muawiya slander.

The Battle of Siffin happened. This ended in negotiations between Ali and Muawiya. The Muawiya antis were like "Bad take OP" and assassinated Ali RA. Took a huge L for failing to assassinate Muawiya.

Anyway, immediately after, there is MORE controversy in the Islam fandom as they are torn between appointing Ali's son Hasan as the next Caliph or Muawiya -- add to that the fact that Muawiya is aggressively opposing the idea of a Caliphate ruled by Hasan. And eventually, Hasan, who was obviously the better choice (not cuz he's Ali's son but because he was more suited for the role), but did not want to divide the Muslims, yielded the Caliphate to Muawiya on the condition that Muawiya not name his own successor and that the successor would be chosen democratically. And Muawiya was like "(lying) yes I agree to these terms" And he proceeded to have a frenemy relationship with Hasan all the way up to Hasan's death.

Anyway Hasan was assassinated. Nobody knows who killed him, but Muawiya immediately went and appointed his son, Yazid, as his successor. Not suspicious at all lmao. So this starts a tradition of succession, not through democracy (as Hasan had wanted) but from father to son. (and as we all know, monarchies are cringe fail corrupt establishments). The era started by Muawiya is called the Umayyad dynasty.

I'm not gonna go into Yazid's rule, but let's say one of the Worst Massacres Committed in Islamic History occurred under his command :) This man will not see heaven inshallah.

#paptalk #anonymous #anyway actual Islamic historians please be kind as im not great at relaying information #history #Islamic history #islam

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