You wouldn't think fish need to hold their breath, but that's exactly what hammerhead sharks do when they hunt! Scallopped hammerheads cruise near the surface, where the water is about 15-20°C (59-68°F), but they hunt in much deeper water where the average temperature is about 5–11°C (41-51°F). To conserve their body heat, hammerhead sharks close their gills-- effectively holding their breath for up to 7 minutes before they ascend back to warmer waters.
(Photo: A shiver of scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) by Doug Perrine)
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Spinner Sharks are opportunistic feeders and will consume a wide variety of prey, including small bony fishes and cephalopods. They are known to hunt schools of small fish by swimming upward through the bait ball with their mouths open wide, all while spinning. Spinner sharks are also attracted to divers who are spearfishing, but they have never been implicated in a fatality.
Hammerhead shark from Marcus Elesier Bloch’s Ichthyologie ou, Histoire naturelle des poissons. Berlin 1796.
Source: Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Ernst Mayr Library (online via Biodiversity Heritage Library: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/26748).
sharks are an elasmobranch fish, a subclass of cartilaginous fish. there are eight orders, or families, of sharks that are categorized by their biology !!
shark orders within elasmobranchii:
classifications;
heterodontiformes(bullhead or horn sharks) - five gill slits, a dorsal fin with a strong spine and flat and sharp teeth in their mouth. an example of this is horn sharks.
orectolobiformes(carpetshark) - five gill slits, 2 spineless dorsal fins, an anal fin and spiracles(paired openings which take in water and ventilate the gills) near their eyes. an example of this is whale sharks.
lamniformes(mackrel sharks) - five gill slits, a large mouth with several rows of teeth, two dorsal fins, and anal fin and the ability to maintain a higher body temperature than the water around them. an example of this is great white sharks.
carcharhiniformes(ground sharks) - five gill slits, moveable eyelids which protect their eyes from injuries, two spineless dorsal fins, an anal fin and a large mouth with sharp teeth located behind their eyes. an example of this is hammerhead sharks.
squaliformes(dogfish sharks)- found in nearly every marine habitat, they have long snouts and a short mouth, five gill slits, two fins, and no anal fin. an example of this is spiny dogfish.
hexanchiformes(primitive sharks) - six or seven gill slits, one dorsal fin, an anal fin, thorny teeth and most live in deep cold water. an example of this is frilled sharks.
pristiophoriformes(sawsharks) - long snouts similar to saws, five or six gill slits, two dorsal fins, no anal fin, wide pectoral fins, transverse teeth and most of them live in tropical waters. an example of this is longnose sawsharks.
squatiniformes(angel sharks) - flattened bodies, a mouth with dermal flaps in front of a short snout, nasal barbels, eyes and a spiracle on the top of their head and no anal fin. an example of this is angel sharks.
*if any information is incorrect please tell me! i will correct it on here and on my research document :)
Lamniformes. This order is also known as the mackerel sharks. Members include the Great White Shark, Thresher shark, megamouth shark, Mako shark, and Goblin shark.
Carcharhiniformes. This is the shark order with the most species, at 270. Members include the Hammerhead shark, tiger shark, catshark and bull shark
The tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) is a common sight for divers, fishermen, and tourists in the tropical waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. They are often found around sea grass fields or coral reefs, and tend to prefer warm, shallower waters near the coastline or surrounding atolls and islands. The northern end of their range extends up to the northern borders of the United States and China, while their southern range reaches down to Brazil, Madagascar, and the eastern coast of Australia.
While they're slightly smaller than great whites, G. cuvier is still one of the largest carnivores in the ocean. Adults can grow up to 4.7 m (15 ft 5 in) long and weigh between 300 and 900 kg (700 and 2,000 lb). Females tend to be larger than males, but the two sexes are otherwise indistinguishable. Individuals are typically bluish gray or green, with a white or light yellow underbelly; this provides them with camouflage, as fish swimming overhead or below are unable to pick out the shark's silhouette against the dark or light background, respectively.
As an apex predator, G. cuvier has few predators of its own. Juvenile tiger sharks will often fall prey to other sharks, including adults of their own species. Orcas are also occasionally known to prey on tiger sharks, but these occurrences are rare. In their own food chain, G. cuvier has a large appetite and will eat almost anything. Coral reef fish are a common target, though their speed and small size makes them harder to catch. More often tiger sharks will prey on cephalopods, crustaceans, sea snakes, turtles, sea birds, and a host of marine mammals like dolphins, dugongs, sea lions, and young, injured, or dead whales. Inadvertently, tiger sharks will also consume garbage such as bottles tires, earning them the nickname 'The Garbage Can of the Ocean'.
Tiger sharks are primarily active at night. Contrary to other sharks, G. cuvier has excellent eyesight, as well as a keen sense of smell. In addition, tiger sharks have two special sensory organs. The lateral line extends down the length of the body and can detect minute vibrations in the water. Ampullae of Lorenzini are small electroreceptors located on the snout; these detect the weak electrical impulses generated by prey. All these features make it easy for tiger sharks to find a meal, and once located their body shape allows them to put on a burst of speed and make quick turns to catch their target. Most of the time, this hunting practice is done alone, but occasionally groups of tiger sharks will gather to scavenge a large carcass or for the mating season.
Male tiger sharks mate every year, while females only reproduce every three years. Breeding seasons differ based on location; in the Northern Hemisphere mating occurs between March and May, while in the Southern Hemisphere it's between November and January. During this time, dozens or even hundreds of sharks may gather to find mates. Females carry their young for up to 16 months, at which time they give live birth. Tiger sharks are ovoviviparous, meaning that eggs are fertilised and hatch inside the mother; this species is also unique in that they employ a technique called embryotrophy, in which young gestate in sacks which are filled with an embryonic fluid. A single litter of tiger sharks may contain between 10 to 80 pups, and each one may live up to 12 years in the wild.
Conservation status: The IUCN has classified the tiger shark as Near Threatened. While exact numbers are unclear, a great many tiger sharks are killed each year for their skin, fins, and liver. This species also has a reputation for vicious attacks, and while they can be aggressive when threatened, only a handful of shark attacks occur each year.
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