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There are many mechanisms by which zoonotic pathogens can acquire the ability to spread directly between people, severing the cord that binds them to their reservoir animals. Vibrio cholerae did it by acquiring the ability to produce a toxin.
The toxin was the vibrio's pièce de résistance. Normally, the human digestive system sends food, gastric and pancreatic juice, bile, and various intestinal secretions to the intestines, where cells lining the gut extract nutrients and fluid, leaving behind a solid mass of excreta to expel. The vibrio's toxin altered the biochemistry of the human intestines such that the organ's normal function reversed. Instead of extracting fluids to nourish the body's tissues, the vibrio-colonized gut sucked water and electrolytes out of the body's tissues and flushed them away with the waste.
The toxin allowed the vibrio to accomplish two things essential to its success as a human pathogen. First, it helped the vibrio get rid of its competitors: the massive torrents of fluids sloughed off all the other bacteria in the gut, so that the vibrio (clinging to the gut in its tough micro-colonies) could colonize the organ undisturbed. Second, it assured the vibrio's passage from one victim to another. Even tiny drops of that excreta, on unwashed hands or contaminated food or water, couldcarry the vibrio to new victims. Now, so long as the vibrio could get into a single person and cause disease, it could spread to others, whether or not they exposed themselves to copepods or ingested the vibrio-rich waters of the Sundarbans.
The first pandemic caused by the new pathogens began in the Sundarbans town of Jessore in August 1817 after a heavy rainfall. Brackish water from the sea flooded the area, allowing salty copepod-rich waters to seep into people's farms and homes and wells. V. cholerae slipped into the locals' bodies and colonized their guts. Thanks to the toxin, Vibrio cholerae's basic reproductive number, according to modern mathematicians, ranged from 2 to 6. A single infected person could infect as many as half a dozen others. Within hours, cholera's first victims were being drained alive, each expelling more than fifteen quarts of milky-white liquid stool a day, filling the Sundarbans' streams and waste pits with excreta. It leaked into farmers' wells. Droplets clung to people's hands and clothes. And in each drop, vibrio bacteria swarmed, ready to infect a new host.
The Bengalis called the new disease ola, for “the purge”. It killed people faster than any other disease known to humankind. Ten thousand perished. Within a matter of months, the new plague held nearly two hundred thousand square miles of Bengal in its grip.
Cholera had made its debut.
  —  Pandemic: Tracking Contagions, from Cholera to Ebola and Beyond (Sonia Shah)
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excellentnfab · 2 days
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Activated Bleaching Earth Plant in Khulna
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Company Overview: Excellent En-Fab Incorporation, headquartered in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, specializes in industrial plants and equipment. Since 2010, they have been Manufacturer, Supplier, and Exporter of  Activated Bleaching Earth Plant in Khulna, Bangladesh. Offers a wide range of products including AAC Block Plant, Flash Dryer, Dry Mix Mortar Plant, Storage Equipments, Autoclave, Rotary Dryer/Kiln, Wall Putty Plant, Spray Dryer, Agro Waste Pyrolysis Plant, Hot Air Generators, Spin Flash Dryer, and more. Spans 10 acres and equipped with advanced technology for high-quality production. Operational Process: Material Preparation: Clay-based materials are dried and contaminants are removed. Activation: Heat-treated in a furnace to enhance adsorption capacity. Mixing: Activated clay blended with oil/fat to facilitate impurity adsorption. Contacting Phase: Vigorous mixing ensures optimal contact between activated clay and oil/fat. Filtration: Separation of activated clay from purified oil/fat using filtration methods. Drying: Activated clay dried to eliminate residual moisture for reuse. Reactivation (Optional): Spent clay subjected to high temperatures for adsorption capacity restoration. Packaging: Purified oil/fat packaged for distribution or further processing. Advantages of Activated Bleaching Earth: Low Oil Residual Fast Filtration Rate Reduction of Free Fatty Acids Impurity Removal Application: Edible oils Mineral oils Animal fats Geographical Coverage: The Activated Bleaching Earth Plant in Khulna, Bangladesh serves multiple locations including Bhairab, Bogra, Brahmanbaria, Chandpur, Dhaka, Chittagong, Sylhet, Khulna, Rajshahi, Chowmuhani, Chudanga, Comilla Sadar Dakshin, Faridpur, Feni, Jessore, Jhenaidah, Kadam Rasul, Kaliakair, Kushitia, Naogaon, Narsingdi, Pabna, Saidpur, Satkhira, Savar, Tangail, Tarabo, Tongi, Chattogram, Dhaka, Rangpur, Mymensingh, and Sylhet, For detailed information and inquiries, please feel free to contact us. Read the full article
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efconins · 3 months
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Exporter of Bench Scale in Bangladesh
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Efcon Instruments: Efcon Instruments is a prominent Manufacturer, Supplier, and Exporter of Bench Scale in Bangladesh, offering an extensive range of these scales. With 10 years of extensive expertise in the industry, Efcon operates from an ISO 9001 – 2015 certified manufacturing unit in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. The company specializes in the production of Mechanical Weighing Scales, including Weight Scale, Bench Scale, Platform Scale, Crane Scales, Jewelry Scale, and Industrial Scale, along with scale accessories. As a leading Manufacturer & Supplier of different types of Weighing Machines in India, Efcon Instruments manufactures Weight Counting Machines known for their accuracy compared to traditional weight scales. The Bench Scales are crafted by experienced and qualified professionals using optimum-grade materials sourced from trusted vendors. The company ensures timely delivery of consignments to clients' destinations. Product Details: Material: Stainless Steel Brand: Efcon Instruments Display Type: Digital Accuracy: 1g Packaging Type: Box Mount Type: Bench Capacity: 30-200 Kg Features: Precise and reliable weighing High performance Accurate results Sturdiness Efcon Instruments serves as an Exporter of Bench Scale in Bangladesh, supplying products to various locations including Bhairab, Bogra, Brahmanbaria, Chandpur, Chowmuhani, Chudanga, Comilla Sadar Dakshin, Faridpur, Feni, Jessore, Jhenaidah, Kadam Rasul, Kaliakair, Kushitia, Naogaon, Narsingdi, Pabna, Saidpur, Satkhira, Savar, Tangail, Tarabo, and Tongi. For comprehensive details on our product catalog, kindly reach out through the provided contact information. Read the full article
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finewear · 5 months
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Surgical Dressing | Surgical Soft Roll in Bangladesh
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Dhwanit Enterprise takes pride in its distinction as a prominent Manufacturer, Supplier, and Exporter of Surgical Dressing | Surgical Soft Roll in Bangladesh. Dhwanit Enterprise, a leading manufacturer and exporter of Fine Soft in India under the brand name 'Fine Wear,' actively delivers a diverse range of healthcare products." Our offerings include Gauze Swabs, Fine Pads, Fine Dresses, Fine Mops, Fine Softs, Fine Gamjees, and various other surgical dressing products. The Soft Rolls are constructed of soft fibres that reduce skin maceration while also absorbing exudates and sweat. They help to speed up recuperation by acting as a buffer between bones and POP. Widely utilized in orthopedic surgery applications, our Soft Ortho Roll Casting Pads offer a soft and comfortable experience. Size Unit 10 cm x 3 mtr 1 pc 15 cm x 3 mtr 1 pc Features High absorbency, super softness Provide gentle and safe protection Orthopaedist rolls are widely used in applications Related to orthopedic surgery. Comprehensive Healthcare Solutions: Discover Disposable Drapes, Surgical Drapes, Steri Drapes, Fenestrated Drapes, Sterile Drapes, Drape Sheets, Surgical Drape Sheets, Patient Dental Drapes, Disposable Surgical Drapes, Sterile Surgical Drapes, Disposable Patient Drapes, Patient Drapes, Sterile Drape Sheets, Surgical Sheets, Disposable Drapes for Patients, Surgical Drapes Disposable, Patient Dental Disposable Drapes, Fine Wear Surgical Drapes, Adhesive Drapes Surgical, Sterile Plastic Drape, Fine Wear Drapes, Sterile Surgery Drapes, Disposable Dental Drapes, Disposable Medical Drapes, PPH Drape, Maternity Drape, Under Buttock Drape, Surgical Drape With Hole, Fine Wear Knee O Drape, Disposable Drape Sheet, Blue Surgical. Serving Across Bangladesh Dhwanit Enterprise proudly serves as your trusted Exporter of Surgical Dressing | Surgical Soft Roll in Bangladesh catering to locations including, Dhaka, Khulna, Jessore, Barishal, Sylhet, Chittagong, Gazipur, Chittagong, Comilla, Khulna, Tangail, Bogra Etc. For detailed information and inquiries, please feel free to contact us. Read the full article
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hoorba · 1 year
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Only at 450 tk at Hoorba.com #bangladesh #dhaka #chittagong #khulna #barisal #jessore #dhk #uttara #mohammadpur #gulshan #niketon #uttara #nikunja #mirpur #dhanmondi #dohs #sylhet #fashion #clothing #innerwear #boxer #brief (at Dhaka, Bangladesh) https://www.instagram.com/p/Cp8VA0xBaC0/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=
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immahabur · 2 years
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"যারা আল্লাহর জিকির করে এবং যারা আল্লাহর জিকির করেনা তাদের দৃষ্টান্ত জীবিত ও মৃত ব্যাক্তির মত।" -রাসুল সাল্লাল্লাহু আলাইহি ওয়াসাল্লাম Credit: @i__ayaat #allah #prophetmuhammadﷺ #hadiths #hadithoftheday #banglahadith #islam #muslim #beingmuslim #banglaquotes #instagram #instagood #instahadith #beingbangladeshi #instabangladeshi #jessore (at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) https://www.instagram.com/p/CjdYQ9PDYbf/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=
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joybd27 · 2 years
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WWII Vickers Wellington at Jessore, Bangladesh -Royal Air Force Operations in the Far East, 1941-1945_CF132
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1971
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bhawanigroup-blog · 1 year
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Book 2 BHK, 3 BHK Flats near Dumdum Airport, North Kolkata at the best price at Bhawani Group. Get affordable spacious flats for sale in north Kolkata.
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excellentnfab · 25 days
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Activate Bleaching Earth Plant in Chattogram
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Company Overview: Excellent En-Fab Incorporation, based in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, specializes in industrial plants and equipment. Excellent En-Fab Incorporation are Manufacturer, supplier, and exporter of Activate Bleaching Earth Plant in Chattogram, Bangladesh, since 2010. Offers AAC Block Plant, Flash Dryer, Dry Mix Mortar Plant, Storage Equipments, Autoclave, Rotary Dryer/Kiln, Wall Putty Plant, Spray Dryer, Agro Waste Pyrolysis Plant, Hot Air Generators, Spin Flash Dryer, and more. Installed on a 10-acre facility, equipped with advanced manufacturing technology for high-quality production. Processes clay-based materials to remove impurities, providing cost-effective options to customers. Operational Process: Material Preparation: Ensure proper preparation of clay-based materials, including thorough drying and removal of contaminants. Activation: Heat treatment of clay in a furnace to enhance its adsorption capacity, typically between 400°C to 700°C. Mixing: Blend activated clay with the oil or fat to be purified, facilitating adsorption of impurities. Contacting Phase: Vigorous mixing to ensure optimal contact between activated clay and the oil/fat. Filtration: Separate activated clay from the purified oil/fat using filtration methods such as pressure or vacuum filtration. Drying: Dry the activated clay to eliminate residual moisture for reuse in the bleaching process. Reactivation (Optional): Subject spent clay to high temperatures again to restore adsorption capacity for reuse. Packaging: Package purified oil/fat for distribution or further processing. Advantages of Activated Bleaching Earth: Low Oil Residual Fast Filtration Rate Reduction of Free Fatty Acids Impurity Removal Geographical Coverage: Excellent En-Fab Incorporation is Activate Bleaching Earth Plant in Chattogram, Bangladesh Serve multiple locations including Bhairab, Bogra, Brahmanbaria, Chandpur, Dhaka, Chittagong, Sylhet, Khulna, Rajshahi Chowmuhani, Chudanga, Comilla Sadar Dakshin, Faridpur, Feni, Jessore, Jhenaidah, Kadam Rasul, Kaliakair, Kushitia, Naogaon, Narsingdi, Pabna, Saidpur, Satkhira, Savar, Tangail, Tarabo, and Tongi. For further details and inquiries, interested parties are encouraged to contact the company. Read the full article
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bdtrainpro · 1 year
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Noapara to Jessore Train Schedule & Ticket Price
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efconins · 4 months
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Industrial Scale Exporter in Bangladesh
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Industrial Scale Exporter in Bangladesh: 'Efcon' boasts 10 years of thorough expertise in the industry. 'Efcon Instruments' has a reputation for quality production, concurrent services such as accurate installation, and making spare parts available to our clients as needed. We operates from an ISO: 9001 – 2015 certified manufacturing unit in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Efcon Instruments is a reliable Industrial Scale Exporter, delivering high-quality products to Bangladesh. We have been manufacturing ISO-certified Industrial Scale Systems with the goals of catering to quality and serving our local and international clients with complete weighing systems. We at 'Efcon' have qualities such as excellent manufacture, concurrent services such as precise installation, and making spare parts available to our clients as needed. Industrial scales play a crucial role in measuring weight accurately across various industries. Ranging from small bench scales for individual components to large floor scales handling massive loads. Features of Efcon Industrial Scales: Durable carbon or stainless steel construction ensures long-term use. Delivers accurate and reliable measurement results. Weighing pans made with high-quality materials such as stainless steel, steel, and a checker. Auto power off and power-saving mode for efficiency. Applications Across Industries: Electronics, logistics. Agribusiness. Cosmetics, building materials. Weighing equipment for animals. Farming and Agriculture industries. Handling heavy-weight items. Service Areas in Bangladesh: We Provide Industrial Scale Exporter in Bangladesh, including Bhairab, Bogra, Brahmanbaria, Chandpur, Chowmuhani, Chudanga, Comilla Sadar Dakshin, Faridpur, Feni, Jessore, and more. Read the full article
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mahbubsajibblog · 1 year
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bdeducator · 1 year
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chooseyourcareer · 2 years
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Jessore District Commissioner Office Job Circular 2022
Jessore District Commissioner Office: এইচএসসি পাশে যশোর জেলা প্রশাসকের কার্যালয়ে চাকরি। ০৩ টি ক্যাটাগরিতে মোট ১৩ জনকে নিয়োগ দেওয়া হবে। নারী পুরুষ উভয়ই আবদেন করতে পারবে। আবেদনের শেষ তারিখ ২৪/১১/২০২২।
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immahabur · 2 years
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এটা সেই বাংলাদেশ, যেখানে – কালিমার বাণী প্রচার করলে যেতে হয় জেলের কুঠুরিতে। সেক্যুলার ব্যবস্থার গণ/তন্ত্র কে বিশ্বাস না করলে সইতে হয় নির্মম নির্যাতন। দেশের স্বার্থে কথা বললেই দেশদ্রোহী‌। নিজ ভাইদেরকে নামাজের কথা বললেই অপরাধী। হ্যাঁ, এটাই আপনার আমার তথাকথিত অসাম্প্রদায়িক বাংলাদেশ! “একটা কুড়ি মাতাল হয়ে বারুদ গন্ধে ফুটবে কবে, সারা শহর উথাল পাতাল ভীষণ রাগে যু/দ্ধ হবে।” ~নবারুন ভট্টাচার্য Credit: @imaanidayitto #imaanidayitto #bangla #bangladesh #islam #islamophobia #quran #hadith #salat #dawah #abrarfahad #dhaka #muslimummah #muslim #beingmuslim #bangladeshicommunity #instabangladeshi #jessore (at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) https://www.instagram.com/p/Cja9aOaDDCI/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=
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