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pharmaguidelines · 4 months

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Amino Acid Metabolism: The Crossroads of Cellular Nutrient Use

Amino Acid Metabolism: The Crossroads of Cellular Nutrient Use In the intricate symphony of cellular processes, amino acids stand as versatile players, serving as the building blocks of proteins, precursors for various molecules, and even energy sources. Their metabolic fate is determined by the body’s needs and energetic demands, making amino acid metabolism a crucial pathway that ensures the…

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#Amino Acid Metabolism #Metabolic pathway #Microbiology

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whats-in-a-sentence · 1 year

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A comparison of metabolic pathways that are either stimulated (by SAGs) or repressed (by SDGs) during sequential leaf senescence in Arabidopsis is shown in Figure 22.17.

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

#book quotes #plant physiology and development #nonfiction #textbook #metabolic pathway #sag #sdg #comparison #senescence associated genes #senescence down regulated genes #leaf senescence #arabidopsis

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tenth-sentence · 1 year

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The major metabolic pathway in the starchy endosperm is, as the name implies, starch biosynthesis: the precursor molecule, ADP-glucose, is synthesized in the cytosol and then imported into the amyloplast, where it is enzymatically polymerized into amylose and amylopectin.

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

#book quote #plant physiology and development #nonfiction #textbook #metabolic pathway #starch #endosperm #biosynthesis #adp #glucose #cytosol #amyloplast #amylose #amylopectin #enzymes

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freddyfreeman · 6 months

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Finally discovered a combination of supplements to help me get 4h of sleep: .05 Estradiol, 100mg micronized progesterone (sometimes additional progesterone cream), DIM, 400mg magnesium citrate, 50mg allithiamine, a B Complex. That’s it.

#it’s been a month 🤞#the complicated science of body chemistry…#estrogen kept metabolizing down the wrong pathways

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hidden-but · 1 year

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For work, I’m reading the article where Moderna shows how different ionizable lipids they synthetised work when tested on mice and non-human primates, to optimise them to serve as safe and effective carriers for mRNA vaccines (”We sought lipids that enabled high levels of protein expression, demonstrated rapid tissue clearance, and resulted in a toxicity profile that would support chronic therapeutic indications”).

This is your regular reminder that all the We Can Replace ALL Animal Testing With Simulations, AI and Testing On Human Volunteers are, and will be for the next decades at the very least, naively hopeful sci-fi at best, maliciously misleading misinformation at worst.

#me and my lovely protein #you can't simulate liver clearence #you can't simulate metabolic pathways #you can't simulate endosomal escape #you can't simulate - let alone train AI on - biological processes that are not fully described and understood #large scale testing on humans will just lead to people 'volunteering' because they a) need the money b) can't really say no

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opaleyedprince · 1 year

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just typed rate limiting step as rat limiting step. ratatouille real

#opal.txt #he is in my biochem class controlling my metabolic pathways

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grimark · 2 years

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also it's not a competition but i did way too much biochemistry in undergrad to be scared by a straightforward and fairly intuitive little diagram like that one. sorry

#*blade runner soliloquy voice* i've... seen metabolic pathways... you people wouldn't believe............#i won't claim to have UNDERSTOOD them. but i've seen them.#i genuinely think there must be some sort of unspoken pissing contest to see who can come up with the most byzantine pathway diagram

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kaidatheghostdragon · 18 days

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Halfas and Fear Gas

Ive seen a lot of "fear gas makes danny high." Its hilarious and i love it. Other variations i recall seeing are: fear is not as potent, complete immunity, 'food supplement' fear gas, and the boring 'effects him like normal.'

BUT.

I haven't really seen anyone treat effect effect on the brain and core as separate processes. In other words, humans get affected one way, ghosts get affected another way, and halfas get blasted by both.

We already know how normal humans are affected, so we dont really need to go over that. Ghosts, however, are free reign. (Unless there's a canon incident where a ghost like boston brand or gentleman ghost are exposed to a fear gas attack? Any DC canon nerds out there that know of something like that?)

The options I've seen or thought up so far:

Complete immunity - ectoplasm just doesn't react to physical matter in a way that impacts the ghost. Fear gas, as in the chemical itself, has no effect whatsoever.

Effects ghosts like humans. Straight forward, it's a bit weird if you think about it, but eh.

Fear gas, as in the chemical itself, is like ghost weed, or perhaps something stronger. Might be hallucinogenic, but in a bad trip sort of way rather than a worst fear sort of way

Fear gas, as in the chemical itself, is accidentally a super effective health suppliment for ghosts

If emotions are food to ghosts, fear gassed humans can span the range between 'delectable snack sprinkled with extra sugar' to 'weird chemical food that isnt healthy but will still sustain you' to 'supercharged health snack completely saturated by nutrients'

Fear gas, either the chemical itself or the people affected by it, has a distinct smell. It could be good, bad, or neutral, possibly related to how it affects the ghost. (Or deceptive, for humor and/or angst.)

Fear gas is outright toxic to ghosts. Perhaps the chemical itself is similar to, but just left of, ectoplasm. Like many artificial chemicals that can substitute various nutrients / usurp metabolic pathways in humans, it could have any number of mild to debilitating, short to long term effects on ghosts.

(If anyone has another idea, feel free to add)

Now we get to halfas, who have both a human brain and a ghost core. Dany has a human body and brain that are affected normally by the fear gas: hallucinations, panic attack, adrenaline response, etc etc. Someone better at biology can describe the actual biochemical processes going on.

But the ghost core? Added on top of All That? Can be excessively angsty, somewhat mitigating, or outright hilarious.

Going through the list of options:

Complete immunity.

This sounds boring, but its actually my favorite. Why? Because danny is getting conflicting signals. His brain is compromised and in full panic, but his core is telling him that he's completely safe. As a hybrid, Danny could be capable of having critical thought with both organs. If he's clever enough to recognize the seperation between the two, he can exploit it as a sort of anchor (I'm imagining it somewhat like how a multitasker can do different things with different senses, like listening to an audio book while solving a jigsaw puzzle - the book is auditory, the puzzle is visual and tactile, neither interfere with the other.)

Danny, in this scenario, is definitely in an altered state of consciousness, seeing things that aren't there and right on the cusp of panicking or defending himself. But if he can recognize that his core is unaffected, he can focus on the sensory input that his core is processing, and the whole situation might be somewhat equivalent to becoming lucid in the middle of a nightmare - its terrifying, but just the recognition that it isn't real takes the edge off. To him, it's now like being stuck in a VR horror game and being unable to take the headset off, flinching at all the jumpscares but recognizing that his body isn't actually being attacked or injured.

Affects ghost like humans

Danny could either be affected exactly the same as anyone else or effectively double-dosed as both brain and core fight entirely different hallucinations. Maybe if danny is lucky, he'll just black out from the sensory overload.

Ghost weed

This could make what was initially designed to be a really bad trip into something catastrophic... or mellow it out. Idk. I've never done recreational drugs. Both the brain and core are cut off from reality. The brain is terrified, and the core is tripping out. If his core naturally reacts to his emotional state, it's gonna amplify the effects, which is Really Bad. If the core is compromised to a point where it can't really process anything, then Danny is still trapped in a nightmare state, just more loopy and otherwise no worse than any human.

Health supplement and/or literal food

This one is confusing. Brain is terrified, core is satiated? Energized? A boost to his powers is gonna make him much more difficult to contain and treat. When he comes out of it, there's real potential for angst from danny worrying that the conflicting emotions of absolute terror and hunger satiation are a sign that he's turning evil. Especially if his core was instinctually feeding off of the fear of nearby civilians who were also gassed during the trip. That undercurrent of predatory satisfaction is gonna leave him awake at night for a few weeks.

On the plus side, feeding his ghost core might help it clear out the toxin faster, so the trip is much shorter. Maybe he even pulls out of it before he accidentally causes any damage with his powers.

Smelly

Pretty straightforward. If it smells bad, Danny is automatically gonna hold his breath, limiting his exposure. If it smells good, he might take a good few wiffs before realizing what's up and holding his breath, or just keeps dosing himself more and more as that effects, good or bad to the core and definitely bad to the brain, settle in.

Toxic

Has the potential to be much more long-term and insidious. You can run the full gamut here. Does he need to be restrained and taken to the far frozen for days or even weeks of treatment? Does the ectoplasm incorporate the drug, and Danny has to suffer weeks or months of microdosing until it's used up, turning him into a paranoid schizophrenic during that time? Is it blood blossoms 2.0? Does it have no mental effects but screws with his powers? Does it influence his emotional self-control? Does he grow the ghost equivalent of a tumor that encapsulates the toxin and has to be surgically removed? Does he need supplemental ecto to remain healthy, temporarily, or permanently? Does it affect his ectosignature or peak power level? Injure his core? Lower his healing factor?

All of this is on top of the initial fear gas trip, which he may have never even fully pulled out of. The angst possibilities are endless.

Then, there are liminals who have the potential to be affected like halfas or in an entirely different way. Does your headcanon give them proto-cores or baby ghost cores, or are they just severely ectoconaminated? How would that change their symptoms?

Anyways, just some ideas for people to use. My favorite idea so far, that I'd love to see someone use, is that Danny has learned to use his separate brain and core as insurance against mind control and mind-altering drugs. The freakshow incident was a sort of catalyst that helped him recognize the differences between his brain and core, and he taught himself how to lean into one or the other for various advantages in different situations. (Sort of like how a person can lean on either logic or intuition to make different types of choices.)

There's a lot of interesting potential here. Essentially, Danny could teach himself to be immune to mind-control and greatly resistant to drugs, as he can evaluate his surroundings with both organs and identify differences. Mind control wouldn't work unless it targeted BOTH brain and core, as he could shift to the uncontrolled one to break away. Any drug designed to knock out or roofie a human is countered by the fact that danny's core still remains conscious of his surroundings, and creative use of ghost powers counters the accompanying paralysis.

If ghosts dont sleep, one could argue that Danny's core is in a meditative state when his brain rests, which is why his ghost sense can wake him up from a dead sleep - he's never fully unconscious. Workoholic danny could find a way to get homework or paperwork done, or solve a problem, or design a piece of tech, or even play a videogame, while 'sleeping,' even using ectokinesis to move stuff while his body is sleep-paralyzed. Sleep-deprived danny is still functional because his core isn't affected by his brain's lapses in consciousness from micro-naps. (He is a lot moodier, though. His core is more emotion-focused while his brain is more logic-focused, on top of the normal mood-swings from sleep deprivation.)

This version of danny, after being fear-gassed, immediately recognizes that his brain and core are suddenly experiencing two different realities. He would be able to talk himself down from a panic attack and slowly find his way to safety. He probably wouldn't trust himself to hold back if he got in a scuffle, but he would be coherent enough to vaguely understand his surroundings to avoid danger.

And lastly, something I dont recall seeing in any fics - if the bats encountered fear-gassed Danny, and he's aware enough to refuse an antidote, I dont think the bats would push it. Yeah, forcing more medical trauma on our favorite blorbo is all good and fun, but he clearly has an altered metabolism that was affected differently by the fear gas than normal, so there's a heightened risk that the antidote would also have an altered affect, for the reward of removing the effects of fear-toxin (which is no longer guaranteed), which danny is already showing he's capable of working through.

On top of that, medical professionals are not allowed to force treatment if the patient refuses them and can walk it off. (If they are unconscious or can't get up on their own, they can intervene.) Medical conditions and allergies are a thing too, and its the priority of the patient to inform the medical worker as soon as possible to prevent complications. Jazz may have coached Danny about "in a medical emergency, declare closet-meta status with highly modified metabolism and unknown reactions to most drugs."

I see the conversation going something like:

"If you can hear me, im going to administer an antidote."

"Dont. Give it to someone who actually needs it."

And then the bat treats everyone else before approaching danny again to ask how they can help. They would be trained to take all of this into account:

Human male, visibly uninjured (unless the fic writer has different ideas) experiencing non-standard reaction to fear toxin. Probable indication of meta or enhanced status.

Victim is cognizent, replied to verbal communication, denied treatment. Appears to be managing the effects of the fear toxin. Not currently a danger to themselves or others.

Nonstandard reaction to fear-toxin implies potential non-standard reaction to antidote. Victim may be aware of medical condition that could complicate treatment, and is reasonably stable at the moment. Further questioning needed.

There are other victims in the area that are less cognizent, they become higher priority. Approach victim again when all other victims are cleared out, (in case of uncontrolled meta powers, to avoid further casualties), ask more questions and ascertain situation.

Once questioned further, danny drops the memorized line about altered metabolism and unknown effects, and giving Danny the antidote basically immediately becomes a non-viable option. They will probably argue Danny into being taken to Leslie's clinic, as he'll refuse a hospital (probably quite hysterically, given the fear toxin), which i'd imagine is the bat's normal protocol for closet-metas.

At least, that's how I imagine the situation panning out. Danny noping out before the bats return to him or during mid-interrogation is also extremely likely, which is gonna put the bats in panic mode for the next several hours. (Going to *any* secondary location with the bats is a non-option to Danny, for many potential reasons.) Danny is definitely going on a watch list (as in, possible meta with unknown powers, keep an eye out in case he gets caught up in another rogue scheme, need more information).

#dp x dc #dpxdc #fear gas #fear toxin

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pharmaguidelines · 4 months

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Gluconeogenesis: The Backbone of Cellular Metabolism

In the intricate symphony of cellular processes, glucose stands as the maestro, providing energy for a diverse array of cellular operations. However, when blood glucose levels plummet, a backup plan kicks in, ensuring that energy demands are met. This remarkable process is known as gluconeogenesis. A Journey from Non-Carbohydrates to Glucose Gluconeogenesis revolves around the conversion of…

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#Gluconeogenesis #Metabolic pathway

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tanadrin · 1 month

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very goofy of life on earth to find itself getting locked into certain kinds of metabolism and then having to recruit helper organisms to diversify into new ecological niches. eukaryotes don't directly produce energy; they had to recruit chloroplasts (and even mitochondria) to become their symbiotes. mammals realized much too late that hey, maybe being able to digest cellulose would be good, actually. they had to recruit microorganisms to digest the cellulose for them. most light-emitting animals are really regular animals + a colony of light-emitting bacteria that live inside them.

i guess it's easier for simpler, single-celled organisms to reconfigure basic chemical pathways than big, complicated eukaryotes? but it's still very dumb. lazy-ass plants can't even photosynthesize on their own! they gotta get these wish dot com cyanobacteria to do it for them! not that we're any better--we'd be useless without our gut microbiome.

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mindblowingscience · 9 months

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When nature performs chemical reactions to create energy-rich compounds from simple molecules, it requires energy. So far, it has not been possible to use human-made electricity to drive these biochemical processes. Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology in Marburg have achieved a breakthrough, however: they developed an artificial metabolic pathway that uses electricity to produce ATP, a biochemical energy carrier which can then be used to form energy-rich chemical compounds like starch or protein. The metabolic pathway provides a complete novel approach towards a sustainable, climate-neutral bioeconomy.

#Biology #ATP #biotechnology #Chemistry #synthetic biology #stem #Biochemistry

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sacrificethemtothesquid · 6 months

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Me: okay, just an easy little fic, something fun, purely self-indulgent, no guidelines, no pressure, good vibes only

Me, 45 mins and 32 browser tabs later: now that I've found the rest of the engineering schematics, I can finally go back to that pubmed article on metabolic pathways

Also me: wait...what's a synonym for "and"

#blah blah context is my kink etc #the schematics are kind of gorgeous tho #writing

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headpainmigraine · 7 months

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Interesting notes from the latest Migraine World Summit email re: 'Is Migraine a Progressive Disease?'

I asked my neuro about brain damage caused by migraine once, and was told it doesn't damage the brain.

I don't know. I certainly FEEL like it's been damaged - I feel like my powers of cognition and everything else, for that matter, have degraded since my migraines became chronic, and it's coming up on 9 years constantly now, so there's been plenty of time for damage to occur, if any.

That said, how much of that is actual damage to the physical mass of the brain, and how much is just the effect of constant persistent pain causing oversensitive nerves?

So, things I found out:

Just 1% of the population (I'm assuming in the US) have chronic migraine

there's a subset of episodic migraine called 'high frequency episodic migraine' which involves 8-14 migraine days per month; this'd be a stage in between episodic migraine and chronic migraine

research shows disability caused by migraine has increased, but that could just be because they've changed the way the studies are done - does that information really mean anything then? Disappointing

functional changes in the brain can be seen, more prominently in people in chronic migraine than episodic migraine

these changes include affected areas of pain processing (which we knew) but also more iron accumulation??? I don't know what that means, but what?

they also suspect there's more happening in our metabolisms because of all the nerve firing off, which, yeah, makes sense.

and another thing we knew already, it's best to get treatment sooner rather than later; the longer migraine goes untreated, the more sensitization in the pain pathways increases

Maybe some interesting new stuff in there for people who have chronic migraines.

For everyone else who comes by this and DOESN'T have chronic migraine, I hope I can leave you with this:

Migraine Isn't A Headache.

#migraine isn't a headache #neurological cascade disorder #chronic migraines #migraines #headache #spoonies #chronic pain

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