#zone 5A

[invoke-parlay]

My tiny rosemary plant 🪴 I will say, though, that I started this from seed in June and it is quite big if you bear in mind that we’ve had a wonky growing season. I may have to bring her in for the winter, I would feel so bad at this point to let her die. Rosemary is perennial in some zones, but unfortunately winters are a bit too harsh here and it dies off.

September 10, 2023

#Rosemary #garden #plants #herb garden #gardening #rooftop garden #grow bags #container gardening #nature #pagan #green #goddess #zone 5a #western ny #southern tier #growing #growing season #urban gardening #techniques

[charlesreeza]

My dramatic but briefly flowering poppy

Photo by Charles Reeza

#gardening #perennials #flowers #plants #red #zone 5a

[filloriancanidate]

After @neil-gaiman posted his star pics I wanted to share my own. The first is from a couple days ago while we were having a fire. The second is from tonight because I noticed the stars looked brighter than normal

Not particularly visually enticing because I don't have a phone stand so I just put my phone basically face down but I'm still shocked how much is visible just in my backyard right outside a large town

#I really want to photograph in a light restricted zone #And just to go to one in general #Pixel 5a #Astrophotography #Also in the first one there's a bit of campfire smoke dampening the picture #Sorry about that but I think it adds something

[newvegascowboy]

food & agriculture in fallout: extrapolation and speculative worldbuilding

Okay, well. This is going to be an extremely long and data heavy post. Bear with me.

I'm going to go into detail about the crops and available food given to us canonically and textually. I'm going to be drawing some real world parallels between the crops we see in Fallout and what we have here. I'll be pulling relevant data from all the games, but the majority focus on this post is going to be about the east coast and Massachusetts in particular because it gives us the opportunity to participate in the agricultural climate of the wasteland.

Is there a point to this? Not really, but I'm pedantic and I take things too seriously.

my sources will be linked in the text throughout. for those of you who want to read about agricultural and growing zones of the continental united states, please follow me under the cut.

Growing zones and real world agriculture

Shown here are the growing zones of the united states, divided into a temperature map of about 19 different regions. It's fairly intuitive to read -- colder temperatures are north and east, while warmer temperatures are south and west. The majority of the Mojave desert sits between 7a to 9a, a temperature range of about 20 degrees. DC and the nearby section of the southeast coast sits between 7a and 8a. The interactive map linked below will tell you where your growing zone sits.

The 2012 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map is the standard by which gardeners and growers can determine which plants are most likely to thrive at a location. The map is based on the average annual minimum winter temperature, divided into 10-degree F zones and further divided into 5-degree F half-zones.

For the moment, we are going to focus on Massachusetts.

Using the temperature above, we can see that the growing zone of Massachusetts is 5a (-20f) at it's very coldest, all the way to 7b, (5f) at it's warmest during winter. Most of what we see in fallout 5 sits in the 6a to 6b zone, which is middle ground during the winter, but cold enough to want to warrant crops that can withstand the frost.

There is a solid 5 month window for planting annual crops, like corn, melons, and gourds like pumpkin. Your perennial crops are limited to fruit trees and possibly grains, depending on the variety and whether or not a perennial variety has been bred.

Cold weather crops include beets, carrots, greens like cabbage, collards, kale, and potatoes. These aren't the types of crops that will survive the winter as much as these are foods that can go in the ground as soon as it is unfrozen enough to be workable. Root vegetables and greens can germinate in soil as cold as 40 degrees Fahrenheit, which provides some leeway with unpredictable frosts and late planting times.

Much of the agricultural landscape of Massachusetts is dependent on the dairy industry, farming cattle, and aquaculture -- fishing and catching shellfish. Those with access to the coasts, fish and shellfish ought to provide protein during lean months.

Why are we talking about this? Well, if we're stepping into the shoes of a subsistence farmer in the fallout universe, we're going to have to take into account climate and ideal planting times for certain crops. It's not wholly important in terms of things like fic writing, unless you happen to be writing about the life and times of wasteland agriculture, in which case, I hope this is helpful! Again, I am pedantic, and this section is to provide a template when considering and discussing other parts of the game and what their specific diet and agricultural landscapes might look like.

Something to keep in mind when thinking about how farms might function in the Mojave, for instance, or if you're doing worldbuilding for a different part of the US.

Crops in the fallout universe

Now that we're familiar with growing zones and why certain crops are planted and when, we're going to apply some speculative worldbuilding to fallout itself. We will be revisiting growing zones when we talk about other climates, but for the moment, we're going to focus on fallout 4.

Now to preface -- I don't think that the food that is given to us in game is wholly representative of the plants or animals that survived the apocalypse. If some managed to mutant and survive, I'm willing to bet others did. I certainly won't deduct any points from anyone who wants to talk about growing cotton, or farming peaches or cherries, and I won't raise any eyebrows if someone includes things like spices into their wasteland cuisine.

In the 210+ years since the bombs fell, I do not think that the majority of the US is a desolate wasteland, but this post is not going to be my beef with the devs about how brown everything is. This beef is about food in particular. However, for sake of ease, I'm mostly just going to focus on the food that is presented to us in game.

There will be some extrapolation and speculation later, but if I do that for everything, then we'll be here all day, and we've all got things to do.

I would also be remiss to mention that agriculture in the US is old. It predates colonialism. The Native Americans cultivated the land long before any European settlers. They practiced a type of crop growing referred to as Three Sisters planting, which utilized corn, pole beans, and squash -- all things that exist in the agricultural landscape of Fallout as we know it.

Corn

I'm not going to say much about corn because there's not a lot to say about it. We all know what corn is. Fallout's corn is visually similar to wild violet, a hybrid corn.

But I am not going to say Fallout's corn is one such variety or another. In the 210 years since the bombs dropped, I imagine corn varietals have been bred and interbred a thousand times, and it is probably it's own unique strain. It's kind of a moot point. Corn is corn. You can do with yellow corn what you can do with wild violet, and whatever special breeds that make up Fallout's corn.

Corn is the third largest plant-based food source in the world. Despite its importance as a major food in many parts of the world, corn is inferior to other cereals in nutritional value. Its protein is of poor quality, and it is deficient in niacin. Diets in which it predominates often result in pellagra (niacin-deficiency disease). Corn is high in dietary fibre and rich in antioxidants.

You can do a shit ton with corn. It's a staple grain. It would not be incongruous with the fallout setting to have settlers making tortillas, cornbread, polenta, grits, tamales, etc. Corn can also be used to make corn whiskey. The husks can be spun into yarn and woven into garments similar to cotton, which I thought was interesting and also solves the problem of where the hell wastelanders are getting their clothes. Corn can be used as livestock feed, especially in the winter when cattle can't graze. While corn is a staple grain of the US, the east coast has minor corn production compared to places like the midwest. Corn is a staple, but it does not consist of the entire diet of your average wastelander.

Carrots

Not going to say much about carrots either. They're carrots. They grow well in colder soil and tend to have a lot of natural sugars. The carrots we're shown in FO4 seem to be a mutated variety different than the "fresh carrot" consumable in FNV, but there's virtually no difference, so I'm not counting it. Make some carrot cake.

Razorgrain

"This species appears to be quite promising. It's a toothy grain that we may be able to grind in order to replace wheat, which is untenable in the Wasteland. We are uncertain how to increase crop yields, which are very unpredictable. Will continue to study."

Razorgrain is our first unique mutated crop in the fallout setting. It most closely resembles a barley or a rye. Both are a fairly hardy species and can grow all across the continental united states; rye can germinate in cold weather temperatures. It wouldn't be outrageous to assume that razorgrain is similar too or a crossbred variation of both rye and barley. I have decided to base the majority of my research assuming it is a barley variant. Barley is also a major crop on the east coast near the Commonwealth, so that would explain why razorgrain is present in FO4 and not in the other games.

Barley requires a mild winter climate and can grow in growing zones 3-8, so it would be viable in Massachusetts. Barley can be milled into flour and it contains gluten; the gluten content of North American wheat and barley tends to be higher to survive the colder climates, so razorgrain would likely be very glutenous. It is also less susceptible to ergot than rye, but barley can still become infected -- and, I am assuming, razorgrain could as well.

Razorgrain fills the nutritional niche of carbohydrates and can be used to make breads, cakes, pastas, etc. It produces darker breads that have an earthier flavor than milled white flour. There has to be some method of actually milling the grain, though, which is an intensive process that can often be dangerous. Grain can also be used to make malted candy, which is our first option for wastelanders with a sweet tooth. Obviously, razorgrain can also be used to make malt or grain alcohol and is probably the source of all the beer you find littered around the wasteland.

Gourds and melons

Gourds and melons are actually a part of the same family, Cucurbita. The category of 'gourd' covers several different kinds of vegetables, including ornamental fruits that shouldn't be eaten. We aren't going to spend a whole lot of time on this one, simply because canon doesn't tell us that much and there's a lot of wiggle room in terms of interpretation.

FO4's model looks the most similar to a pumpkin, but it could be some other squash varietal from the Cucurbita family, which includes watermelon, honey melon, cucumber, squash, zucchini and pumpkin.

Melons is another pretty broad category. Melons and squash are part of the same family, as mentioned above. If we're going visuals again, the model is likely intended to resemble a watermelon. Watermelons grow best in humid and semi-arid environments between 70 and 8- degrees Fahrenheit. It's not impossible for wastelanders to be growing watermelons, but considering the humidity and frequent rainfall in Massachusetts, the melons would be vulnerable to fungal infections.

There isn't a lot of information on what specifically gourds and melons are in the fallout universe, so you could get away with writing in a pretty wide variety. Personally, I lean a little bit towards melons being a muskmelon variety, like cantaloupe or honeydew. Squash fills in some vitamin requirements for the human diet, and can be canned and stored for winter. It tends to be high in vitamin C and magnesium.

The limit to this one seems to be your imagination. Go crazy.

Mutfruit

This wiki claims that the mutfruit (it has a scientific name apparently, malus maata) is a mutated species of apple and crabapple. There are two different wikis about the mutfruit, both distinct. The first is linked above. The second is linked here -- I got most of my information from this second wiki.

There is a handful of "canon" information we can take from this set of wikis.

Priscilla Penske in Vault 81 is attempting to create foods that have increased resistance to radiation. She mentions the mutfruit would do well, but isn't certain how the hybridization would affect the flavor and texture.[5]

This claim is taken directly from the second wiki, but in comparison, it makes no sense. If the mutfruit tree is a product of mutation, then radiation shouldn't really affect it at all. It's survived and propagated to this point, hasn't it? I am disregarding this claim on the basis of being stupid.

Farmers in at Warwick homestead will comment on the fruit's characteristics, such as tasting sweet and being versatile in recipes.[1][2] The vault dwellers of Vault 81 trade for mutfruit with the outside world, and use it to make special occasion desserts such as pie.[6][7]

If the mutfruit is an apple variant, then it likely has a high sugar content, and it would have to be harvested in the peak of summer or in early fall.

There are fresh apples the be found across the wasteland, implying the existence of apple trees that have been unaffected by the bombs. Personally, I was assuming that the mutfruit was some kind of blackberry, given its appearance as a clustered fruit, or maybe even a type of plum. Regardless, the mutfruit is a fruit, which means that it would preserve well by being jarred or canned, has a high sugar content, and could likely be reduced to form sugar syrups. Like any fruit, it could be used to make alcohol.

Tatos

I want to stop myself from editorializing too much, but goddamn tatos. The crop that makes the least goddamn sense in the fallout universe. The bane of my existence. Let's get into it.

First off, we're given some pretty damning canon facts about tatos:

Tatos are a mutated hybrid of the cross-pollination of the tomato and potato plants.[1] The new consumable looks like a tomato on the outside, but the inside is brown.[2] Commonly cultivated in the Commonwealth, Appalachia and on the Island, its fruit is easy to grow and can keep one from starving, but their taste is described as "disgusting"[2][3][Non-game 1] and resembling "ketchup-flavored cardboard."[1]

According to some old botany texts we found, this appears to be combination of a now extinct plant called a "potato" and another extinct plant called a "tomato." The outside looks like a tomato, but the inside is brown. Tastes as absolutely disgusting as it looks, but will keep you from starving.

Note: This text was written from the perspective of someone who is unaware that both the tomato and the potato are being cultivated elsewhere. The writer also does not mention any sort of DNA test. However, the potato is also found in the Capital Wasteland, and the writer is a scribe in the Brotherhood of Steel, which originated from that area.

Both potatoes and tomatoes are from the nightshade family. They have the same nutrient requirements, and would compete for resources if planted separately but in the same soil. There is a method for planting them together where you splice a tomato stalk onto a potato root, but this is not the same as cross pollination and will not result in what fallout presents as a tato. What will happen is that the roots will grow potatoes and the fruit of the tomato will branch off the stems.

The potato itself is a stem tuber -- high in starch and calorically dense. A stem tuber is an offshoot of the parent plant that will grow beneath the soil as a type of asexual budding reproduction. We all know what a potato is. The tomato is a berry. It's the ovary of a flowering plant -- again, we all know what a tomato is.

I am going to give Fallout a little bit of grace and not comment on how mind bendingly stupid their description of a tato is. The outer skin is a tomato, but the inside is brown and starchy like the potato? I am not going to comment on how it makes little to no biological sense. The starchy tuber is starchy because it's an energy and nutrient storage device. The tomato is the enlarged ovary of a fruit. Why did those things, which are separately very good, combine into one very terrible thing? I don't know. It doesn't make sense. I don't really want to think about it. But these are the facts as they are given to us in game and I suppose I have to live with that. Obligatory "goddamn you todd howard. a pox on your house."

The tato is probably extremely calorically dense. It's specifically mentioned as being easy to grow and it is a better alternative to starving. It's probably grown as a staple crop throughout the planting season. I'm not entirely sure if the tato can produce glycoalkaloids like the potato does (that is, the green sections of the potato that can become poisonous when exposed to light) but if they can, and if stored improperly, it would negatively impact the health of whoever ate them.

I suppose since the taste is so offensive, tatos are better served as a carrier of some other type of food. Fried, mashed, baked -- the purpose of the tato is simply to get calories into your body. Starch can also be turned into alcohol, which I am going to need a lot of after reading the canonical facts of this stupid fucking plant.

 Fallout: The Roleplaying Game Rulebook p.158: "A mutated hybrid of the pre-War tomato and potato plants, with the stem and reddish skin of the former and the brownish flesh of the latter. Tatos provide decent nutrition, but taste disgusting. However, they’re relatively easy to grow and thus are a staple of wasteland agriculture and is an ingredient in a variety of recipes."

fucker

"non farmable" crops

You can't cultivate these plants, but again - we're taking what's given to us and interpreting it extremely literally. There is no reason that these crops could not be domesticated and farmed.

Siltbean

Siltbean is likely a type of bushbean, rather than a pole bean. It's squat and low to the ground. Bush beans require little care or attention and you can pick them when you're ready to harvest them. Historically in North America, beans and corn were grown side by side (though those beans were pole beans using the stalks as support). Bush beans require successive plantings since harvests are early.

There's no good allegory for what type of bean this might be. The potato bean (Apios americana) is native to North America and also produces edible tubers, but there's no reason this couldn't be just some other type of bean. No beans that I could find had red/orange pods.

Beans are a good source of both proteins and carbohydrates, and another crop that can store well for the winter.

Tarberry

Tarberry is a little iffy, considering it is farmed by the ghouls at The Slog, but they're the only farm shown capable (or willing?) to farm the berries. Originally, I had assumed that tarberries were a type of mutated cranberry, and I thought the wiki was supporting me in that claim by saying this:

Tarberries are small, dusty orange berries of the tarberry plant. It is a water-grown crop similar to cranberries.

But cranberries themselves are also canon in the world of Fallout. So who knows! There's no canon information presented on the tarberry's characteristics, so it can be treated the same as any other fruit or berry.

Fungus variants

Glowing fungus: Glowing fungus is one of the few real world equivalents we have. It is a Japanese mushroom called Enoki. It is also farmable as shown in FNV at Hell's Motel.

Brain fungus: This is harvestable, but there aren't any "crops" shown as we would consider them. Considering it's benefits as a mentat replacement, then it's likely that there could be a dedicated space for growing it.

Food and Plants mentioned in the text

Potato

Thank god almighty, potatoes are canon in the universe of Fallout. Fresh potatoes are found as consumables in FO3 and FNV but potatoes are also mentioned in the text of FO4:

Mentioned in dialogue -- {Angry} Shut up Jake. If I hear anything out of either of you, you'll both be peeling potatoes for the next year.

I'm taking this as word of god. Potatoes are canon and I don't care what anyone says.

Tomato

Tomatoes are mentioned in the text, but are never actually seen in game. The only hint that this plant survived extinction is this excerpt from the wiki.

Note: As fresh tomatoes and potatoes are seen in the Mojave Wasteland as of 2281, with the potato seen in the Capital Wasteland as of 2277, the claim of either's extinction by 2287 in the Commonwealth Plant Database could be taken to mean local extinction in east coast regions, as opposed to global extinction. This entry may also just be in error.

There's potential for leeway here, but take it as you will!

Fresh apple

We discussed this back up in the mutfruit section of the essay, but the existence of fresh apples implies the existence of non mutated apple trees. They're found in both FO3 and FNV as a consumable item, so the apple tress have either proliferated across the continental united states, or multiple varieties survived the bombs.

Fresh pear

See above. Pears are also naturally high in pectin, which makes them useful for making jams and preserves.

Pinto beans

Pinto beans are a consumable in FNV and is another W in the bean category of the agricultural landscape.

Jalepeno

Look, I'm picking out this one specifically because I need to believe that other spices and peppers exist in the world. Where would we be without her? Nowhere good.

Raw sap

I am going to say that sap collecting is probably where most of the sugars and sweeteners in the wasteland come from. It's relatively easy to tap trees and collect sap, and it only takes a few hours to reduce the sap down into useable syrup.

Wild Blackberry, Lime, Cranberries, as well as Watermelon as being distinct from simply 'melon' are all mentioned in the text. The list of fruits mentioned or found in the games can be found here.

Animal husbandry

Fallout doesn't give us a lot of canonical information on the animal side of farming. The biggest real world agricultural export of Massachusetts is dairy and cattle farming. Chickens are canon in the worldbuilding of fallout as of Far Harbor, but canon feels both restrictive and extremely loose with regards to what animals can be cared for and how.

We aren't going to spend a whole lot of time on this one, only because the information is pretty limited.

Brahmin

There are plenty of brahmin found throughout the landscape of the wasteland. We most commonly see them as either livestock or beasts of burden. Things like milk, cheese, and other dairy products would be common if a farm has access to dairy cows. The investment to raise cows would be enormous for a subsistence farmer. Dairy cows would likely be kept for a number of years, where steers would be raised 12 to 24 months before being slaughtered; they'd likely be grass fed in the summer and corn or grain fed in the winter. Leather and beef would be products, of course, and things like soap and candles can be made from the beef tallow.

Chickens

Chickens are largely easy to keep and care for, producing eggs and necessary proteins. Chickens can provide niacin, filling in the nutritional gap that would be left by a heavy corn based diet. The investment for keeping chickens is lower than raising brahmin, but so is the payoff.

Bighorners

Bighorners are mutated bighorn sheep native to the American Southwest.[1] Humans have since domesticated them for their horns, meat, milk, and hides,[2][3]

Granted, bighorners are only seen in FNV, but I don't think there's any reason they couldn't have migrated east. In the text, it says they're kept for meat and milk, but there's no reason that they shouldn't provide a fleece as well. In the colder climate of Massachusetts, they would find value in wool, which can keep its warmth even when wet. They may be sparse across the commonwealth, but that would make wool and fleece all that much more valuable.

Fish

Yeah, I know. Technically we can't fish in Fallout (and depending on the game you play, you might not even know what a fish is). But aquaculture is huge in Boston, and with access to the coasts, it's completely fair to say that fish, shellfish, and hydroponics is a completely viable source of food in the wasteland. We see dead fish washed up on shore all the time, along with whatever the hell those shark things are. There should be fisheries and fishing towns all along the coasts.

New Vegas and Fallout 3

Consulting our growing zone chart, we can see that much of the southwest sits between 7b to 8b. The winters in the southwest are fairly mild, and while you can get seeds in the ground sooner, the majority of the battle is going to be finding a reliable water source.

The farming we see in New Vegas has one distinct notable inclusion: the NCR sharecropper farm.

The sharecroppers are growing a number of crops, including maize, tobacco, pinto beans, and honey mesquite. Corn can handle hot, arid weather, it's just not commercially grown out west. Barley can also handle hot, arid climates, and razorgrain would be suitable for the western front -- maybe we can assume it's made it's way that far west and is being cultivated alongside corn.

Most of the plants we see in FNV aren't the type we would see typically domesticated for agricultural use, but that doesn't mean people haven't adapted to their surroundings. It makes a lot of sense for locals to have domesticated local plants like prickly pear and banana yucca. There are a number of fresh produce items to be found as consumables, alongside local fruits the local fruits.

Heat-loving plants are best suited for summer production in desert climates. The plant families that fit into the heat-loving category are nightshade or Solanaceae (tomatoes, peppers, eggplant) and squash or Cucurbitaceae (cucumbers, melons, summer and winter squash). Corn and beans also perform best in hot climates.

Most plants CAN handle the heat and climate of the southwest, the issue is just finding a reliable source of water. Somewhere close to Lake Mead or the banks of the Virgin River would be prime real estate for farming, since irrigation could be accomplished without the use of pumps, like the sharecroppers use.

If we look back at the history of agriculture, it's developed along established waterways in almost every ancient civilization because that's what's easiest. There should be thriving communities surrounding the lakes and rivers in the southwest.

Comparatively, DC was formerly a swamp. It's hot and humid in the summer, though the winters are fairly mild. It wouldn't be a stretch to say that farming practices in the Commonwealth don't differ all that much from farming in the Capital Wasteland -- you could even posit that food from the Capital is of better quality ever since the successful activation of Project Purity. Fresh and unirradiated food was growing there before, so it's entirely likely that even more is growing now. YMMV!

Other consumables

We would be here all damn day if I did research onto every single consumable item available across all three games, so this mostly just because I'm covering my bases.

I am going to say that sap collecting is probably where most of the sugars and sweeteners in the wasteland come from. It's relatively easy to tap trees and collect sap, and it only takes a few hours to reduce the sap down into useable syrup.

Look, I'm picking out this one specifically because I need to believe that other spices and peppers exist in the world. Where would we be without her? Nowhere good.

Pre War food

Most shelf-stable foods are safe indefinitely. In fact, canned goods will last for years, as long as the can itself is in good condition (no rust, dents, or swelling). Packaged foods (cereal, pasta, cookies) will be safe past the ‘best by’ date, although they may eventually become stale or develop an off flavor. 

The risk with improperly canned good, or damaged canned goods, is botulism. Botulism will straight up kill you. You don't even have to consume that much of it; just a little bit will leave you dead in days. As desperate as I might be for a meal, I'm not going to risk dying because that can of two hundred year old peaches looks really tasty.

If properly sealed and in a dry, ideal environment, I... guess things like cereal and instant food could be okay? But again, with access to fresh grain, sugars, and yes, even potatoes and pasta, why would you want to risk eating InstaMash that's been around since before your great grandmother.

Pre War drinks

Sigh. Okay.

Unless stored extremely, extremely well, most bottled drinks aren't going to last much longer than 9 months. A year, if you're lucky. Exposure to sunlight and improper storage will break down the contents -- the best bottles are brown, then green. Clear glass is the worst because it does nothing to protect the liquid inside.

All the Nuka Cola you find throughout the world is flat, nasty, and will probably make you sick. I don't think that really needs to be pointed out, but there we go. I suppose the soda could probably be reduced to form sugar syrups, but with access to sap syrup and grain malt, I'm not sure why you would be desperate enough to do that.

So what does food look like in Fallout?

If there's one thing I know about humans, it's that humans like to eat. Food is culture, as much as culture and community is built around food. Good food and access to it is paramount to human happiness. All this to say is that food in fallout is whatever you want it to look like.

I can extrapolate and theorize all day long based on what Fallout tells us definitively, but I'm not going to tell you what the culinary landscape in the wasteland looks like. The only point that I will stress is that humans are really, really good at making things appetizing.

The fandom is already so creative when it comes to developing their idea of what food means in the wasteland. It's what's directly inspired me to write up this stupid, long ass post about farming and agriculture.

Obviously this is not a comprehensive list of all the base ingredients you can find in Fallout. I picked the ones I did because of the potential for consistent farming. Wastelanders have had two centuries to develop agricultural practices based around subsistence farming. I am not a subsistence farmer, and I have no idea how wasteland cottagecore would work at the heart of it. Running a farm is extremely labor intensive, and so much of your investment has to be immediately recouped in the form of eating what you harvest.

What a farm is likely to look like will start in the early spring when the ground begins to thaw, and a farmer can plant his cold resistant crops, like green vegetables and razorgrain. Potatos, carrots, and tatos will also weather the spring chill. When it starts to warm up, the more delicate plants like corn, beans, and squash or melons will get planted and tended to.

If your family is lucky enough to have a greenhouse, you can keep crops growing all through the winter and have a surplus for trade and barter, or just to preserve and refill the pantries.

A lot of the investment will have to be immediately recouped. Eggs from the chickens can't be preserved, obviously, but there will be meat from hunted animals, milk from the brahmin, probably an early harvest from the beans and tatos, and whatever else is in the pantry from the previous harvest.

Some of it will be canned or preserved in the forms of jams or jellies (just remember what I said about botulism). Meat from animals that get hunted can be smoked or otherwise preserved. Grain can be milled into flour or eaten whole and unshelled. Even the corn silk can be woven into clothes for the summer.

There really is no limit to what can be done in the end. While a lot of this information was taken from what we're given in the text, there's no rule that says you have to follow it word for word. If you believe something exists out there, then write it! We're all just making shit up as we go along anyway. If you need permission, then here it is. You can do whatever you want. Make up recipes! Go insane. Follow whatever your little foodie heart desires.

#fallout #kal talks #fallout 4 #fallout new vegas #fnv #fallout 3 #fallout meta #fallout food #fallout headcanons #behold. the agricultural masterpost of my farming headcanons #here she is

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TWIN POWER

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This is an ideal ignition system that provides good starting performance, appropriate ignition over the entire range, and extended response, with no power loss.

Standard price ¥58.000

HKS

HKS Sales Co., Ltd. Address: 418-02 Phone [phone] Kamisuide, Fujinomiya City, Shizuoka Prefecture If you would like the 1984 edition of the HKS All Catalog, please pay 4,500 yen by registered mail and the listed products. If you would like to receive materials, please enclose the product name, materials, and request ticket, and send it to HKS Sales at the above address.

#HKS 5A-G #5A-G #4A-GE #HKS #JDM

[upstagetraveler]

After hosting 5A UIL OAP Zones 1 & 2 on Mon-Tues, followed by UIL HS Full Orchestra on Wednesday, then UIL MS String Orchestra on Thurs-Fri, & then filming a commercial Friday night, we are back on Monday for 6A UIL OAP Zones A & B. #TalentPerformsHere #TeamworkMakesTheDreamWork

#theatre #stage #tech theatre #techie #main stage #techies #musical theatre #educational theatre #technical director #technicaltheatre #ghost light

[batmanshole]

pros of handmade herbal tea brews:

literally fucking delicious

customizable!

you know what's going in there

sosososo YUMMY and good

cons of handmade herbal tea brews:

do you have any fucking idea how much Plant goes into one cup.

shit doesnt grow all year (i live in a 5a/4b plant hardiness zone)

[lonelygardener]

Learning with Lysander Part 1

Average Annual Extreme Minimum Temperatures in Fahrenheit (°F) and in Celsius (°C)

This chart is not fully up to date more than likely but I needed to give you a picture of the world's growing zones.

Zone °F °C

1a. -60° - -55° -51.1° - -48.3°

1b. -55° - -50° -48.3° - -45.6°

2a. -50° - -45° -45.6° - -42.8°

2b. -45° - -40° -42.8° - -40°

3a. -40° - -35° -40° - -37.2°

3b. -35° - -30° -37.2° - -34.4°

4a. -30° - -25° -34.4° - -31.7°

4b. -25° - -20° -31.7° - - 28.9°

5a. -20° - -15° -28.9° - -26.1°

5b. -15° - -10° -26.1° - -23.3°

6a. -10° - -5° -23.3° - -20.6°

6b. -5° - -0° -20.6° - -17.8°

7a. 0° - 5° -17.8° - -15°

7b. 5° - 10° -15° - -12.2°

8a. 10° - 15° -12.2° - -9.4°

8b. 15° - 20° -9.4° - -6.7°

9a. 20° - 25° -6.7° - -3.9°

9b. 25° - 30° -3.9° - -1.1°

10a. 30° - 35° -1.1° - 1.7°

10b. 35° - 40° 1.7° - 4.4°

11a. 40° - 45° 4.4° - 7.2°

11b. 45° - 50° 7.2° - 10°

12a. 50° - 55° 10° - 12.8°

12b. 55° - 60° 12.8° - 15.6°

13a. 60° - 65° 15.6° - 18.3°

13b. 65° - 70° 18.3° - 21.1°

These are referred as "Hardiness Zones" and not usually split into a/b. Ex. Zone 7. Certain plants can only handle cooler environments while others can only handle warmer environments. Depending on the plant, there is a chance it can handle several zones with minor differences here and there on growth rate, size and yield. Very few species can thrive anywhere. You can grow anything and everything if you have the means to do so, which will be the next lesson- Greenhouses.

#gardening #greenhouse #plantblr #learning with Lysander #homesteading

[yumitsukiyoru]

Master Gardeners Offer Tips for Successful Gardening in Nebraska

Expert advice on hardiness zones, garden preparation, and plant selection

With the arrival of spring, garden enthusiasts in Nebraska are eagerly preparing to tend to their lawns and gardens. To ensure success, Master Gardeners with the Nebraska Extension program are sharing their weekly tips on local lawn and garden issues in the High Plains. Armed with research-based recommendations, these experts offer valuable insights on hardiness zones, garden preparation, and plant selection.

What is a hardiness zone?

Understanding hardiness zones is crucial for selecting plants that can thrive in a specific region. Hardiness zones are determined by 30-year averages of the lowest winter temperatures at specific locations. These zones are then divided into 10-degree Fahrenheit increments and further divided into 5-degree half-zones.

For Nebraska, the map designates the region as zone 5a. However, it's important to note that hardiness zones do not account for temperature fluctuations, high summer temperatures, or drought. To ensure plant survival, it is advisable to choose plants that are rated for Zone 3 or 4.

While Zone 5 plants may be suitable, they may still succumb to harsh winter conditions.

Preparing your garden for the season

As the weather begins to warm up, it's tempting to dive right into gardening and landscaping tasks. However, there are a few essential steps to take before getting started. One of the first tasks is cutting down ornamental grasses and assessing shrubs for any dead or broken branches.

It's important to be mindful that some shrubs bloom on old wood, so pruning should be done after they have bloomed. Examples of such shrubs include lilacs and certain spirea varieties.

While it may be tempting to start planting perennials and annuals, it's crucial not to rush the process. Despite the pleasant weather, mid-May freezes or snowstorms are not uncommon in Nebraska. It's best to wait until after the average "frost-free" time around Mother's Day to ensure the safety of your plants.

Creating the ideal planting bed

When it comes to planting, proper bed preparation is key to providing a favorable living environment for your plants. Whether you're planting trees, shrubs, perennials, or annuals, investing time in bed preparation is well worth it. Start by loosening up compacted soil caused by sprinklers, pets, foot traffic, or vehicles.

Adding organic matter to the area and then loosening the soil with a hand spade or tiller is recommended. However, caution must be exercised to avoid repacking the soil while tilling.

Pairing plants for optimal growth

Did you know that plants, like humans, benefit from interaction with one another? Planting compatible species together can help protect them from harsh weather conditions such as sun, wind, snow, and heavy rains. When selecting plants to pair, consider their water requirements and choose ones with similar needs.

Additionally, think about color combinations and the timing of their blooms. It's advisable to plant a mix of spring, summer, and fall blooming plants, varying their heights. Place shorter varieties at the front of the bed and taller plants at the back for an aesthetically pleasing arrangement.

Understanding annuals and perennials

The terms "annual" and "perennial" can often cause confusion among gardeners. An annual is a plant that completes its life cycle within one season and is sensitive to frost. In Nebraska, it is generally safe to plant annuals around Mother's Day or after, as mid-May marks the average "frost-free" time.

On the other hand, perennials are plants that come back year after year. They are typically "hardened off" or acclimated to outdoor conditions when purchased and can be planted or moved in April. However, if you purchased a perennial from a greenhouse, it's important to harden it off gradually before planting to ensure its successful establishment in the garden.

As gardening enthusiasts gear up for the spring season in Nebraska, the expert advice from Master Gardeners with the Nebraska Extension program proves invaluable. Understanding hardiness zones, preparing the garden beds, and selecting the right plants are key factors in achieving a successful and thriving garden. By following these tips, gardeners can create a beautiful and resilient landscape that will bring joy throughout the seasons.

[genieife]

Lets Check on to Holi Events in Delhi NCR and Mumbai

Hey Geniefie’ians Lets Explore events in Delhi NCR and Mumbai!!! As the festival of colors approaches, India gears up for vibrant celebrations that echo the spirit of unity, joy, and renewal. From the bustling streets of Mumbai to the vibrant lanes of Delhi NCR,  Holi festivities paint every corner of the country with hues of happiness. This year, Geniefie Trip Planner brings you a curated list of Holi events in these bustling cities, ensuring that you make the most of this colorful occasion.

Mumbai:

Colors United Holi Fest 2024

Date & Time: Monday, 25 Mar 2024 at 10:30 AM Ticket: 599 Onwards Address: Plot No 5 and 5A, Sector No 28, Seawood Sation Road, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400706, India

Get ready for the ultimate celebration at Colors United Holi Fest 2024 in Mumbai! This open-air extravaganza promises an electrifying fusion of culture, music, and colors. With over 7 popular artists, including International DJ Miki Love, and a cross-genre music lineup, the stage will be alive with over 4 hours of enthralling performances. Experience the glitz of the red carpet with celebrity appearances, and indulge in a feast for the senses with vibrant decor and special effects. Dance under the showers in dedicated rain dance zones and savor authentic cuisines at the food court. With a secured area for families and women, ample parking space, and a 20-meter long beverage and bar counter, every aspect of your experience is carefully planned for your enjoyment. Don’t miss out on this unforgettable celebration of music, dance, and festive vibes!

It’s A Holi Thing Ft. DJ Chetas – Mumbai

Date & Time: Monday, 25 Mar 2024 at 11:00 AM Ticket: 499 Onwards Address: Mahalaxmi Race Course, Keshavrao Khadye Marg, Royal Western India Turf Club, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400034, India

Rang De Holi Event in Mumbai, HOLI 2024

Date & Time: Monday, 25 Mar 2024 at 9:00 AM Ticket: 499 Onwards Address: Veera Desai Road, Opp. Kia Park Apartments, Building, Prathmesh Complex, Andheri West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400053, India

Mumbai Biggest Holi Colour Splash Fest – HOLI 2024

Date & Time: Monday, 25 Mar 2024 at 9:00 AM Ticket: 499 Onwards Address: Arena, Link Road, Malad (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400064, India

RAINBOW HAZE 3.0 – THANE’S BIGGEST HOLI FESTIVAL

Date & Time: Monday, 25 Mar 2024 at 9:00 AM Ticket: 499 Onwards Address: Lodha Splendora, Ghodbunder Road, Bhayandarpada, Thane West, Thane, Maharashtra 400615, India

Holi Blast 2024 – Nexus Seawoods Mall

Date & Time: Monday, 25 Mar 2024 at 9:00 AM Ticket: 299 Onwards Address: 2 Floor, Sea woods Grand Central Mall, Near Seawoods Railway Station, Seawoods, Sector 30, Nerul East, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400706, India

Delhi NCR:

Holi Fest-2024

Date & Time: Thursday, 21 Mar Monday, 25 Mar 2024 at 9:00 AM Ticket: 1399 Onwards Address: 2 Floor, Sea woods Grand Central Mall, Near Seawoods Railway Station, Seawoods, Sector 30, Nerul East, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400706, India

Rohini Holi Party 2024 | HOLI 2024

Date & Time: March 23 | 1PM – March 25 | 4PM Ticket: 499 Onwards Address: KH.NO. 16/7/2 GROUND FLOOR, PH 2, Rama Enclave, Shahbad Daulatpur Village, Rohini, Delhi, 110042, India

HOLI HAI-The Land of Colours @YOUnion The Qutub,Delhi | HOLI 2024

Date & Time: 25 March 2024 | 11AM Ticket: 499 Onwards Address:Qutub Hotel, Shaheed Jeet Singh Marg, Block C, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi, Delhi 110017, India

HOLI PARTY

Date & Time: Saturday, 23 Mar 24 at 11:00 AM Ticket: 499 Onwards Address: Vipul world, Sector 48, V-37,Moulsari Avenue, Sohna Road, Near Tatvam Villas, Gurgaon, NCR 122018, India

THE BIGGEST NCR HOLI DHAMAAL 2024

Date & Time: Sunday, 24 Mar 24 – Monday, 25 Mar 24 Ticket: 499 Onwards Address: Friends Enclave Residency, Sector 123, Noida, Noida, NCR 201306, India

This Holi, let Geniefie Trip Planner be your guide to the most exciting events across Mumbai, and Delhi NCR. Download the app now and discover the perfect way to celebrate the festival of colors near you. With Geniefie, every moment becomes a memorable adventure!

#Travel Destinations #Explore the World #blog sites #"free blog sites

[invoke-parlay]

Bachelors buttons blooming like crazy 💜

#bachelors button #flowers #native wildflowers #zone 5A #alternative #nature #flower #gardening #garden #plant photography #nature photography #august 9

[tregomountainear]

Trego: Hardiness Zone 5a

The USDA has updated plant hardiness zones, and despite last winter’s impressive cold, we’ve jumped up a zone (to 5a from 4b in 2012; the average low went up by 6 degrees) Hardiness zones are a (partial) climate description that’s been in existence for a bit over a century, though the government didn’t get involved in it until the ’60s (At which point they proceeded to do so badly for a few…

View On WordPress

#Climate #Cold #Gardening #Hardiness Zone #Montana #Plants #Trego Montana

[entomoblog]

Les insectes peuvent-ils ressentir la douleur ? Synthèse des preuves neuronales et comportementales

See on Scoop.it - EntomoNews

Chapter Three - Can insects feel pain? A review of the neural and behavioural evidence

  Matilda Gibbons et al.

Volume 63, 2022, Pages 155-229 Advances in Insect Physiology

  Fig. 5 A self-protective behaviour (wound tending) in a mammal and an insect. Both use their mouth to tend to their wound directly, demonstrating awareness of the site of injury. (A) A dog licking their wound. (B) A Manduca sexta larva tending to their wound using their mouthparts.

  -------

NDÉ

Traduction (extrait)

  3.6 Critère 6 : autoprotection flexible

  L'animal présente un comportement d'autoprotection adapté aux circontances (par exemple, soigner une blessure, se protéger, se toiletter, se frotter) d'un type susceptible d'impliquer la représentation de l'emplacement corporel d'un stimulus nocif.

  Un comportement d'autoprotection ciblant l'emplacement corporel d'une stimulation nocive est une bonne preuve de validité de ce critère.

  Ces comportements de protection sont utilisés pour identifier la douleur chez les mammifères (voir figure 5A) et les patients humains non verbaux. Par exemple, la liste de contrôle des indicateurs non verbaux de la douleur inclut le fait de masser ou de serrer la zone affectée (chez l'homme : Feldt, 2000). Les comportements d'autoprotection suggèrent que les animaux sont conscients de l'emplacement de la blessure et motivés pour se protéger contre d'autres dommages (Elwood, 2011).

  Si l'autopalpation est un comportement courant chez les insectes (par exemple, chez les drosophiles, les blattes B. germanica et les abeilles A. mellifera : El-Awami et Dent, 1995 ; Ringo, 2020 ; Russo et al., 2020), très peu d'études ont cherché à savoir si les insectes se toilettent, se frottent ou surveillent un endroit douloureux précis.

  [...]

  En résumé, il existe des preuves de toilettage spécifique aux blessures chez les Lépidoptères juvéniles de dernier stade et les Blattodea adultes, mais une seule étude dans chaque cas. Nous sommes donc très confiants dans le fait que ces ordres remplissent le critère.

  En revanche, il n'existe aucune étude sur les comportements d'autoprotection dirigés vers un site chez les Blattodea juvéniles, les Lépidoptères adultes ou juvéniles de premier stade, et les Coléoptères, Diptères, Hyménoptères ou Orthoptères adultes ou juvéniles (...).

Bernadette Cassel's insight:

  Précédemment, sur le même sujet

  Les insectes peuvent ressentir la douleur, selon des preuves de plus en plus nombreuses et voici ce que cela signifie pour les lois sur le bien-être animal - De theconversation.com - 15 décembre 2022, 19:00

[willow-thicket]

It is time! The teeny tiny (~3mm pictured) Monarch caterpillars are emerging to begin their feast💚 Zone 5a Northwestern Illinois checking in.

#Monarch hatch! #monarch caterpillar #Check your milkweed

[batmanshole]

mfw i live in a 5a/4b plant hardiness zone so there’s a short ass growing season and no big ass bugs

[ebizfiling01]

7 Mistakes to avoid while filing GSTR (Goods and Service Tax Return)

Introduction:

Taxpayers must exercise particular caution while filing a GST return to avoid unneeded reconciliation problems. The most common errors to avoid while submitting a Goods and Service Tax Return (GSTR) are covered in this article. Let’s begin by comprehending what a GST return is and the various forms of GST returns before delving into those errors.

Understanding GST Return:

A GST return is a record that details the income/sales, expenses/purchases, and other information that must be reported to the tax authorities by a GST-registered person. Under the GST system, registered dealers are required to submit GST returns, which include GST filing, that address the following topics:

1. Sales

2. Input Tax Credit (GST paid on purchases)

3. Purchases

4. Output GST (tax on sales)

Different types of returns under GST (Goods and Service Tax)

GSTR-1, GSTR-3B, GSTR-4, GSTR-5, GSTR-5A, GSTR-6, GSTR-7, GSTR-8, GSTR-9, GSTR-10, GSTR-11, CMP-08, and ITC-04 are only a few of the 13 various types of GST reports. Not every taxpayer is eligible for every return, though. Depending on the taxpayer’s registration status and the nature of their firm, a particular sort of return must be filed. Self-certified reconciliation statements in Form GSTR-9C must also be submitted by taxpayers with a turnover of more than INR 5 crore.

Additionally, taxpayers can get GSTR-2A (dynamic) and GSTR-2B (static) statements of Input Tax Credit. Small taxpayers who are enrolled in the Quarterly Return Monthly Payment (QRMP) scheme may now use the Invoice Furnishing Facility (IFF) to submit their Business to Business (B2B) sales data for the first two months of the quarter. These small taxpayers must still submit monthly returns on Form PMT-06, though.

Here are seven major mistakes to avoid when filing GSTR:

1. Failing to File a Nil Return:

Many people are under the impression that they are exempt from filing a return if they don’t make any sales or transactions during the tax period. However, in accordance with GST rules, a person registered under GST is compelled to file a NIL return even in the absence of transactions. Penalties and even the termination of the GST registration may result from failing to file a NIL GST return.

2. Treating Zero-Rated and Nil-Rated Supplies Similarly:

Understanding the difference between zero-rated and nil-rated supplies is crucial. Generally speaking, goods and services that are exported from India or that are situated in a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) qualify as nil-rated supply, which are taxable items with a GST rate of 0%. Refund requests and departmental audits may become complicated if zero-rated or nil-rated supplies are treated differently. Accurately reporting nil and zero-rated supplies in the GST return should be given careful consideration.

3. Neglecting GSTR-1 and GSTR-3B Reconciliation:

Monthly GSTR-1 and GSTR-3B return reconciliation failure is a serious blunder. Individuals should make sure that these two returns are matched for each period before submitting GST returns.

4. Failure to Pay Reverse Charge Mechanism (RCM):

Under the reverse charge mechanism, recipients of some goods and services must pay tax. Reverse-charge tax omission can lead to increased interest costs and the loss of an input tax credit. It’s vital to remember that reverse charge tax must be paid via challan and cannot be done so utilizing the Input Tax Credit (ITC). Taxpayers may claim input tax credits after paying the reverse challan, which can be used to reduce output tax.

5. Incorrectly Entering Invoice Details in GSTR-1:

Details of the receiver invoice must be entered by suppliers in GSTR-1. The GSTR-2A form is automatically filled up with the data from the GSTR-1, enabling recipients to submit an input tax credit claim. The recipient risked losing the input tax credit if the supplier entered inaccurate invoice information or failed to submit the invoice. Incorrect invoice numbers, dates, incorporating B2B sales in B2C sales, and misrepresenting IGST, CGST, and SGST are all common mistakes in GSTR-1.

6. Declaring export sales in the regular sales column

The refusal of GST refunds may result from export sales being reported in the ordinary sales column rather than the zero-rated supply column. As a result, care must be taken when including information in the GST return about export sales.

7. Failing to File GST Returns on Time:

It is crucial to submit GST returns on time. If this is not done, the GST registration may be cancelled and there may be financial penalties.

Conclusion

Taxpayers can simplify the process of completing their GST returns and stay clear of unneeded hassles by avoiding these typical blunders and guaranteeing proper reporting.

#gst filing #gst filing online #online gst return filing #gst return filing