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sandyhookhistory · 6 months

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~ William Alexander ~

We have a belated #harbordefensehappybirthday to celebrate!

Today, we honor Continental (U.S.) Army Major General William Alexander, Lord Stirling who was born (most likely) on (Wed) December 4th, 1726 in New York City.

By all accounts, he was quite intelligent and well educated. He was the son of Scottish immigrants who fled Scotland after the Jacobite Rebellion. There was ancestral royal blood in the family, and he sought and held a highly controversial title of Lord Stirling. He lived a life befitting the title - and racked up the bill to go with it. Living in New Jersey and deeply in debt by the time the Revolutionary War broke out, the conflict provided a timely interruption to offload his monetary problems.

He became a Colonel in the New Jersey Militia, using his personal funds to outfit the 1st NJ Regiment; he was promoted to Brigadier General in March, 1776.

At the Battle of Long Island in August, the Patriots were quickly outflanked by the Redcoats. Seeing the disaster unfold, Stirling organized troops from Maryland into a well-executed, collapsing rear-guard action that allowed the majority of the American Army to escape. Scattering his men at the very end, he himself remained to be captured. The action was so successful, even the British acknowledged his gallantry.

Released in a prisoner exchange, Stirling was decisively engaged at Trenton that December. He was defeated at Short Hills, NJ in June of 1777, but won at Brandywine and Germantown, both in Pennsylvania. That winter, by accident, he was able to expose, and stop, a planned coup by General Horatio Gates to take command from George Washington. He’s forever part of New Jersey’s legacy for his part in the Battle of Monmouth Courthouse on June 28th, 1778. The fight was savage and he took heavy casualties, but his troops held their ground.

By 1781, Stirling was assigned to command the forces in the northern frontier as the Continentals moved south to Yorktown. With the war all but over, Stirling, in poor health, died on active duty on January 15th, 1783, age 56. He was buried in famed Trinity Church in New York City.

However, his legacy of service would not be allowed to end there. With War Department General Order No. 194 on December 27th, 1904, he became the namesake to “Battery Alexander,” a two-gun 12-inch caliber disappearing battery at Fort Hancock, NJ. Construction began in 1898, and it was accelerated for the outbreak of the Spanish American War. Completion and transfer to the Coast Artillery was in July, 1899.

Battery Alexander is unique, as it is the two northern emplacements of what is called “9-Gun Battery” at Ft. Hancock. A total of six 12-inch guns and three 10-inch guns were emplaced there between 1896 and 1902. Battery Alexander’s guns face due north, and cover the west into Sandy Hook and Raritan Bay, as well as the approaches to the harbor from the southeast. The Battery enjoyed an exceptionally long service life of 43 years. The guns were finally salvaged for a scrap drive in early 1943. During the Cold War, the vacant emplacement was used as ammunition storage for 90-mm Anti-Aircraft guns until the Nike missiles came online in 1954.

Today, the Battery is in poor shape, with trees and vegetation growing through the concrete. The National Park Service has classified Battery Alexander as a “ruin,” meaning it will never, ever be restored or even preserved.

Although the emplacement may be vanishing, the incredible legacy of General William Alexander, Lord Stirling, the Battery that carries his name, and the service of the US Army Coast Artillerymen that manned it across four decades is in the safest of hands, here.

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casbooks · 5 years

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Title: Scram!

Authors: Harry Benson

ISBN: 9781409051978

Tags: A-4 Skyhawk, Airborne, Ajax Bay (Falklands), ARA General Belgrano, ARA Guerrico (P-32), ARA Santa Fe, Argentina, Argentine Air Force, Argentine Army, Argentine Naval Aviation, Argentine Navy, Artillery, Ascension Island, Aviation, Avro Vulcan, B.125 Bulldog, Battle of Goat Ridge (Falklands), Battle of Goose Green (Falklands), Battle of Mount Harrier (Falklands), Battle of Mount Longdon (Falklands), Battle of Mount Tumbledown (Falklands), Battle of Mount William (Falklands), Battle of Pebble Island (Falklands), Battle of Two Sisters (Falklands), Battle of Wireless Ridge (Falklands), Blue Beach (Falklands), Britannia Royal Naval College Dartmouth, CASEVAC, CH-47 Chinook, Darwin (Falklands), DHC-1 Chipmunk, Estancia House (Falklands), Falklands War (1982), Fitzroy (Falklands), Fortuna Glacier (Falklands), FS Drummond-class Corvette, Green Beach (Falklands), Gurkha, H-3 Sea King, H-34 Choctaw, Harrier, Helicopter, HRH Prince Andrew - Duke of York, IA 58 Pucara, IAI Dagger, Junglies (UK RN FAA), Lieutenant Alfredo Astiz (ARA), Medevac helicopter, Mirage III, Mount Kent (Falklands), Operation Black Buck (Falklands War), Operation Corporate (Falklands War), Operation Paraquet/Paraquat (Falklands War), Operation Sutton (Falklands War), Port San Carlos (Falklands), Port Stanley (Falklands), Port Stanley Airport (Falklands), Rapier SAM, Red Beach (Falklands), SA.342 Gazelle, San Carlos Bay (Falklands), Sea Harrier, South Georgia (Falklands), South Thule (Falklands), SpecOps, Submarine, Super Etendard, Sussex Mountains (Falklands), UK 2 Para, UK 22 SAS, UK 29 Commando Royal Artillery, UK 3 Commando Brigade, UK 3 Para, UK 5 Infantry Brigade, UK 7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles, UK AAC 656 Sqd, UK British Army, UK British Army Air Corps, UK Commando Helicopter Squadron (UK RN FAA), UK HMS Antrim (D18), UK HMS Ardent (F184), UK HMS Arrow (F173), UK HMS Broadsword (F88), UK HMS Conqueror (S48), UK HMS Coventry (D118), UK HMS Endurance, UK HMS Fearless (L10), UK HMS Glamorgan(D19), UK HMS Hermes (R12), UK HMS Intrepid (L11), UK HMS Invincible (R05), UK HMS Plymouth (F126), UK HMS Sheffield (D80), UK MV Norland, UK MV Queen Elizabeth II, UK Paras, UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, UK RAF No 101 Sqd, UK RAF No 18 Sqd, UK RAF No 44 Sqd, UK RAF No 50 Sqd, UK RFA Engadine (K08), UK RFA Fort Austin (A386), UK RFA Green Rover (A268), UK RFA Olna (A123), UK RFA Regent (A486), UK RFA Resource (A480), UK RFA Sir Galahad (L3005}, UK RFA Sir Lancelot (L3029), UK RFA Tidepool (A76), UK RFA Tidespring (A75), UK RM 3 CDO Brigade Air Sqd, UK RM 40 Commando, UK RM 42 Commando, UK RM 45 Commando, UK RM Naval Party 8901, UK RN Centaur-class Aircraft Carrier, UK RN Churchill-Class Nuclear Submarine, UK RN County-Class Destroyer, UK RN FAA 737 Naval Air Sqd, UK RN FAA 800 Naval Air Sqd, UK RN FAA 801 Naval Air Sqd, UK RN FAA 820 Naval Air Sqd, UK RN FAA 825 Naval Air Sqd, UK RN FAA 829 Naval Air Sqd, UK RN FAA 845 Naval Air Sqd (Commando), UK RN FAA 846 Naval Air Sqd (Commando), UK RN FAA 847 Naval Air Sqd (Commando), UK RN FAA 848 Naval Air Sqd (Commando), UK RN Fearless-Class LPD, UK RN Invincible-class Aircraft Carrier, UK RN Rothesay-Class Frigate, UK RN Type 21 Frigate, UK RN Type 22 Frigate, UK RN Type 42 Guided Missile Destroyer, UK RNAS Merryfield Airfield, UK RNAS Predannack Airfield, UK RNAS Yeovilton, UK Royal Air Force (RAF), UK Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA), UK Royal Marines, UK Royal Navy, UK Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm (RN FAA), UK Scots Guards, UK Sgt Ian MacKay (3 Para), UK Sir Rex Masterman Hunt, UK Special Air Service (SAS), UK Special Boat Squadron (SBS), UK SS Atlantic Causeway, UK SS Atlantic Conveyor, UK SS Canberra, UK SS Uganda, UK Welsh Guards, USS Catfish (SS-339), Victoria Cross, Westland AH.1 Scout, Westland Lynx, Westland Wessex, Wideawake Airfield (Ascension Island)

Subject: Books.Military.20th-21st Century.Americas.Falklands War

Description: 'Scram! Scram! was all I heard though my coms as I caught sight of two Argentine A-4 Skyhawks blasting through bomb alley toward the anchored British flotilla. In front of me every ship opened up with everything they had as missiles and tracer streaked though the sky to meet the incoming aircraft. All we could do as helicopter pilots caught out in the open was head for the hills. Literally.'

Soon after the Argentine army invaded the Falklands in the early hours of 2 April 1982, it was the Royal Navy commando helicopter pilots, nicknamed junglies, who flew most of the land-based missions in the Falklands in their Sea King and Wessex helicopters. Facing both mortar fire and head-on attacks by Argentine jets, they inserted SAS patrols at night, rescued survivors of Exocet attacks, mounted daring missile raids, as well as supporting the British troops and evacuating casualties, often in appalling weather conditions.

Harry Benson was a twenty-one-year-old junglie Wessex pilot, fresh out of training, when war started. He has interviewed over forty of his former colleagues for this book creating a fast-paced, meticulously researched and compelling account written by someone who was there, in the cockpit of a Wessex helicopter.

Scram!

The thrilling untold story of the young helicopter pilots and aircrew who risked their lives during the brief but ferocious Falklands War.

'Scram', broadcast over the helicopter control radio net during the Falklands War thirty years ago in 1982 meant 'take cover from Argentine fighters'. This call was a regular feature of life down south, especially during the first six days after we landed while the Royal Navy fought and won the Battle of San Carlos Water; arguably the toughest fight by British ships against enemy air since Crete in 1941.

As the Argentine fighter/bombers came barrelling in I would watch heart in mouth as the junglies headed for folds in the ground, remaining burning and turning until the enemy had left.

We went south with far too few helicopters initially. Those we had were flown every hour they could be; often with bullet holes in fuselages, red warning lights on in cockpits. One of the three BAS Scout helicopters had a bullet hole in the tail section patched with the lid from a Kiwi boot polish tin. Today's health and safety nerds would have had an apoplectic fit.

In April 1982 Harry Benson was a 21-year-old Royal Navy commando helicopter pilot, fresh out of training and one of the youngest helicopter pilots to serve in the Falklands War. These pilots, nicknamed 'junglies', flew most of the land-based missions in the Falklands in their Sea King and Wessex helicopters. Much of what happened in the war - the politics, task force ships, Sea Harriers, landings, Paras and Marines - is well-known and documented. But almost nothing is known of the young commando helicopter pilots and aircrewmen who made it all happen on land and sea. This is their 'Boys Own' story, told for the very first time.

Harry Benson has interviewed forty of his former colleagues for the book creating a tale of skill, initiative, resourcefulness, humour, luck, and adventure. This is a fast-paced, meticulously researched and compelling account written by someone who was there, in the cockpit of a Wessex helicopter.

#book #books #ebooks #ebook #booklr #bookblr #history #nonfiction #military #war #falklan #malvinas #Royal Navy #Royal Navy Commandos #helicopter #aviation #falklands

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esprit-de-corps-magazine · 5 years

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D-Day: Canada’s three services on Operation Overlord

By Chris Charland

The coming storm

In February 1943, United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, along with their respective advisors, held a high-level conference in Casablanca, Morocco. They were there to discuss the future conduct of the war.

They decided that plans for the re-entry in to Europe must be given top priority and the concentration of forces and materials needed for the forthcoming invasion began.

In March 1943, United States Army General Dwight D. Eisenhower selected the British Army’s acting Lieutenant-General Frederick Morgan as chief of staff to the supreme allied commander of the allied force that would invade northern Europe. Morgan is credited as being the original planner for the invasion of Europe.

Lingering concerns and differences of opinion on Operation Neptune, the assault phase of Operation Overlord, were addressed at the Quebec Conference in August 1943. It was agreed that the invasion of France would take place in May 1944.

On November 28, 1943, General Eisenhower, affectionately known as “Ike”, was appointed the supreme allied commander. His duty was no less than to enter the continent of Europe in conjunction with all other allied nations, undertake operations aimed at the heart of Germany and destroy its forces. Taking into consideration a nearly full moon and the Normandy tides, June 5, 1944, was set as the day for an invasion on a scale that had never before been attempted.

The entire daring escapade was a monumental logistics nightmare. In all, more than 7,000 vessels carrying more than 150,000 troops would have to cross the English Channel to France undetected and arrive exactly on time to establish a beachhead. Once the details of invasion were coordinated, the land forces, under Field Marshal Sir Bernard L. “Monty” Montgomery, put forth the logistical requirements. All allied air operations would be under the command of the Royal Air Force’s Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory

The build-up also had to provide for the debarkation of reinforcements without interruption for five to six weeks after the landing . . . any delay would carry heavy consequences.

The initial landing was delayed by 24 hours to June 6 due to stormy weather, which also indirectly caused the sinking of the minesweeper USS Osprey. Additionally, an American tank landing craft, United States LCT2498, broke down and subsequently capsized and sank in the vicious swell.

Mother Nature, not the Germans dealt the first blows against Operation Overlord. Nevertheless, D-Day and the Allied forces arrived at the beaches of Normandy with full force on the morning of June 6.

Canadian Red Devils arrive

The crack 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion led by Lieutenant-Colonel G.F.P. Bradbrooke was part of the tough and tumble 3rd Brigade of the British 6th Airborne Division whose members were nicknamed “Red Devils”. The Canadian Red Devils dropped into France after 1 a.m. on June 6, an hour before the arrival of the rest of the brigade, with the aim of securing the DZ (Drop Zone), capturing the enemy headquarters located at the site and destroying the local radio station at Varaville. They were the first Canadian unit to arrive in France.

After that, the Canadians were to destroy vehicle bridges over the Dives River and its tributaries at Varaville. Having done that, they were to neutralize various fortified positions at the crossroads. Additional responsibilities included protecting the left (southern) flank of the 9th Battalion as the battalion assaulted the enemy gun battery at Merville. Upon completing that, the Canadians were to hold a strategically important position at the Le Mesnil crossroads.

Remarkably, the Canadian paratroopers had accomplished all they set out to do by mid-day on June 6.

3rd Division’s Normandy adventure

The Canadian Army’s 3rd Canadian Division, led Major General R.F. “Rod” Keller, along with the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade under the command of Brigadier R.A. Wyman, formed part of General Miles Dempsey’s 2nd British Army.

The Canadians, numbering just over 14,000, came ashore at Juno Beach. The five-mile wide Juno Beach was divided into two primary sectors, Mike and Nan. In turn, each of these was sub-divided into smaller sections denoted by the sector name followed by a colour. Many heroic deeds were performed on the first day at Juno Beach. The Allies had come to expect nothing less. The relentless pursuit of the Canadian Army’s objectives was measured in human currency; of the 14,000 Canadians who stormed Juno Beach, 340 were killed, 574 were wounded and 49 were captured by the defending Germans.

This was a small comfort, considering planners had predicted a much higher casualty rate.

The 3rd Canadian Infantry Division* comprised the following units:

7th Canadian Infantry Brigade

Royal Winnipeg Rifles

Regina Rifle Regiment

Canadian Scottish Regiment

8th Canadian Infantry Brigade

Queen's Own Rifles of Canada

Le Régiment de la Chaudière

North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment

9th Infantry Brigade

HIghland Light Infantry of Canada

Stormont, Dundas, and Glengarry Highlanders

Nova Scotia Highlanders

Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa (M.G.)

7th Reconnaissance Regiment

17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars

Divisional Royal Canadian Artillery

12th Field Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery

13th Field Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery

14th Field Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery

19th Army Field Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery

3rd Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery

4th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery

Divisional Royal Canadian Engineers

5th Field Company, Royal Canadian Engineers

6th Field Company, Royal Canadian Engineers

16th Field Company, Royal Canadian Engineers

18th Field Company, Royal Canadian Engineers

3rd Canadian Field Park Company, Royal Canadian Engineers

3rd Canadian Divisional Bridge Platoon, Royal Canadian Engineers

Royal Canadian Corps of Signals

3rd Infantry Divisional Signals

Royal Canadian Army Service Corps

3rd Infantry Divisional Troops Company

Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps

14 Field Ambulance

22 Field Ambulance

23 Field Ambulance

2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade

6th Canadian Armoured Regiment (1st Hussars)

10th Canadian Armoured Regiment (Fort Garry Horse)

27th Armoured Regiment (Sherbrooke Fusiliers)

* Units of the Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers and the Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps also provided vital support during the landings.

British units that supported the Canadian landing on Juno Beach

48 Royal Marine Commando

4th Special Service Brigade

26th Assault Squadron

80th Assault Squadron

5th Assault Regiment, Royal Engineers

6th Assault Regiment, Royal Engineers

Two detachments of the 22nd Dragoons, 79th Armoured Division

3rd Battery 2nd Royal Marine Armoured Support Regiment

4th Battery, 2nd Royal Marine Armoured Support Regiment

“C” Squadron, Inns of Court Regiment

“Ready Aye Ready”

The Royal Canadian Navy was extremely active before and during the first day of Operation Overlord.

A force of 19 corvettes was assigned to provide escort service to the many ships and floating docks heading for assembly points on the south coast of England Eleven frigates, nine destroyers and five corvettes were seconded to the Royal Navy to provide an ASDIC (anti-submarine detection investigation committee) screen around the western approaches to the English Channel one week before the invasion date. This was to guard against the constant German U-Boat threat.

Only hours before the invasion, Canadian “Bangor” Class minesweepers cleared shipping lanes of mines and then ensured that the anchorage swept clear. The last part of their assignment was to sweep the lanes for the assault boats, right to the limit of the deep water. While under a moonlit sky, they crept within a mile and a half (2.4 kilometres) of shore, pretty well under the noses of the unsuspecting Germans.

Fortunately, they were not spotted; German coastal artillery guns would have made mincemeat of them.

The RCN’s two landing ships, HMCS Prince Henry and HMCS Prince David, carried 14 landing craft (LCI or landing craft, infantry) to a point where they could be launched for the run into the beachhead. In the British sector, 30 “Fleet” class destroyers, including HMCS Algonquin and HMCS Sioux, provided direct fire support for the landing craft carrying part of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division after they were launched from the landing ships.

Mines and other underwater obstructions were a constant threat to the landing craft and few escaped without some sort of damage. Leading the second wave were 26 landing craft of the RCN’s 260th, 262nd and 264th Flotillas. These flotillas were carrying a combined force of 4,617 soldiers, primarily from the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division. Six speedy and deadly MTBs (motor torpedo boat) were assigned to patrol the Seine estuary. RCN corvettes would go on to escort additional convoys into Baie de la Seine during the rest of the day. Naval losses were described as “incredibly light”, especially considering how many enemy long-range naval guns and other weapons were still operational at the time of the landings.

The following RCN vessels took part in the invasion of Normandy:

Tribal class destroyer

HMCS Haida

HMCS Huron

V class destroyer

HMCS Algonquin

HMCS Sioux

River class destroyer (British)

HMCS Gatineau

HMCS Kootenay

HMCS Qu’Appelle

HMCS Ottawa (II)

HMCS Chaudière

HMCS Restigouche

HMCS Skeena

HMCS St. Laurent

Mackenzie Class Destroyer Escort

HMCS Saskatchewan

River class frigate

HMCS Meon

HMCS Teme

River class frigate (1942-1943 program)

HMCS Cape Breton

HMCS Grou

HMCS Matane

HMCS Outremont

HMCS Port Colberne

HMCS Saint John

HMCS Swansea

HMCS Waskesiu

Flower class corvette (1939-1940)

HMCS Alberni

HMCS Baddeck

HMCS Camrose

HMCS Drumheller

HMCS Louisburg (II)

HMCS Lunenburg

HMCS Mayflower

HMCS Moose Jaw

HMCS Summerside

HMCS Prescott

Revised Flower class corvette

HMCS Mimico

Revised Flower class corvette (1940-1941 program)

HMCS Calgary

HMCS Kitchener

HMCS Port Arthur

HMCS Regina

HMCS Woodstock

Revised Flower class corvette (1942-1943 program)

HMCS Lindsay

Troop landing ship

HMCS Prince David

HMCS Prince Henry

Bangor class minesweeper

HMCS Bayfield

HMCS Guysborough

Bangor class minesweeper (1940-1941 regular program)

HMCS Vegreville

Bangor class minesweeper (1941-1942 program)

HMCS Kenora

HMCS Mulgrave

29th Motor Torpedo Boat (MTB) Flotilla

MTBs 459, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465 and 466

65th Motor Torpedo Boat (MTB) Flotilla

MTBs 726, 727, 735, 736, 743, 744, 745, 747, 748

260th Landing Craft Infantry (Large) Flotilla

LCI(L)s 117, 121, 166, 177, 249, 266, 271, 277, 285, 298 and 301

262nd Landing Craft, Infantry (Large) Flotilla

LCI(L)s 115, 118, 125, 135, 250, 252, 262, 263, 270, 276, 299 and 306

264th Landing Craft, Infantry (Large) Flotilla

LCI(L)s 255, 288, 295, 302, 305, 310 and 311

528th Landing Craft, Assault (LCA) Flotilla

LCAs 736, 850, 856, 925, 1021, 1033, 1371 and 1372

529th Landing Craft, Assault (LCA) Flotilla

LCAs 1957, 1059, 1137, 1138, 1150, 1151, 1374 and 1375

Per Ardua Ad Astra

It was a maximum effort for the crews of Bomber Command’s 6 (RCAF) Group on the night of June 5-6, 1944. A force of 190 aircraft, comprising Avro Lancaster and Handley Page Halifax four-engine heavy bombers, flew 230 sorties in support of pre-invasion operations. A large number of targets were struck, with particular attention paid to the German coastal artillery emplacements on the beachhead. In all, more than 870 tons of high explosives were dropped for the loss of one Canadian Halifax.

RCAF fighter and fighter-bomber squadrons went into action providing support to the Canadian ground forces as the invasion kicked into high gear. The aerial activity over Normandy resembled swarms of locusts—the planes seemed to keep coming with no end in sight. An estimated 1,000 aircraft from 39 of the 42 Royal Canadian Air Force squadrons stationed overseas took on the aerial support of the invasion with roles ranging bombing, air superiority, ground attack and photo reconnaissance.

The following Royal Canadian Air Force squadrons were involved in pre-invasion activities and in support of the actual invasion.

For more information about the squadrons involved in D-Day, their aircraft and their roles, visit “Who was in the air on D-Day?”

SECOND TACTICAL AIR FORCE

No. 83 Group

39 (RCAF) Reconnaissance Wing

400 “City of Toronto” (Fighter Reconnaissance) Squadron

414 “Sarnia Imperials” (Fighter Reconnaissance) Squadron

430 “City of Sudbury” (Fighter Reconnaissance) Squadron

126 (RCAF) Fighter Wing

401 “Ram” (Fighter) Squadron

411 “Grizzly Bear” (Fighter) Squadron

412 “Falcon” (Fighter) Squadron

127 (RCAF) Fighter Wing

403 “Wolf” (Fighter) Squadron

416 “Lynx” (Fighter) Squadron

421 “Red Indian” (Fighter) Squadron

143 (RCAF) Fighter Wing

438 “Wild Cat” (Fighter-Bomber) Squadron

439 “Westmount” (Fighter-Bomber) Squadron

440 “City of Ottawa” (Fighter-Bomber) Squadron

144 (RCAF) Fighter Wing

441 “Silver Fox” (Fighter) Squadron

442 “Caribou” (Fighter) Squadron

443 “Hornet” (Fighter) Squadron

No. 85 Group

142 (Night Fighter) Wing

402 “City of Winnipeg” (Fighter) Squadron

148 (Night Fighter) Wing (RAF)

409 “Nighthawk” (Night Fighter) Squadron

149 (Night Fighter) Wing (RAF)

410 “Cougar” (Night Fighter) Squadron

AIR DEFENCE OF GREAT BRITAIN

10 Group

406 “Lynx” (Night Fighter) Squadron

11 Group

418 “City of Edmonton” (Intruder) Squadron

ALLIED STRATEGIC AIR FORCE

RAF Bomber Command / 6 (RCAF) Group

408 “Goose” (Bomber) Squadron

419 “Moose” (Bomber) Squadron

420 “Snowy Owl” (Bomber) Squadron

424 “Tiger” (Bomber) Squadron

425 “Alouette” (Bomber) Squadron

426 “Thunderbird” (Bomber) Squadron

427 “Lion” (Bomber) Squadron

428 “Ghost” (Bomber) Squadron

429 “Bison” (Bomber) Squadron

431 “Iroquois” (Bomber) Squadron

432 “Leaside” (Bomber) Squadron

433 “Porcupine” (Bomber) Squadron

434 “Bluenose” (Bomber) Squadron

RAF Bomber Command / 8 (Pathfinder) Group

405 “Vancouver” (Bomber) Squadron

RAF Coastal Command / 15 (General Reconnaissance) Group

422 “Flying Yachtsman” (General Reconnaissance) Squadron

423 (General Reconnaissance) Squadron

RAF Coastal Command / 16 Group

415 “Swordfish” (Torpedo Bomber) Squadron

RAF Coastal Command / 19 (General Reconnaissance) Group

404 “Buffalo” (Coastal Fighter) Squadron

407 “Demon” (General Reconnaissance) Squadron

Conclusion

All in all, Canadian combatants from all three services gave an outstanding account of themselves on the first day of the battle. They would continue to distinguish themselves by dogged determination and selfless acts of heroism, helping write the final chapter and finally closing the book on the Third Reich’s so-called one thousand-year reign.

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ww1revisited · 5 years

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St. Sever Cemetery Extension is situated about 3 kilometres south of Rouen Cathedral and a short distance west of the road from Rouen to Elbeuf. Coming from Elbeuf/Caen on the N.138 follow Avenue Des Canadiens right down to the roundabout. Take the fourth exit into Boulevard Stanislas Girardin, and the cemetery lies 150 metres on the left. If coming from station Rive Gauche, Gare St Sever, follow Quai D’Elbeuf, Quai Jean Moulin, Quai Cavelier De La Salle into Avenue Jean Rondeaux, Av. De La Liberation, Bd. Du 11 Novembre to the roundabout. Take the first exit into Boulevard Stanislas Girardin, the cemetery lies 150 metres on the left. St Sever is part of Le Petit Quevilly. The first CWGC signpost is just when you get to the entrance of the cemetery.

St Sever Cemetery Extension, Rouen

During the First World War, Commonwealth camps and hospitals were stationed on the southern outskirts of Rouen. A base supply depot and the 3rd Echelon of General Headquarters were also established in the city. Almost all of the hospitals at Rouen remained there for practically the whole of the war. They included eight general, five stationary, one British Red Cross and one labour hospital, and No. 2 Convalescent Depot. A number of the dead from these hospitals were buried in other cemeteries, but the great majority were taken to the city cemetery of St. Sever. In September 1916, it was found necessary to begin an extension, where the last burial took place in April 1920. During the Second World War, Rouen was again a hospital centre and the extension was used once more for the burial of Commonwealth servicemen, many of whom died as prisoners of war during the German occupation. The cemetery extension contains 8,345 Commonwealth burials of the First World War (ten of them unidentified) and 328 from the Second World War (18 of them unidentified).

St Sever Cemetery Extension: Rev Theodore Hardy VC

The extension was designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield.

Number of burials by Unit

Australian Forces

782

Royal Field Artillery

440

Royal Engineers

322

Royal Garrison Artillery

298

Canadian Forces

296

Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regt.)

287

Indian Forces

270

Machine Gun Corps (Inf.)

249

Army Service Corps

208

Manchester Regt.

134

New Zealand Forces

132

Durham Light Inf.

125

King’s Royal Rifle Corps

120

Sherwood Foresters (Notts. & Derbys. Regt.)

113

West Yorkshire Regt.

106

King’s Liverpool Regt.

102

Royal Warwickshire Regt.

101

Lancashire Fusiliers

Gloucestershire Regt.

North Staffordshire Regt.

Cheshire Regt.

British West Indies Regt.

Royal Army Medical Corps

Rifle Brigade

South African Forces

Middlesex Regt.

Northamptonshire Regt.

Worcestershire Regt.

Northumberland Fusiliers

Royal Naval Division

King’s Own Yorkshire Light Inf.

Royal Berkshire Regt

Duke of Wellingtons (West Rding Regt)

Royal Welsh Fusiliers

Lincolnshire Regt

Essex Regt

Yorkshire Regt (Green Howards)

Welsh Regt

Devonshire Regt

Royal Sussex Regt

Royal Scots (Lothian Regt)

Royal Flying Corps/RAF

Gordon Highlanders

Loyal North Lancashire Regt

South Staffordshire Regt

York & Lancaster Regt

Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders

Queens (Royal West Surrey Regt)

Black Watch (Royal Highlanders)

Grenadier Guards

Ox & Bucks Light Inf

Bedfordshire Regt

Leicestershire Regt

Royal West Kent Regt (Queens Own)

Border Regt

Chinese Labour Corps

Kings Shropshire Light Inf

Royal Horse Artillery

Cameronians (Sco Rifles)

East Lancashire Regt

Highland Light Inf

South Wales Borderers

Suffolk Regt

King’s Own Scottish Borderers

Cameron Highlanders

Royal Army Service Corps

Royal Dublin Fusiliers

Buffs (East Kent Regt)

East Surrey Regt

Hampshire Regt

Somerset Light Inf

Norfolk Regt

Dorsetshire Regt

19th Bn London Regt (St Pancras)

Kings Own Royal Lancaster Regt

Seaforth Highlanders

South Lancashire Regt

8th Bn London Regt (P.O. Rifles)

East Yorkshire Regt

Duke of Cornwalls Light Inf

Royal Irish Rifles

Coldstream Guards

Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers

Wiltshire Regt

7th Bn London Regt

Scots Guards

Royal Scots Fusiliers

Tank Corps

1st Bn London Regt (Royal Fusiliers)

Irish Guards

Labour Corps

Monmouthshire Regt

Hertfordshire Regt

Royal Irish Regt

Royal Munster Fusiliers

6th Bn London Regt (City of London Rifles)

Army Vetinary Corps

12th Bn London Regt (The Rangers)

4th Bn London Regt (Royal Fusiliers)

Royal Army Ordnance Corps

Cambridgeshire Regt

Royal Irish Fusiliers

Royal Newfoundland Regt

15th Bn London Regt (PWO Civil Service Rifles)

18th Bn London Regt (London irish Rifles)

21st Bn London Regt (1st Surrey Rifles)

2nd Bn London Regt (Royal Fusiliers)

Army Cyclist Corps

Guards Machine Gun Regt

Military Police Corps

Welsh Guards

12th (POW Royal) Lancers

14th Bn London Regt (London Scottish)

20th Bn London Regt (Blackheath & Woolwich)

2nd (Queens Bays) Dragoon Guards

7th (Princess Royals) Dragoon Guards

9th Bn London Regt (Queen Victorias Rifles)

Connaught Rangers

Lord Strathcona’s Horse (Canada)

13th Bn London Regt (Kensington)

3rd Bn London Regt (Royal Fusiliers)

4th (Queens Own) Hussars

5th (Princess Charlotte of Wales’s) Dragoon Guards

6th (Caribiniers) Dragoon Guards

Honourable Artillery Coy

Leinster Regt

Queens Own Oxfordshire Hussars

10th Bn London Regt (Hackney)

16th Bn London Regt (Queens Westminster Rfiels)

22nd Bn London Regt (Queens)

24th Bn London Regt (Queens)

19th (Queen Alexandras Own Royal Hussars

20th Hussars

2nd (Royal Scots Greys) Dragoons

Chaplain to the Forces

Fort Garry Horse

Machine Gun Corps (Cav)

Mercantile Marine

17th Bn London Regt (Poplar & Stepney Rifles)

5th Bn London Regt (London Rifle Brigade)

8th (Kings Royal Irish) Hussars

9th (Queens Royal ) Lancers

British Red Cross Society

Herefordshire Regt

Queen Mary Army Auxilliary Corps

11th (Prince Alberts Own ) Hussars

15th (The Kings) Hussars

16th (The Queens) Lancers

18th (Queen Mary’s Own) Hussars

2/4th Bn London Regt (Royal Fusiliers)

6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons

Kings Edwards Horse

North Irish Horse

Royal Guernsey Light Inf

17th (Duke of Cambridge’s Own) Lancers

1st Life Guards

2/12th Bn London Regt (The Rangers)

2/8th Bn London Regt (P.O. Rifles)

28th Bn London Regt (Artists Rifles)

2nd Life Guards

4th (Royal Irish) Dragoon Guards

Lothian & Border Horse

Royal Horse Guards

Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve

Voluntary Aid Detachement

10th (POW Own Royal) Hussars

11th Bn London Regt (Finsbury Rifles)

2/14th Bn London Regt (London Scottish)

2/1st Bn London Regt (Royal Fusiliers)

2/5th Bn London Regt (London Rifle Brigade)

2/6th Bn London Regt (City of London Rifles)

21st (Empress of India’s) Lancers

23rd Bn London Regt

25th Bn London Regt (Cyclist Btn)

29th Bn London Regt

30th Bn London Regt

3rd (King’s Own) Hussars

5th (Royal Irish) Lancers

Bedfordshire Yeomanry

Civilian

Egyptian Labour Corps

General List

Household Btn

Leicestershire Yeomanry

North Somerset Yeomanry

Northumberland Hussars

Queen Alexandrias Imperial Military Nursing Service

Reserve Cavalry Regt

Yorkshire Hussars

Identified UK & Commonwealth Burials

8332

Italian Labour Corps

Police Air Force

French Army

Czechoslovakian Army

WW2

310

Total known

8650

Unidentified Burials

Total Burials

8678

Silent Cities - WW1 Revisited website: St Sever Cemetery Extension, Rouen #WW1 St. Sever Cemetery Extension is situated about 3 kilometres south of Rouen Cathedral and a short distance west of the road from Rouen to Elbeuf.

#1914-1918 #Behind The Lines #CWGC #France #Great War #Silent Cities #War Cemetery #WW1 Battlefields #WW1 Revisited

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casalcalifornia · 5 years

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Conheça o St James’s Park, um parque incrível e belíssimo próximo de várias atrações importantes do centro de Londres. Ótimo para relaxar e recarregar as baterias para muitas caminhadas pela cidade!

O ST JAMES’S PARK

Aberto em 1603, o St James’s Park é um parque de 23 hectares localizado na região de Westminster, local onde se concentra a realeza britânica e prédios governamentais importantes. O nome do parque é uma homenagem a James the Less, conhecido como Tiago Menor, em português. Ele é citado na bíblia como irmão do apóstolo Judas e filho de Maria.

Um pulmão verde no centro de Westminster

O lago é a atração central do parque

O parque é delimitado pelo Palácio de Buckingham, pela famosa rota The Mall que leva até o palácio e é cenário de muitos eventos reais, e pela rua da Cavalaria Real, onde ocorre a troca de guarda da cavalaria britânica. O St James’s Park possui muitas áreas verdes e um grande lago que divide o parque em duas partes.

Palácio de Buckingham visto do St James’s Park

Esquilo gracinha no parque

RESERVE AGORA seu hotel e economize até 50%. Leitores do Viajonários estão com um SUPER DESCONTO! E o melhor, com CANCELAMENTO GRÁTIS*!

Booking.com (function(d, sc, u) { var s = d.createElement(sc), p = d.getElementsByTagName(sc)[0]; s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.async = true; s.src = u + '?v=' + (+new Date()); p.parentNode.insertBefore(s,p); })(document, 'script', '//aff.bstatic.com/static/affiliate_base/js/flexiproduct.js'); *confira os hotéis com cancelamento grátis no site

O parque muda completamente de cenário dependendo da época do ano. Nos meses mais quentes, ele fica todo verdinho, com muitas árvores fazendo uma sombra gostosa. Mas, o meu período favorito para visitar o St James’s Park é o outono, lá no final da tarde. O parque fica simplesmente incrível, com folhas secas em tons amarelados e o sol alaranjado deixando o ambiente bucólico! Super recomendo a experiência!

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O QUE CONHECER NO ST JAMES’S PARK

O parque conta com uma estrutura excelente e é uma ótima opção para quem quer curtir alguns momentinhos de tranquilidade durante um dia agitado em Londres. Ele conta com um coreto, um playground e um lago belíssimo bem no centro do parque. Confira no mapa interativo abaixo algumas das principais atrações do St James’s Park e, em seguida, uma breve explicação sobre cada uma delas.

DUCK ISLAND: No meio do lago fica uma ilhota conhecida como Duck Island, que foi construída em 1665. Ela é uma reserva natural que conta com uma grande coleção de pássaros. Há cerca de 17 espécies diferentes de pássaros no local, incluindo belos cisnes. Além disso, alguns dos moradores mais famosos são os pelicanos, sempre presentes por volta de 14h30-15h procurando por peixes no lago.

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Pato simpático no parque

Pelicanos: os famosos residentes do parque

BLUE BRIDGE: Um lugar que você não pode deixar de conhecer no St James’s Park é a Blue Bridge (ponte azul). Ela é uma ponte de concreto de arco baixo e foi instalada em 1957, sendo a terceira a ser colocada no mesmo local. Dela é possível ter vistas espetaculares do Palácio de Buckingham, Big Ben e até mesmo da London Eye, a roda-gigante de Londres!

À esquerda, a Blue Bridge atravessando o lago

melhor parte é a vista a partir da Blue Bridge!

Olha só como a paisagem muda no outono!

ECONOMIA EM LONDRES: CARTÕES DE ATIVIDADES

Para quem pretende fazer muitas coisas e visitar muitos lugares pagos em Londres, a sugestão é adquirir um dos cartões que dão direto a acessar atrações e andar de ônibus turístico economizando muito! O THE LONDON PASS é o mais famoso deles. O cartão pode ser adquirido em versões de 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ou 10 dias. Ele dá direito a entrar em mais de 60 das principais atrações de Londres e 1 dia de passeio no ônibus turístico hop-on hop-off. Além disso, o cartão oferece mais de 20 ofertas especiais exclusivas em algumas das lojas e restaurantes da cidade. Veja a lista completa de atrações inclusas neste link. Preço: a partir de £69.

Leia mais: O que fazer em Londres – Roteiro completo de 5 dias ou mais

TIFFANY FOUNTAIN: Um dos destaques da região do lago também fica por conta da Tiffany Fountain, uma fonte que jorra água para 6 metros de altura (pode chegar a até 8 metros), e dá um charme todo especial ao parque. Há um sensor de velocidade de vento que fica localizado no fim da Duck Island que reduz a altura do jato quando há ventos fortes na área. Em ocasiões especiais, o jato de água fica iluminado à noite com as cores do arco-íris. A fonte atual foi instalada em 2011 para substituir a original de 1966 que estava com problemas. O nome é uma homenagem à famosa empresa a de joias Tiffany & Co. que deu a fonte como presente para a cidade de Londres.

Tiffany Fountain com a London Eye ao fundo

BUCKINGHAM PALACE FLOWER BEDS: O St James’s Park é famoso por uma abrigar, em uma de suas extremidades, uma área semi-circular repleta de flores que fica em frente ao Palácio de Buckingham, chamada Buckingham Palace Flower Beds. Esta área foi criada em 1901 para dar destaque ao Memorial da Rainha Victoria que fica bem em frente ao palácio. Este jardim possui, aproximadamente, 22.500 plantas, entre gerânios, sálvias e figos chorões. Os gerânios escarlates são usados para combinar com as túnicas da Guarda da Rainha no Palácio de Buckingham. No inverno, o local fica com cerca de 50 mil flores amarelas e tulipas vermelhas.

Minha mãe com as flores ao fundo

MONUMENTOS E ESTÁTUAS

O St James’s Park abriga uma série de monumentos e estátuas importantes. Veja os principais que você vai encontrar no parque e em seus arredores:

Duke of York Statue: Estátua de bronze do Duque de York que fica em uma coluna de 76 metros de altura.

Guard’s Memorial: Inaugurado em 1936, este é um memorial em homenagem aos guardas que morreram na Primeira Guerra Mundial. Depois da Segunda Guerra, uma inscrição foi adicionada para lembrar os que morreram também.

King George VI Memorial: Estátua em memória do rei George VI, pai da rainha Elizabeth II.

Queen Mother Memorial: Memorial em homenagem à mãe da Rainha Elizabeth II, que tinha o mesmo nome da filha e era conhecida como Elizabeth, a Rainha Mãe.

National Police Memorial: Celebra a vida dos policiais que morreram durante cumprimento do dever no Reino Unido.

Captain Cook Statue: Uma estátua de bronze que homenageia a vida do grande explorador e navegador britânico capitão James Cook.

The Queen Victoria Memorial: Este memorial é uma homenagem a Rainha Victoria morta em 1901. Ele fica localizado exatamente em frente ao Palácio de Buckingham.

Victoria Memorial e o Palácio de Buckingham ao fundo

South African Royal Artillery Memorial: Memorial feito em bronze que é dedicado aos membros da Artilharia Real mortos na Guerra dos Bôeres no sul da África entre 1899 e 1922.

Boy Statue: Localizado em frente ao Portão da Rainha Ana em Birdcage Walk, a “Estátua do Menino” retrata um menino sentado em um pedestal de mármore, e era originalmente usada como um bebedouro.

Graspan Royal Marines Memorial: Construído em 1903, mas somente colocado no local atual em 1948, este memorial presta uma homenagem aos Royal Marines (Marinha Real).

Royal Naval Division Memorial: Este memorial é uma homenagem aos 45 mil membros da Divisão da Marinha Real que morreram na Primeira Guerra Mundial. O local foi inaugurado por Winston Churchill em 1925.

Bali Memorial: Trata-se de um globo feito de mármore que celebra a vida das 202 vítimas dos atentados de Bali em 2002.

ONDE COMER NO ST JAMES’S PARK

O St James’s Park conta com um restaurante, além de algumas barraquinhas ou carrinhos que parecem no local principalmente nos meses mais quentes. O restaurante / bar / Café do parque se chama St James’s Café (Inn the Park) e serve cafés, opções para café da manhã, pratos quentes, sanduíches, entre outros. Há um menu especial para crianças. Além disso, durante o verão, é montado um terraço superior que fica perfeito para um drink geladinho com vistas do parque. O restaurante funciona diariamente de 8h às 17h.

Placa indica os principais pontos e o tempo de caminhada até eles

APROVEITE PARA CONHECER NOS ARREDORES

Tem muita coisa bacana para conhecer nos arredores do St James’s Park e você pode aproveitar para organizar o seu roteiro passando por alguns desses lugares. Escrevemos um post especial com dicas muito bacanas sobre o que fazer na região de Westminster onde fica o St. James’s Park. Não deixe de conferir!

Leia mais: Westminster: 13 Atrações na área da realeza britânica em Londres

COMO CHEGAR AO ST JAMES’S PARK

Assim como praticamente tudo em Londres, chegar ao St James’s Park de transporte público é muito fácil e conveniente. As estações e linhas de metrô mais próximas são:

St. James’s Park: atendida pela District Line e Circle Line

Charing Cross: atendida pela Northern Line e Bakerloo Line

Westminster: atendida pela Jubilee Line ,District Line e Circle Line

Green Park: atendida pela Piccadilly Line, Victoria Line e Jubilee Line

Victoria: atendida pela Victoria Line, District Line e Circle Line

Para quem prefere chegar de ônibus (nós particularmente achamos muito melhor – e mais barato), aqui estão algumas linhas que passam pertinho do parque:

3 Oxford Circus – Crystal Palace

11 Liverpool St – Fulham Broadway

12 Oxford Circus – Dulwich Plough

24 Pimlico – Hampstead Heath

29 Wood Green – Trafalgar Square

53 Trafalgar Square-Plumstead Common

77a Aldwych – Wandsworth

88 Camden Town – Clapham Common

91 Crouch End – Trafalgar Square

148 Shepherd’s Bush – Camberwell

159 Marble Arch – Streatham

211 Waterloo – Hammersmith

453 Marylebone – Deptford

INFORMAÇÕES IMPORTANTES

St James’s Park

Endereço: Londres SW1A 2BJ, Inglaterra

Horários: diariamente de 5h à meia-noite

Entrada: gratuita

Guarde esta dica no Pinterest!

Leia mais sobre jardins em Londres:

O que fazer em Londres – Roteiro completo de 5 dias ou mais

Kew Gardens: Jardins Botânicos Reais em Londres

Londres: Regent’s Park e a vista panorâmica de Primrose Hill

Holland Park e Kyoto Garden, lindo jardim japonês em Londres

Londres: Fulham Palace & Bishop’s Park

Syon House & Park: Mansão e lindo parque em Londres

Londres: Guia para explorar o parque Kensington Gardens

Sky Garden: Vista panorâmica e gratuita de Londres

Conheça o St James's Park, um parque incrível e belíssimo próximo de várias atrações importantes do centro de Londres. Ótimo para relaxar e recarregar as baterias para muitas caminhadas pela cidade! #viajonarios #londres #stjamesspark

#natureza #parque

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mobileco411-blog · 6 years

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South Alabama has some of the most beautiful sites and scenery you could imagine, but its also home to so much history.

South Alabama’s most historical site is that of Mobile Bay.

Mobile Bay has been the home to many battles, and has recorded history going back to the early 1500’s.

Mobile Bay was defended by 3 forts

Fort Conde

Fort Gains

Fort Bowyer (Later to be rebuilt as Fort Morgan)

We visited Fort Morgan today and wanted to bring this history to you.

A few miles west of the hustle and bustle of downtown Gulf Shores is the historical site of Fort Morgan. For over 100 years, Fort Morgan played an important role in the defense of Mobile Bay and the state of Alabama. Fort Bowyer was built in this area during the War of 1812 to protect the entrance to Mobile Bay from possible British attach. Fort Bowyer was actually built out of logs and sand, which were the best materials that could be found in the area at the time. The fort was attacked twice, and once seized by British troops, but was turned back over to the American people as the result of a treaty signed at the end of the war. After that, Fort Bowyer was responsible for defending Mobile Bay into the 1820s.

War of 1812-Fort Bowyer

Fort Bowyer was constructed by the U.S. Army during 1813 to guard against possible British attack. This small log and sand fortification was attack twice by the British during the War of 1812. The first attack made by four British warships and a combine force of British Royal Marines and Creek Indians came on September 15, 1814. The ensuing battle was total American victory. One warship, the H.M.S. Hermes was sunk and the marines and Creek Indians were forced to withdraw. During a second battle which took place during early February 1815, a combine British land and naval force forced the vastly outnumbered American troops to surrender the fort. By the terms of the treaty that ended the War of 1812, the British had to return Fort Bowyer to the United States. Fort Bowyer defended Mobile Point until the early 1820's.

In 1819, construction on a much bigger and stronger fort was ordered. Although mortar and brick were available in the area, construction materials such as finished granite, iron works, sandstone, and cement had to be brought in by boat from New York. Construction of what would become Fort Morgan took years, led by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. For years, this project was only known as "Work on Mobile Point" until it was formally named after Daniel Morgan, a hero of the Revolutionary War, in 1833. Construction was completed, and Fort Morgan opened in 1834.

Fort Morgan was seized by the state of Alabama and turned over to the Confederate Army in early 1861 and soon became a pivotal defensive station throughout the American Civil War. Blockade runners entering Mobile Bay to convey materials to and from the Confederacy relied on Fort Morgan for their protection. Despite attempts by the Confederate Army to defend this point, Fort Morgan found itself under siege by Union forces and was eventually captured late in 1864. After the Civil War ended, Fort Morgan continued to be used to defend Mobile Bay from potential attacks. In 1895, refortifications and improvements were made to the area. Between 1900 and 1923, Fort Morgan was the largest permanent military installation in the entire state of Alabama and house in Baldwin County.

During World War I, Fort Morgan was again put to use when 2,000 troops were stationed there. After the war, Fort Morgan was ordered closed and abandoned in 1923. Despite the belief that the military was done using Fort Morgan as a defensive point, the area was once again called into use by the U.S. military during World War II. In 1941, units from the 50th Coast Artillery Regiment renewed their defenses at Fort Morgan and remained there until 1944 when Fort Morgan was closed for good.

Today, Fort Morgan is a protected historical site which attracts thousands of visitors every year and hosts living history events throughout the summer months. Visitors have the chance to explore Fort Morgan on guided tours and even, at times, to visit at night to hear stories from experienced guides about what life was like within its walls. Fort Morgan's distinctive star-shaped design continues to be an object of interest for American history enthusiasts who come from all over the country to see it.

#Fort Morgan

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rabbitcruiser · 1 year

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War of 1812: American troops captured York, the capital of Upper Canada, in the Battle of York on April 27, 1813.

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rabbitcruiser · 29 days

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War of 1812: American troops captured York, the capital of Upper Canada, in the Battle of York on April 27, 1813.

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rabbitcruiser · 4 years

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War of 1812: American troops captured York, the capital of Upper Canada, in the Battle of York on April 27, 1813.

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rabbitcruiser · 2 years

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War of 1812: American troops captured York, the capital of Upper Canada, in the Battle of York on April 27, 1813.

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rabbitcruiser · 5 years

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Fort York National Historic Site of Canada, Toronto (No. 9)

Uniforms

The Fort York Drums wears the uniform of the Canadian Regiment of Fencible Infantry, a unit that saw action throughout Canada during the War of 1812, and was garrisoned at Fort York in 1815. It is appropriate that the Drums should represent this regiment, as the fort that stands today was for the most part complete in 1815, and the entire regiment was garrisoned there. This regiment was a yellow-faced battalion, meaning that the regular infantryman wore a red coat with yellow facings (collar and cuffs). This colour distinction allowed commanders to distinguish between regiments, as every regiment was assigned its own facing colour.

The drummers of a non-Royal regiment wore "reversed colours." This means that their coats were yellow with red facings. This reversal allowed the drummers to stand out from the infantrymen. This distinction may have been due to the fact that a Corps of Drums was an object of pride for a regiment, and so it made sense to dress them differently. It is also a functional difference, as music was used to communicate with the army, so it was necessary to be able to identify the drummers quickly in garrison or on the battle field.

Each drummer (or fifer) was issued a fife case and sword. The fife case was likely a brass tubular case, worn over the shoulder and suspended by a belt. The sword was similar to the non-commissioned officer's sword of the period, and was suspended from a sword belt over the opposite shoulder of the fife case. The sword was intended as a symbol of importance rather than a weapon. In addition, many regiments gave their fifers and drummers the more traditional bear skin cap rather than the more common shacko. It is quite possible that the drummers of the Canadian Regiment had bear skin caps.

Muskets

The Fort York Guard carries the Brown Bess musket, which was the typical firearm of the British army during the War of 1812. The musket is one of the longest-used military firearms in history, remaining in official service between the mid 1700s up to 1839. It was a firearm that had many pros and cons, but it was an effective balance of technology and practicality.

Pros:

The musket could be loaded and fired relatively quickly. A well trained soldier could fire as many as three shots per minute, compared to only one or two shots per minute with a typical rifle of the period.

The musket was relatively cheap to mass produce.

The musket had interchangeable parts, which meant that if a part broke while in the field it could easily be replaced.

The construction of the musket was robust and durable.

Cons:

The musket was not particularly accurate. This meant that European soldiers fought in long lines and fired together en masse to maximize the effectiveness of the musket.

The misfire rate was high (estimates are as high as one in six shots misfired).

A musket is not accurate at distances greater than 100 yards. Close contact was necessary for deadly results.

Source

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rabbitcruiser · 4 years

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National Button Day

National Button Day is celebrated on November 16 of every year. National Button Day is a celebration of buttons, button makers and button collectors. The Button is a small fastener made of plastic to secure two pieces of fabric together. The buttons are often attached to the articles of clothing, but it can also be used on things like bags and wallets. If you think the buttons doesn’t deserve a day, then think about life without buttons. Hence Button Day is a special day to honor the makers of the Button and enjoy the day by collecting some Buttons.

History of National Button Day

National Button Society, founded in 1938 created the National Button Day as a day to collect some innovative buttons and to make some handmade crafts with those buttons. The size of the buttons may vary according to their uses. The buttons in Shirts are generally small and spaced close together. The buttons on the coat are larger and spaced further apart. The size of the buttons are measured in lignes (1inch=40linges). The buttons for men’s are always on the right side of the shirt as they always tend to dress and most of the men’s are right-handed. For Women’s, the buttons are on the left side as they rely on maids to help dress them and it is always easier for the servant to button from the other side.

How to Celebrate National Button Day

The best way to celebrate the National Button Day is by collecting some buttons from the old clothes. It can be used to repair the clothes which lost their button. Buttons are also a great source for craft ideas. With buttons, create some cute gadgets like picture frames, clocks, lampshades, purses, bags, headbands, costume jewelry and much more. Then you can present those gadgets to your loved ones.

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rabbitcruiser · 5 years

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Fort York National Historic Site of Canada, Toronto (No. 8)

Fort York Squad

The Fort York Squad was re-established by the Toronto Historical Board in 1994. Originally, the Guard wore the uniform of the grenadier company of the 8th Regiment of Foot, which was a unit that played a prominent role in the Battle of York in 1813. It now wears the uniform of a battalion company of the Canadian Regiment of Fencible Infantry. This regiment was garrisoned at Fort York in 1815.

The Squad performs daily in conjunction with the Fort York Drums, but it also travels, performing at historic sites across Ontario to promote the fort and at various events in Toronto. The drill performed by the Squad accurately reflects the War of 1812 period, and is taken from original drill manuals used by His Majesty' s forces in England and abroad. Every effort is made to provide an authentic depiction of a squad of soldiers that may have been seen at Fort York in 1815.

The Fort York Squad has competed in the province-wide Fort George Drill competition in Niagara Falls every year since 1999, and has won the competition several times.

Royal Artillery

A significant part of the Fort York Guard, the Royal Artillery detachments man the field guns that are fired daily during the summer months.

The Royal Artillery has been an important part of Fort York since its first construction in 1793. The strength of a fort's artillery often determines the strength of a fort and its ability to repel an attack by land or sea. Fort York has one of Canada's most diverse collections of original guns. This collection dates from the mid-17th century right up to the 1870's, when the British army left Canada. Many of the fort's ordinance are on display around the fort and in a new artillery exhibit in Blockhouse (No. 2).

The Guard's Artillery Detachments fire the fort's reproduction Cohorn mortar, a 1-pounder and a 6-pounder field gun. They wear the Royal Artillery's distinctive blue jackets with yellow regimental lace, along with their unique style shako (caps).

Source

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rabbitcruiser · 5 years

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Fort York National Historic Site of Canada, Toronto (No. 6)

The Canadian Regiment of Fencible Infantry, commonly known as the Canadian Regiment or the Canadian Fencibles, saw service in Upper and Lower Canada during the early 19th century, notably during the Anglo-American War of 1812.

The regiment was originally raised in Scotland amongst highlanders keen on emigrating to Canada in 1803-4. The unit was to see service only in British North America. However, misunderstandings regarding the terms of enlistment and rumours that the regiment would be sent to India caused the recruits to mutiny in Glasgow. In response, the men were all discharged in the fall of 1804. Subsequently, the commissioned officers and a skeleton crew of other ranks were sent to re-raise the regiment in the Canadas.

Initially, the commissioned and non-commissioned officers were Scottish while the core of the regiment would be French and English-speaking Canadians. The Scottish roots of the regiment are evident in the regiment's coat of arms with a thistle. The regiment was created in Montreal in 1803, but did not begin recruitment until 1805.

By the start of the War of 1812, the regiment's strength was at 600 men.

The Canadian Fencibles first received scholarly attention when Scottish popular historian John Prebble featured the regiment's 1804 mutiny in his 1975 book Mutiny: Highland Regiments in Revolt. Canadian historian Robert Henderson also explored the history of the unit in a series of articles, several of which appeared in Military Illustrated in 1991. Most recently, Eamonn O'Keeffe authored a book chapter on the regiment's fife and drum corps and band. In an article for Canadian Military History, O'Keeffe also shed light on the inner workings of the regiment through analysis of the court martial of Canadian Fencibles Lieutenant John de Hertel, who was tried for assaulting a fellow officer in Fort York's Blue Barracks in 1815.

Châteauguay (1813)

Crysler's Farm (1813)

Lacolle Mills (1814)

The Canadian Regiment was disbanded in July and August 1816 at Kingston and Montreal. The history and heritage of the regiment, together with its Battle Honours for Châteauguay and Crysler's Farm, are commemorated within the Canadian Army by the Royal 22e Régiment.

It was recreated in 1984 as a military re-enactment unit, continuing to this day with both military and civilian displays, across Canada and the United States. Participating in recreated battles, youth events and festivals across the country, the group's membership continues to grow with new elements, such as civilian portrayals, artillery and naval elements, being added and expanded, regularly.

The Friends of Fort York now hire students to recreate the regiment at Fort York in Toronto, Ontario during the summer months. This group is known as the Fort York Guard. At the Scout Brigade of Fort George each September, the sub-camp for youth of the Cub Scout program also recreate the regiment.

Source: Wikipedia

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