#Robert Bruce Horsfall

[uwmspeccoll]

A Not Very PC Feathursday

Author William Edgar Thompson’s use of Southern Black dialect in his self-published book Aunt Chloe and Her Birds, printed for the author by Kingsport Press in Kingsport, Tennessee in 1927, is extremely cringe-worthy, but apparently it was all the rage when it was published. A review of the 1928 second edition observes, 

There is something about the negro dialect that fascinates children . . . nor do the children tire of them after they have ceased to be children. Mr. Thompson has taken this method of presenting his bird stories and has done so most successfully. . . . Mr. Thompson's excellent book should have a wide sale. It is not only interesting reading but educational as well and should do much good in spreading an interest in birds and their protection.

Yikes!

However, the book also includes eight excellent color bird illustrations supplied by the National Association of Audubon Societies, two by naturalist and artist Edmund Joseph Sawyer (1880-1971) and the rest by noted wildlife illustrator Robert Bruce Horsfall (1869 –1948). We could find nothing on Thompson except that he authored this book, and we would be curious to learn how the Audubon Society came to supply the illustrations. Each of the images is sub-captioned with one of Aunt Chloe’s folksy observations. We considered editing them out because we just find them uncomfortable, but instead of censoring, we decided to present them as they appear in their historical context. These quotes are quite tame compared to the dialogue in the book, some of which is unapologetically racist.

View more Feathursday posts.

#Feathursday #William Edgar Thompson #Aunt Chloe and Her Birds #Kingsport Press #National Association of Audubon Societies #Audubon Society #Edmund Joseph Sawyer #Robert Bruce Horsfall #bird illustrations #wildlife art #wildlife artists #Black dialect #cringe-worthy prose #Historical Curriculum Collection #Baltimore Oriole #American Robin #Catbird #Blue Jay #Northern Mockingbird #Mourning Dove #birds #birbs!

[antiqueanimals]

Robert Bruce Horsfall. Nature Magazine, January 1932.

#cervids #reindeer #Robert Bruce Horsfall

[centuriespast]

A 1911 illustration of a sabertooth cat and dire wolf fighting over a mammoth carcass in the La Brea Tar Pits of California.

Credit…Robert Bruce Horsfall

[horsebeast]

Life restoration of Agriochoerus antiquus, illustrated by Robert Bruce Horsfall, 1913

from A History of Land Mammals in the Western Hemisphere, by William B. Scott

#i couldn't find this uploaded here & i really like this art so hi #agriochoerus antiquus #agriochoerus #tylopoda #artiodactyla #uploads #art #vintage art

[wastehound-voof]

Artist: Robert Bruce Horsfall

#robert bruce horsfall #tar pit #mammoth #canis dirus #smilodon #dire wolf #saber-toothed tiger #saber-toothed cat #animal #natural history #prehistoric #extinct #1911 #1910s

[dinodorks]

Vintage artistic restoration of Macrauchenia patachonica by Robert Bruce Horsfall.

#Macrauchenia #Macrauchenia patachonica #Art #Vintage #Robert Bruce Horsfall #Prehistoric #Miocene #Pliocene #Pleistocene #Extinct

[mudwerks]

Nature Magazine

#Robert Bruce Horsfall? #cover #magazine #vintage #art #recursive #boston terrier #1931 #Nature Magazine

[846782364278]

Robert Bruce Horsfall

#found #paleoart #dire wolves #smilodon

[reedienews]

Reedies joined forces with Portland Audubon and Oregon Historical Society to conserve nearly 100 year-old watercolors by R. Bruce Horsfall. Portland Audubon volunteers Ann Littlewood ’68 and Susan Applegate MAT ’71 worked with Paul McAllister, digital media/photography assistant in the art department, to scan and preserve these paintings, which will eventually be on the OHS website and available in the public domain for all to appreciate.

A Reed legacy connection exists as well: R. Bruce Horsfall’s son, Robert Bruce Horsfall, Jr., graduated from Reed in 1930, and his grandson Bob Horsfall graduated in 1963! Bob recently let us know that "My parents actually met at Reed; my mother Margery Washburn Horsfall ’28 and my paternal grandmother Carra Elizabeth Huntting Horsfall were also Reedies."

Read more about this collaborative effort.

Image: Rufous Hummingbird with red-flowering currant by R. Bruce Horsfall 

#Reed College #Oregon Historical Society #Portland Audubon #R Bruce Horsfall

[alvincommunitycollege]

Dean/Merit List Recipients

Alvin Community College recognized students for making the Fall 2017 Dean’s and Merit Lists during a reception on February 20.

To be eligible for the Dean’s list students must earn at least a 3.5 grade point average for 12 or more credit hours in a semester and no course with a grade lower than a C. To be eligible for the Merit List, a student must have 7 – 11 college-level semester hours during a semester with a minimum 3.5 GPA with no F or incomplete. College-level courses exclude credit-by-exam, nontraditional, transfer, or developmental courses.

The full Dean’s List recipients are: Crystal Bailey, Maria Barron, Noah Bartley, Cassidy Bell, Chelsea Biles, Madison Bochard, Paul Boddy, Sarah Bowman, Stephanie Burge, Scott Carpenter, Sydney Charbula, Katherine Chaviers, Mikayla Childs, Karalyn Clark, William Dahlstrom, Justin Davis, Diana Deleon, Egla Delrioaguillon, Stephen Franks, Sielo Garcia, Soledad Garcia Vasquez, Paul Garza, Travis Gonzales, Jose Gonzalez, Brittney Green, Christopher Guyton, Chandra Hardin, William Hart, Erik Hernandez, Valerie Hinds, Michael Hollis, Andrea Laws, Blake Ledoux, Andrea Leija, Jackson Loy, Samantha Maddox, Charles Manuel, Michael McCasland, Jonathan Medrano, Casaundra Mejia, Paola Merino, Christina Morgan, Christy Myers, Mason Myers, Phuong Nguyen, Brittany Nolen, Kayla Palmer, Andrew Pier, Tyler Ponder, Kenton Ritter, Gustavo Ruiz, Abigail Russell, Ricardo Sagredo, Justin Schissel, Rucha Thakar, Sharath Thomas, Ashley Vaughn, Ashley Villanueva, Marisah Villarreal, Celeste Villarreal, Ceydy Villasenor, Mikael Walden, Kylie White, Deborah Wilson, Andrew Wood, Rosalinda Arredondo, Denise Aviles, Margret Choate, JoLee Galetka, Cinthia Mendez, Jaime Weisel, Destiny Casey, Savannah Krenek, Christopher Martin, Eloy Phillips, Hunter Roberts, Patrick Dawson, Gabriel Garza, Kody Martinez, Rosaura Orozco, Luke Black, Brandon Carlin, Ronald Carpenter, Cameron Christeson, Brittnee Garner, Tyler Grisham, Haden Holtje, Jean Lanning, Anh Le, Trevor Mertel, Trung Nguyen, Robert Ornelas, Alyssa Van Vooren, Logan Varner, Kaysie Wilson, John Obrien, Brittney Surber, Matty Sullivan, Adam Thompson, Ryan Wilcox, Sarah Proulx, Alex Aste, Katelyn Cao, Thao Do, Tina Egbulem, Hector Garza, Ashley Hall, Roland Henderson, Erika Hoarau, Benjamin Jensen, Jeffrey Pope, Paul Porche, Fiza Prasla, Sally Turcios, Darnesha Randall, Amy Smith, Su-Hui Wu, Morgan Gilbert, Christopher Amend, Maggie Barry, Sahista Bhanji, Alyssa Broussard, Suzannah Gilbert, Victor Hernandez, Alejandra Hernandez, Alyssa Hughes, Samuel Jasek, Michael Jensen, Kylie Levett, Clarissa Respondek, Tyler Zarella, Stephen Smith, Alondra Bautista Lopez, Marlaina Grimland, Emily Gutierrez, Stephanie Justice, Pauline Smith, Hannah Whatley, Claire Wiedemann, Jonathan Franks, Dawndi Morrell, Ruth Nyoro, Mary Olubuogu, Erlbert Hernandez, Jared Donnelly, Brenda Rico, Fernando Campos, Andrew Alex, Rachelle Allen, Connor Allensworth, Thalia Nicole Rose Aruj, Ryan Barton, Victoria Bitner, Alyssa Burns, Micaela Campos, Kelly Childers, Chase Clark, Ryan Desbiens, Madison Everett, Brendon Farmer, David Feil, Jonathan Garcia, Salvador Gonzalez, Shannon Griffith, Ivana Hagos, Blake Hardy, Martina Herrera, Iscelle Init, Timothy Josef Joya, Makenzy Leonard, Gang Li, Maranatha Liga, Diego Lopez, Orian Mars, Shannon McReynolds, Madison Moncrief, Bianca Montemayor, Harinee Morkonda, Skye Mosk, Alyssa Mae Ocampo, Brandon Oelfke, Chiamaka Onumajuru, Camdyn Perkins, Brigette Pitts, August Reyes, Steven Reyes, Vanessa Rodriguez, Arturo Sanchez, Chelsea Vynce Saya Ang, Mauro Serna, Shayla Smith, Jason Sosa, Christina Standridge, Christina Thai, Morgan Thompson, Dustin Todd, Belen Torres, Michael Ulery, Miranda Voss, Samuel Werner, Emily Wright, Tristan Yap, Clayton Yates, Nicole Young, Rachel Abbott, Anayeli Salinas, Maria Theresa Louise Bautista, Russoviodoni Borneo, Esther Christodoss, Emily Demarco, Rany Duong, Katelynne Hall, Megan Hunter, David Maranon, Erika Martinez, Garret Page, Thaddeaus Phipps, Noemi Pulido, Conner Radler, Sarai Ramales, Rebecca Rubio, Oluwaseun Sonola, John Syzdek, Saxanh Thach, Jose Padilla, Noah De la Rosa, Dylan Anderson, Gabriel Degner, Kyleigh Holm, Colton Johnson, Clayton Lackey, Hannah Longoria, Akata Patel, Stephenie Rogers, Matthew Snipe, Melanie Walker, Joseph Castro, Serena Khakwani, Roberta Gimenes, Matthew Hromadka, Khawaja Raza, Rodman Villela, and Adeline Terry.

   The full Merit List recipients are: Ashley Strain, Deena Aguilar, Anthony Aprile, Kelsey Barba, Eva Bartley, Samantha Blaine, Joseph Boddy, Kyrsten Breaux, Austin Britt, Taylor Broussard, Autumn Burge, Bridget Byrd, Alexa Camacho, Connor Creedon, Johnny Davis, Cody Dewar, Raul Diaz, Katherine Dixon, Veronica Dudek, Michael Durham, Fritz Eixman, Purelily Ekpo, Megan Ercums, Kaitlyn Espinosa, Jennifer Fakharizadeh, Monica Flores, Tiffany Forgy, Erick Franco-Herrera, Samantha Garcia, Ashley Garcia, Erica Garcia, Servando Garcia Ramires, Desiree Garrison, Karen Gonzalez, Ariana Green, Allieann Greenwood, Erin Gutierrez, Tristan Habenicht, Creed Hall, Sara Hayes, Janina Hillyer, Kathryn Hoelter, Steven Holmes, Chase Horsfall, Cameron Hubbard, James Hutson, Sarah Jackson, Guadalupe Juarez, Sean Kinel, Collin Landis, Sharline Law, Emma Lee, Barbara Lomeli, Jehu Lopez, Shawn Lowery, Teresa Lozano, Tricia Lute, Traci Martin, Jessica Martinez, Yolanda Mena, Natalie Miller, Samuel Mitchell, Hayden Myers, Tran Nguyen, Timmie Olison, Michelle Orduna, Brandon Perdue, Christopher Perez, Darryl Perry, Sara Persons, Cole Pletka, Jacob Porter, Jose Ramirez, Andrea Ramirez, Kelly Ramsey, Morgan Revels, Erika Riggs, Britney Rodriguez, Sienna Rodriguez, Courtney Roeckel, Linzy Sandoval, Tamra Sanson, Taylor Savedra, Anthony Schmaltz, Brittany Schonert, Michelle Smith, Paige Snowden, Anisa Solis, Patricia Stasky, Cagney Steffen, Richard Stillman, James Thompson, Madison Troxlar, Waqas Uddin, Joseph Villarreal, Christopher Villarreal, Julia Wagener, Alexis Wilhoite, Matthew Wyers, Emily Wyhs, Roie Yehezkel, Katherine Yuchnewicz, Ayana Brereton, Matthew Cannon, Jordyn Cooper, Brittany Dahl, Kristan Drummond, Cindy Ha, Conner Hammonds, Mackenna Mcintyre, Juan Morales, Ashley Vasut, Jorge Moreno Pacheco, Dorcas Starcke, Jaecen Foytik, Jacqulynn Kendrick, Michael Priddy, Amber Rushing, Uzma Chaudhry, Chase Ivey, Cassidy Bodden, Adan Hernandez Flores, Daniel Molina, Joaquin Phillips, Meagan Ripple, Alexis Townsend, Lana Townsend, Daisy Alvarado, Tasheda Johnson, Gabrielle Metcalf, Sayjah Davis, Emily Drilling, Agustin Encinia, Kimberly Anton, Christina Blanton, Kennedi Carpentieri, Ashlee Chappell, Lee Cravens, Nicole Gonzales, Jessica Jensen, Mai Le, Stephanie Leblanc, Trace Mertel, Julia Miles, Keith Parrish, Lauren Rangel, Catherin Reed, Cristine Tran, Brieanna Thomas, Cody Jenkins, Ayana Meadows, Jessica Willis, Raquel Rooney, Bonnie Gage, Jennifer Baehre, Kirlice Carr-Lett, Ashley Collins-George, Nathan Fuchs, Amie Gallant, Erin Gunn, Zoee Huskey, Sharon Labauve, Julia Martinez, Tommy Patrick, Roberto Pena, James Ronk, Brice Stettler, Placid Tankie, Laryssa Thompson, Emmaculator Ugochukwu, Shani Ulmer, Alexis Wells, Layla Wolken, Brian Smith, Jacklyn Kendall, Carrie Watkins, Elizabeth Cornwell, Kayla Byers, Rachel Lovell, Thanh Nguyen, Danny Taylor, Sara Brown, Esther Erfan, Shelbie Hannah, Annette Jacobs, Cynthia Poehl, Brandon Presley, Vanessa Putnik, Rafaelle Tkac, Adam Alexander, Samuel Green, Bryanna Hardy, Alison Henderson, Lorren Munson, Joshua Avina, Christine Burton, Mariana Castillo, Brenda Davis, Joshua Deleon, Aubrey Dowdy, Shelby Foland, James Freitag, Adam Groce, Garrett Heidrich, Zhigang Ji, Claire Jones, Myrisa Keller, Hannah Knight, Cody Lloyd, Lovie Luckie, Joshua MacLeod, Ryan McGraw, Yejide Olutimehin, Elizabeth Omojola, Molly Page, Kaysie Perkins, Shannon Puliyampallil, Christopher Rangel, Jessie Robinson, Mercedeez Serna, Savannah Serrato, Kaylee Shelton, Kathryn Simmons, Sandra Simmons, Katherine Singleton, Nicolas Sudderth, Amanda Wurster, Taylor Yoakum, Jameson Young, Barrett Day, Julia Meah, Tessa Williams, Cassandra Solis, Krystal Aguilar, Eric Dinwiddie, Kevin Jackson, Juan Parkin, Kayla Smith, Raven Solomon, Kaitlyn Welsh, Mary Zvonek, Mejesh John, Loretta Garza, Sheila Agim, Chintua Amajor, Sheikinna Ang, Kaylah Angel, Saron Bahlbi, Kamya Bates, John Beach, Jenny Beaty, Lauren Beck, Savon Blanchard, Kayla Bordelon, Chloe Bradley, Tiffany Brown, Jessica Butts, Vicente Castellanos, Korinne Cathey, Devdeep Chandra, Farah Chokshi, Gina Daugherty, Camille Davidson, Cameron Davidson, Alexander De Jesus-Colon, Maria Rousseanne De Vera, Daniel Doud, Lauren Duke, Bruce Dumlao, Alyssa Esma, Noemy Espitia, Brandi Estis, Esther Fernandas, Preston Fillipi, Karishma Flores, Christian Fontenot, Robyne Foster, Cira Frias, Andrew Frick, Falon Garcia, Elijah Garcia, Jeffrey Garrison, Danielle Garza, Jara Go, Mikelcey Green, Lauren Guthrie, Alexa Hall, Andrew Hampton, Shawn Hemingway, Hannah Hendricks, Ariana Hernandez, Jonathan Hoang, Nicole Hopkins, Nicolas Horton, Jenny Horton, Travis Hudson, Abigail Husain, Adrian Jasso, Clarence Johnson, Lauren Jones, Hanikka Phoebe Jugo, Akunnaya Kalunta, Abby Khanh Ai Vu, Emily Lapoint, Madison Lloyd, Lindsey MacPhail, Hannah Mccreary, Mark Mejia, Christian Miller, Amanda Mills, Amber Molidor, Jackson Mortenson, Lindsey Munoz, Matthew Myers, Xavier Navarrete, Anh Nguyen, Justin Nguyen, Jude Nixon, Naomi Noyola, Glydel Marie Obate, Gwyneth Obediente, Oalyssa Oconer, Ogechi Onu, Charles Ortiz, Alyssa Osorio, Freia Rossi Pamintuan, Hailey Paulk, Emily Pepper, Veronica Perez, Dana Perkins, Tamia Peters, Nathan Pham, Michelle Pham, Marion Quidilig, Karolyn Raj, Kassia Raj, Doran Reyes, Jessica Richardson, Malik Rodgers, Laura Roman, Yashua Justine Saguin, Caitlyn Salmons, Aubry Scully, Karoline Sellers, Britney Shen, Aylen Sosa, William Stanaland, Jared Streeter, Camille Surima, Thu Tang, Halle Thompson, Mary Joy Tolentino, Nelly Ann Uy, Hima Vadakekara, Delores Vanhoose, Kayla Vero, Tarren Vielma, Ivan Vinev, Lovita Vinod, Jared Weaver, Kathryn Willenborg, Sarah Williams, Shayna Williams, Timothy Wood, Sara Yan, Shatrine Zachary, Noah Stowers, Adebisi George, Madison McDonald, Nicole Jocelin Alfonso, Timothy Allen, Mohammad Alom, Darryl Archer, Yesenia Arenas, Alyssa Arredondo, Matthew Atteberry, Lilian Avila, Jessica Balmaceda, Victoria Bermea, Rebecca Buckalew, Brittany Cephus, Tarza Do, Thomas Gallagher, John Garzon-Vasquez, Ailia Gould, Veronica Guajardo, Kelly Hejtmancik, Lori Ivy, Jeniece Julius, Alec Koecher, Brianne Menzies, Adeline Nzeribe, Alexis Ocana, Sandra Ortiz, Timothy Richert, Olivia Roberts, Jocelyn Romero, Brenda Sanchez, Zurisadai Sosa-Montes, Gerald Williams, Kathryn Bell, Tenea' Cannon, Chelsea Catching, Victoria Cole, Kristina Hagerman, Mark Jones, Hiral Patel, Haley Perkins, Shannon Simmons, Rebecca Thumann, Stacy Zinante, River Alford, William Clifford, Darrien Jones, William Blalock, Alison Flythe, Ashley Molina, Ashley Mcbride, Sarah Blasdell, Nareemon Kasmai, Mahboubeh Oufi, Hannah Crochet, Norman Gallardo, Victoria Martinez, Melanie Baccus, Ashley Durham and Aryn Rodriguez.

[typhlonectes]

Research using ancient DNA has allowed a team of scientists led by Museum Curator Ross MacPhee to firmly establish the relationships of one of the strangest mammals in the known South American fossil record. Their study of this unusual species, Macrauchenia patachonica, was published today in the journal Nature Communications.

“Macrauchenia was the last of its kind, part of a hugely successful group of ungulates that had ranged over much of South America for tens of millions of years. One of its early relatives even made it to what is now part of Antarctica,” says MacPhee. 

Weighing as much as 1,100 pounds, Macrauchenia patachonica was long-necked, with a body shape vaguely reminiscent of a camel’s. Its most distinguishing trait was its weirdly placed nasal opening, situated high on the skull, between the eye sockets. To some scientists, this feature suggested an elephant-like trunk.

Since morphology hadn’t solved the riddle of Macrauchenia’s relationships, the team came up with the solution of using ancient mitochondrial DNA, extracted from an 11,000-year-old Macrauchenia fossil found in a cave in southern Chile...

illustrations: T - Olllga | Wikimedia and B - Robert Bruce Horsfall

#south america #illustration #prehistoric #macrauchenia #mammal #evolution #animals #science #DNA #genetics #litoptern

[antiqueanimals]

Robert Bruce Horsfall. Nature Magazine, August 1928.

#cervids #deer #whitetail deer #Robert Bruce Horsfall

[rbbox]

Aepycamelus

Aepycamelus

Aepycamelus is an extinct genus of camelid, formerly called Alticamelus, which lived during the Miocene 20.6–4.9 million years ago, existing for about 15.7 million years. Its name is derived from the Homeric Greek αἰπύς, "high and steep" and κάμηλος – "camel"; thus, "high camel"; alticamelus in Latin. Aepycamelus walked on its toes only. Unlike earlier species of camelids, they possessed cushioned pads like those of modern camels.

Morphology

Restoration of A. elrodi by Robert Bruce Horsfall Aepycamelus was a prairie dweller of North America (Colorado, etc.). It was a highly specialized animal. Its head was relatively small compared with the rest of its body, its neck was long, as a result of giraffe-like lengthening of the cervical vertebrae, and its legs were long and stilt-like, with the elbow and knee joints on the same level. The top of its head would have been about 3 m (9.8 ft) above the ground. Its strange body structure gives information on its mode of life and habits. Aepycamelus obviously inhabited dry grasslands with groups of trees. It is presumed to have moved about singly or in small groups, like today's giraffes, and like them, browsed high up in the trees. In this respect, it had no competitors. It survived a relatively long time, through most of the Miocene epoch, and died out prior to the start of the Pliocene, possibly due to climatic changes. Fossil distribution Its fossils are distributed widely, from Montana to Florida to California. source - Wikipedia Dear friends, if you liked our post, please do not forget to share and comment like this. If you want to share your information with us, please send us your post with your name and photo at [email protected]. We will publish your post with your name and photo. thanks for joining us www.rbbox.in

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[graphicartscollection]

Horsfall's Nassau Hall

Horsfall’s Nassau Hall

During the first weeks of June 1909, an exhibition was held at the Nassau Club in Princeton, N.J., featuring “paintings and sketches of the campus made by the well-known artist, Robert Bruce Horsfall.” A review in the Daily Princetonianmentions, in particular, “The large painting of ‘Old Nassau’ is of a rainy day in late autumn, showing the fine old elms in the foreground, and could have been…

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[yesilovehorses-blog1]

Equus, Hippidion Shared Common Ancestors

New Post has been published on http://lovehorses.net/equus-hippidion-shared-common-ancestors/

Equus, Hippidion Shared Common Ancestors

Photo: Robert Bruce Horsfall/Wikimedia Commons

The equids webeholdtoday include horses, Przewalksi’s horses, ponies, donkeys,andzebras—all belonging to the genus Equus. But anotherassortmentof equidprecedingto roam in South America notaccordinglydesireago. The stocky, long-nosed Hippidion descended from aplainancestor of our modern-day horses, but unlike Equus, the Hippidion genus didn’t survive into ournewworld.

While researchersHaveknown for more thanacentury that Hippidions lived in South America, they haven’t always agreed on where they came from or how they evolvedAstheseparate genus. In fact, recent study resultsHaveeven suggested that Hippidion mightHavedescended atfirstasdetailof the Equus genusandremained “nested” within that genus for dozens of millennia, withoutparticularlybeingonegenus of its own. That wouldHavingmade themcomponentof the evolutionary process that led tocontemporaryhorses—making them much closer ancestors to ourcurrentbreeds.

But recent research using the latest mitochondrial genome sequencing techniques has just disproved that theory. Hippidion broke off from Equusandformed its own distinct genus somewhere between 5.6 to 6.5 million years ago, said Professor Ludovic Orlando, PhD, head of the Paleomix GroupandCurator of the Cryobank Centre for GeoGenetics in the Natural History Museum of Denmark at the University of Copenhagen.

In fact, the lineagemainto Hippidion actually broke off from thatchiefto Equus while the equids were still in North America, he said. When the Panamanian Isthmus developedapproximately3.5 million years ago, the Hippidion equids crossed over it into South America, where they stayed until they died out 10,000 years ago.

To reach these conclusions, Orlandoandhis fellow researchers analyzed the mitochondrial DNA genomes of eight Late Pleistocene Hippidion samples from ChilewithArgentina. Six of the samples were radiocarbon-dated to 12,600 to 17,400 years ago. They plugged their analytical results intoDifferentscenarios—including trying to fit intoa“nesting-within-Equus-genus” scenario, in fourDifferentscientific efforts—but confirmed that these scenarios just weren’t compatible with the genomic evidence coming from the mitochondrial DNA analysis using the latest technology.

“Our analyses, therefore, contrast withexperiencedresults based on partial mitochondrial sequencesandsupport paleontological models, which place Hippidion outside the range of variation ofallextinctwithextant (currently existing) Equus species,” the researchers noted.

“Hippidion was indeedtheequid—though not, technically speaking,a‘horse’—but it just came from aDifferentbranch,” Orlando said. “Basically, Hippidions shared acommonancestor witheveryliving members of the horse family, but their lineage split prior to 8 million years ago,andfrom there they followed their own evolutionary track, remaining quiteappreciateto other equids.”

Howsimilarwere they? Well, they lookedalotsimilarlythe other equids at the time—large, stocky ponies with short necksandbig heads. But Hippidions had longer nasal bonesandseverelydeep nasal notches—meaning that pronglike nasal bone that descends overandbetween the nostrils was much longer than in Equus equids.

The 8-million-year-old split resulted in quiteonefew branches developing, Orlando said. However, the onedepartmentthat eventually led toeverythe living equids weHavetoday emerged between 4with4.5 million years ago.

The study, “Mitochondrial genomesspreadthe extinct HippidionAt the timetheoutgroup toallliving equids,” was published in Biology Letters. 

About the Author

Christa Lesté-Lasserre, MA

Christa Lesté-Lasserre isanfreelance writer based in France.annative of Dallas, Texas, Lesté-Lasserre grew up riding Quarter Horses, Appaloosas,withShetland Ponies. She holdsamaster’smeasurein English, specializing in creative writing, from the University of Mississippi in Oxfordandearnedabachelor’s in journalismwithcreative writing with afragilein sciences from Baylor University in Waco, Texas. She currently keeps her two Trakehners at home near Paris. Follow Lesté-Lasserre on Twitter @christalestelas.

[dinodorks]

Vintage depiction of a pair of Megatherium americanum by Robert Bruce Horsfall.

#Megatherium #Megatherium americanum #Giant sloth #Art #Vintge #Prehistoric #Pleistocene #Extinct #Pliocene