#Schmalkaldic League

[playitagin]

Battle of Mühlberg

24 April 1547.  Holy Roman Emperor Charles V decisively defeated the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League of Protestant princes under the command of Elector John Frederick I of Saxony and Landgrave Philip I of Hesse.

#Apr.24.1547 #Battle of Mühlberg #Schmalkaldic War #Emperor Charles V #Duke of Alba #Duke of Saxony #Schmalkaldic League #history today

[amuseoffyre]

Every time I’m reminded of Terry Pratchett’s vast well of knowledge, I’m impressed again.

Was just doing some reading and was reminded that The Fifth Elephant references the 16th century Church Reformation. Not even subtly. He’s got the Diet of Wurms and the Schmalkaldic League coded in there. Plus the central European politics as a baseline.

#pterry #terry pratchett

[oldshrewsburyian]

I am in book-seeking despair. This may not be your area of expertise, but do you have any recommendations for a historical (or pseudo historical) novel with court intrigue and, possibly, a smidgen of swashbuckling, great escapes, high stakes, etc.? Sort of the three musketeers but if the court intrigue were at the center of the plot rather than the musketeers' (admittedly great) adventures? I need some backstabbing & equivocating courtiers on the page right now. Any recs appreciated!

Oh no, despair! As it happens, I do indeed have recs. And I suppressed the impish impulse to suggest A Game of Kings (friends don't let friends reread Lymond without emotional support.)

Ellen Kushner, Swordspoint, is historically-inspired fantasy which, if I'm remembering correctly, gets very close to what you're looking for. For my own tastes, it had not enough swashbuckling, too much drawing room drama, but the protagonist is great. And there is so much equivocation! Equivocation is, in fact, a survival skill.

Sherwood Smith's Crown Duel is a book with swords and court intrigue that I loved so much when I was 12 that I have not dared to revisit it since. I do remember that it involved both swords and the language of flowers.

Have you read Sabatini's Bellarion the Fortunate? Maybe not quite enough court intrigue for you, but there are a lot of intrigues. It's just that they sometimes happen in back rooms, and over chess games, and in military tents, and in half-painted cupolas, and around long tables with titled noblemen. Also, the romance between a steely, scheming princess and a nameless ex-scholar who decides 5 minutes after meeting her that he's going to save her life or die trying makes me want to scream. It's amazing this book didn't cause a conscious bi awakening when I was 15, but anyway.

I presume that, from my extended flailing over Prince of Foxes, you have a pretty good idea of whether or not that would be enough court intrigue for you or not.

I don't know if you've read Laurent Binet's Civilizations yet but I am about 2/3 of the way through and loving it, and I think it might fit the bill! There is a lot of discussion of 16th-century European politics, and the more you already know about e.g. Erasmus and More, and the dissolution of the monasteries, and the Schmalkaldic League, and the Edict of Nantes, the funnier and more interesting it is.

There's also a historical (fantasy, I think?) epistolary novel set in Napoleonic Europe and co-authored. It might be called something like... Blood and Ink? Steel and Ink? Noun and Noun. If anyone reading this post can remember what this is and why I think this might be a good recommendation for this, please chime in.

#historical fiction #historical fantasy #ellen kushner #laurent binet #rafael sabatini #bellarion the fortunate #civilizations #swordspoint #prince of foxes #samuel shellabarger #sherwood smith #crown duel #book recommendations #asks and answers #booklr

[literary-illuminati]

Honestly a very important thing to know about me is that if there's a fantasy setting based on a time period/culture more recent that the formation of the Schmalkaldic League and it isn't steampunk/Victoriana, you're already like 60% of the way to selling me on the book/show/game/whatever.

#tht

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 4.24 (before 1930)

1479 BC – Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th dynasty). 1183 BC – Traditional reckoning of the Fall of Troy marking the end of the legendary Trojan War, given by chief librarian of the Library of Alexandria Eratosthenes, among others. 1547 – Battle of Mühlberg. Duke of Alba, commanding Spanish-Imperial forces of Charles I of Spain, defeats the troops of Schmalkaldic League. 1558 – Mary, Queen of Scots, marries the Dauphin of France, François, at Notre Dame de Paris. 1704 – The first regular newspaper in British Colonial America, The Boston News-Letter, is published. 1793 – French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat is acquitted by the Revolutionary Tribunal of charges brought by the Girondin in Paris. 1800 – The United States Library of Congress is established when President John Adams signs legislation to appropriate $5,000 to purchase "such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress". 1837 – The great fire in Surat city of India caused more than 500 deaths and destruction of more than 9,000 houses. 1877 – Russo-Turkish War: Russian Empire declares war on Ottoman Empire. 1885 – American sharpshooter Annie Oakley is hired by Nate Salsbury to be a part of Buffalo Bill's Wild West. 1895 – Joshua Slocum, the first person to sail single-handedly around the world, sets sail from Boston, Massachusetts aboard the sloop "Spray". 1913 – The Woolworth Building, a skyscraper in New York City, is opened. 1914 – The Franck–Hertz experiment, a pillar of quantum mechanics, is presented to the German Physical Society. 1915 – The arrest of 250 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders in Istanbul marks the beginning of the Armenian genocide. 1916 – Easter Rising: Irish rebels, led by Patrick Pearse and James Connolly, launch an uprising in Dublin against British rule and proclaim an Irish Republic. 1916 – Ernest Shackleton and five men of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition launch a lifeboat from uninhabited Elephant Island in the Southern Ocean to organise a rescue for the crew of the sunken Endurance. 1918 – World War I: First tank-to-tank combat, during the second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux. Three British Mark IVs meet three German A7Vs. 1922 – The first segment of the Imperial Wireless Chain providing wireless telegraphy between Leafield in Oxfordshire, England, and Cairo, Egypt, comes into operation. 1924 – Thorvald Stauning becomes premier of Denmark (first term). 1926 – The Treaty of Berlin is signed. Germany and the Soviet Union each pledge neutrality in the event of an attack on the other by a third party for the next five years.

#Events

[dan6085]

Religious wars have been fought throughout history, often resulting in significant loss of life and destruction. Here are 20 of the most notable religious wars in history:

1. The Crusades (1096-1270): A series of wars fought between Christians and Muslims over control of the Holy Land.

2. The Thirty Years War (1618-1648): A conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire that resulted in the deaths of millions of people.

3. The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598): A series of conflicts between Catholics and Huguenots (French Protestants) that resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of people.

4. The Spanish Inquisition (1478-1834): A campaign by the Catholic Church to root out heresy in Spain that resulted in the deaths of thousands of people.

5. The English Civil War (1642-1651): A conflict between Royalists and Parliamentarians in England that was fueled by religious differences.

6. The Albigensian Crusade (1209-1229): A campaign by the Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in France that resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of people.

7. The Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639-1651): A series of conflicts between Protestants and Catholics in Scotland, England, and Ireland.

8. The Ottoman-Habsburg Wars (1526-1791): A series of wars fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire (which was predominantly Catholic) over control of Eastern Europe.

9. The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864): A civil war in China that was driven by religious and social tensions.

10. The Peasants' War (1524-1525): A series of uprisings by German peasants who were inspired by the teachings of Martin Luther.

11. The War of the Two Peters (1356-1369): A conflict between the Catholic kingdoms of Aragon and Castile over control of the Kingdom of Valencia.

12. The Irish Confederate Wars (1641-1653): A series of conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in Ireland that were part of the English Civil War.

13. The Schmalkaldic War (1546-1547): A conflict between the Holy Roman Empire (which was predominantly Catholic) and the Schmalkaldic League (which was predominantly Protestant).

14. The Dungan Revolt (1862-1877): A Muslim rebellion against the Qing dynasty in China.

15. The Balkan Wars (1912-1913): A series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and several Balkan states (which were predominantly Orthodox Christian).

16. The War of the Vendée (1793-1796): A rebellion by Catholic peasants in western France against the French Revolution.

17. The Moro Rebellion (1899-1913): A conflict between the United States and Muslim rebels in the Philippines.

18. The Great Northern War (1700-1721): A conflict between Sweden and several European powers (including Russia, which was predominantly Orthodox Christian).

19. The Wars of Kappel (1529-1531): A series of conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in Switzerland.

20. The Indian Rebellion of 1857: A rebellion against British rule in India that was fueled by religious and social tensions.

[bantarleton]

Treaty document of the Schmalkaldic League, a military alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century. Although originally started for religious motives soon after the start of the Reformation, its members later came to have the intention that the League would replace the Holy Roman Empire as their focus of political allegiance. While it was not the first alliance of its kind, unlike previous formations, such as the League of Torgau, the Schmalkaldic League had a substantial military to defend its political and religious interests. It received its name from the town of Schmalkalden, which is located in modern Thuringia.

#protestant #reformation #protestant reformation #Hapsburg empire #hapsburg #hapsburgs #16th century #history #german #german history #germany #lutheran #martin luther #schmalkaldic league

[wishesofeternity]

“Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves’s divorce was met with incredulity across Europe. Charles V was perplexed when he heard, asking what the cause of the doubts of the marriage was. Francis I was even more confused, asking, when he was informed ‘what, with the matrimony made with the queen that now is?’ On being informed that this was indeed the case, Francis simply sighed and became quiet. 

Among Anne’s family the news was received angrily. Anne’s sister, Sibylla, refused to accept the divorce, continuing to refer to Anne as Queen of England. Sibylla’s husband, John Frederick, was furious and the Schmalkaldic League immediately broke off relations with England. In late 1544 and early 1545, when Henry again attempted to re-establish links with the League, he was rebuffed with John Frederick refusing to have any dealings with Henry whom he referred to as that ‘crazy man’”

-  Anne of Cleves: Henry VIII’s Discarded Bride by Elizabeth Norton 

LMAO 

#john frederick you goddamn legend #tudor #tudor era #history #henry viii #anne of cleves #sybille of cleves #queue #mine

[whencyclopedia]

Schmalkaldic War

The Schmalkaldic War (1546-1547) was fought between the Protestant Schmalkaldic League and the Catholic armies under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, who, having failed to achieve religious unity of his subjects at the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, sought to impose it by force. Charles V won the war but was unable to suppress the Protestant movement.

Continue reading...

#SchmalkaldicWar #AugsburgConfession

[butternuggets-blog]

ADOW TIMELINE[ISH]

**MAJOR SPOILERS**

536: Blanca and Lucas die of plague. Matthew is inconsolable.

June 15th, 537: Matthew is reborn as a vampire.

1140: Matthew is ordered to Jerusalem from Paris by Philipe. He falls in love with a human, Eleanor St Leger. He gets into a petty political argument with Baldwin and when Eleanor tries to intervene, she is accidently killed. Her family demand justice, so Bertrand, Miriam Sheppard’s husband and Matthew’s best friend, takes the blame and is executed in order to protect Matthew.

1313: Jaques de Molay, the last grandmaster of the Knights Templar, leaves everything he owns to the Knights of Lazarus before being burnt at the stake for heresy in 1314.

1314: Hugh de Clermont is betrayed. Marked as a Templar, he is burned at the stake. Since there is no body left to bury, Matthew builds a monument in Hugh's honour at Sept Tours.

1536: King Henry VIII gives Matthew land on the condition that he tears down the abbey standing on it. Matthew builds The Old Lodge.

1615: Matthew tries chocolate for the first time.

1668: Godfrey de Clermont dies fighting in one of King Louis XIV’s wars.

circa 14th Century: Matthew meets artist Bourgot Le Noir, and buys a copy of her illuminated work Aurora Consurgens.

circa 16th Century: Catherine de Medici invents a side saddle design which Ysabeau de Clermont continues to use to modern times.

circa 17th Century: Louisa de Clermont moves to Barbados and invests in a sugar plantation. During a slave uprising she is murdered by her fellow plantation owners and her death is blamed on the slaves.

1718: Matthew meets Dom Berno at the Duke of Chando’s house party where the monk was singing the role of Damon in Handel’s Acis and Galatea.

1777: Marcus meets Matthew for the first time when the latter appears at the Bennett farmhouse, carrying the injured Marquis de Lafayette from the Battle of Brandywine.

1781: Matthew turns Marcus into a vampire.

1811: Matthew buys a bottle of Chateau Yquem wine from Antoine-Marie.

1819: Marcus takes a tooth from a yellow-fever victim during the New Orleans pandemic 

1859: Stephen Proctor bewitched Ashmole 782 so that only Diana could recall it from the stacks of the Bodleian.

1989: Matthew starts his most recent studies at Oxford, as a science student with Oriel.

 Undated Events

The Knights of Lazarus are paid 40,000 marks by Eleanor of Aquitaine.

Matthew drains, then turns a banker's wife called Cecilia. She walks into a burning house, killing herself.

Marcus creates a family in New Orleans but Matthew, and Juliette Durand, come and cull their numbers in order to maintain peace in the city.

Marthe makes live pigeon pie and accidently makes a complete hash of it.

Matthew accidently floods Sept Tours with his idea for catching rain water on the roof.

Matthew was bored one spring so he got up one morning and went to Italy to make war. Unfortunately it had been his duty to collect the taxes that year and Phillipe had to beg the King of France for forgiveness.

Something happened to Matthew in New York.

Matthew meets William Harvey.

Matthew meets Charles Darwin.

The Knights of Lazarus pay Mary Stuart’s dowry when she is married to Phillip of Spain.

The Knights of Lazarus buy the cannon for the Battle of Lepanto.

The Knights of Lazarus bribe the French to attend the Council of Trent.

The Knights of Lazarus continuously finance the military actions of the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League.

The Knights of Lazarus finance Mary Stuart’s return to the Scottish throne.

The Knights of Lazarus pay off Elizabeth I’s debt to the Antwerp Bourse.

A vampire wrote the traditional ‘Love, honour, guard and keep’ part of the medieval wedding liturgy.

Matthew met Catherine of Aragorn but not Prince Arthur, Henry VIII’s older brother.

Matthew was stabbed with the tip of a broadsword, possibly during the Hundred Years War.

The Knights of Lazarus purchased Sept Tours as a base, and eventually gifted it as a home to Ysabeau.

The Knights of Lazarus fought at the Battle of Acre.

The Knights of Lazarus helped the Albigensian heretics resist the northerners.

The Knights of Lazarus were on the ships that beat back the Ottoman Empire at Lepanto.

The Knights of Lazarus ended the Thirty Years’ War when they refused to fight any longer.

The Knights of Lazarus protected the citizens of Jerusalem.

The Knights of Lazarus protected the citizens of Germany.

The Knights of Lazarus protected the citizens of Occitania.

Stephen Proctor took Rebecca Bishop to Vienna, in the past, to go waltzing.

Sarah Bishop taught Marcus how to set a broken leg shortly after the Battle of Bunker Hill.

Marcus is sent away from a woman, Fanny, and Paris by Philippe and Matthew during The Terror.

Marcus goes to Philadelphia.

Marcus goes to California.

Matthew met Thomas Jefferson.

Matthew met George Washington.

Every year [circa 1590; length of time indeterminate] Matthew and a group of friends including Kit Marlowe would meet at the Old Lodge to celebrate All Saints and All Souls

YSABEAU SHOT PHILLIPE IN THE SIDE WITH AN ARROW.

Phillipe developed such a terrifying reputation that even Blackbeard was scared of him. Blackbeard.

Gallowglass transported a leopard from Constantinople to Venice for Phillipe, after it was gifted to Phillipe by the Sultan.

Baldwin served in the American Revolutionary War with the jaegers. 

#adow spoilers #adow season 2 #All Souls Trilogy #All Souls (TV series) #Diana Bishop #mathew clairmont #baldwin de clermont #Baldwin Montclair

[racefortheironthrone]

I always get confused about heresy in medieval times. Why did Catherine parr get nearly charged with it when they weren’t catholic’s anymore?

It’s important to keep in mind that England’s religious settlement was quite uncertain during the reign of Henry VIII; yes, the Act of Supremacy of 1534 had declared Henry the Supreme Head of the Anglican Church and Henry wasn’t about to go back on that, but he’d never really stopped thinking of himself as a Catholic who just happened to be in a political feud with the Pope(s). Combined with Henry’s tendency to view politics through the lens of personalities, this could lead to a revolving door in both personnel and policy, depending on who was at the top of his enemies list at the moment.

When Thomas Cromwell fell in 1540 - not coincidentally over his support for the marriage with Anne of Cleves, which would have established stronger ties between England and the Protestant Schmalkaldic League of the HRE - this created an opening for more conservative members of the Privy Council to try to push the pendulum back the other way. (After all, Henry had a legitimate heir now, so there was no more need for Cranmer and his faction.) This was helped along by the fact that Henry did not like Luther, Lutherans, or Lutheranism, which made it a useful label to hang around the necks of the religious reformers.

Catherine Parr became a target of this effort because she wasn’t just Protestant, she was extremely Protestant. She not only believed in the new doctrine, she helped to write it, publishing Psalms and Prayers (an English translation of the Psalms) anonymously in 1543, writing Prayers and Meditations (a Protestant book of devotions) in 1545, and The Lamentation of a Sinner in 1547.

More dangerously, Catherine would debate religious topics with Henry and tended to get the better of him - just like Anne Boleyn had done, back when she was Henry’s consort. Henry started to complain to his ministers that “a good hearing, it is, when women become such clerks; and a thing much to my comfort, to come in mine old days to be taught by my wife,” and the conservatives on the Privy Council began to smell blood in the water.

Stephen Gardiner and Thomas Wriothesley began to move against the Queen through her ladies-in-waiting, accusing them of denying the miracle of the Eucharist (which Henry had taken a strong position on in the 10 and later 6 Articles). This then led to charges being drawn up against Catherine, but Catherine got wind of them in time. Thus, when Henry set up a sting operation - trying to draw her into a religious dispute - Catherine made a big show of deference, saying “yet must I, and will I, refer my judgment in this, and in all other cases, to your majesty’s wisdom, as my only anchor, supreme head and governor here in earth, next under God, to lean unto.”

Henry’s personality-driven politics kicked in again, and since his wife was now deferring to him again he had a sudden change of heart and the matter was definitively dropped. Catherine kept her head down, waited for Henry to die, and then published her last book.

#historical analysis #tudor england #catherine parr

[anne-the-quene]

If Anne and Henry had a son who do you think he would’ve married?

Intriguing question...

I’m sure Henry would’ve tried to have him betrothed to the future Mary, Queen of Scots (as he did with Edward VI in real life) however, I doubt that would’ve gone through because it was a deeply unpopular match.

So if not Mary, then I’m sure Henry would’ve looked towards Spain or France. Charles V had a daughter named Joanna born in 1535 which would’ve been an age appropriate match if their son was born in the 1530s. Francis I’s youngest daughter was born in 1523 so none of his daughters would’ve been a possibility. Henry II’s (Francis I’s son and successor) oldest daughter was born in 1545—that match wouldn’t be impossible, but Henry and ‘hypothetical son’ might not have wanted to wait that long, so I don’t think she would’ve been the first choice.

On the other hand, I don’t think Anne would’ve wanted her son to marry a Catholic and then, therefore, allow a Catholic country to have influence over England so I could see her convincing Henry to make a Protestant match. During the 1530s and 40s there was a Protestant League within the Holy Roman Empire called the Schmalkaldic League that had a pretty substantial military. It was founded by John Frederick of Saxony and Phillip of Hesse. John Frederick only had sons (interestingly, their mother was the older sister of Anna of Cleves). However, Phillip of Hesse had 5 daughters: Agnes (b. 1527), Anna (b. 1529), Barbara (b. 1536), Elisabeth (b. 1539), and Christine (b. 1543). If Anne and Henry’s son was born in the mid-1530s, then I think Barbara or Elisabeth would probably be the most likely candidates.

There is a small possibility that Henry and Anne might’ve tried to marry their son to one of the many female descendants of Henry’s sisters who had a claim to the throne, but it’s more likely that, for their oldest son, they would’ve preferred a foreign alliance. Maybe if they had a second son, he would’ve had a domestic match.

Keep in mind, that all of these matches are based on age alone and take no consideration for the political significance of each of these women’s real life marriages. If there’s anyone else you think Henry and Anne’s son could’ve married, I’d love to hear it!

#anne boleyn #henry viii #anonymous #ask

[the-paintrist]

Lucas Cranach the Elder - Portrait of the Elector John Frederic the Magnanimous of Saxony - 1531

Johann Frederick I (German: Johann Friedrich I; 30 June 1503 in Torgau – 3 March 1554 in Weimar), called Johann the Magnanimous, was Elector of Saxony (1532-1547) and head of the Schmalkaldic League.

He consolidated the Lutheran State Church by the institution of an electoral consistory (1542) and renewed the church visitation. He took a firmer and more decided stand than his father in favor of the Schmalkaldic League, but on account of his strictly Lutheran convictions was involved in difficulties with the Landgrave of Hesse, who favored a union with the Swiss and Strasburg Evangelicals. He was averse to all propositions of Popes Clement VII and Paul III to support calling a General Council, because he was convinced that it would only serve "for the preservation of the papal and anti-Christian rule"; but to be prepared for any event, he requested Luther to summarize all articles to which he would adhere before a council, and Luther wrote the Schmalkald Articles. At the Diet of Schmalkalden in 1537 the council was refused, and the elector treated the papal legate with open disregard and rejected the propositions of Dr. Held, the imperial legate.

The Schmalkaldic League (German: Schmalkaldischer Bund; Latin: Foedus Smalcaldicum) was a military alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century. Although originally started for religious motives soon after the start of the Reformation, its members later came to have the intention that the League would replace the Holy Roman Empire as their focus of political allegiance.While it was not the first alliance of its kind, unlike previous formations, such as the League of Torgau, the Schmalkaldic League had a substantial military to defend its political and religious interests. It received its name from the town of Schmalkalden, which is located in modern Thuringia.

The formation of the Smalcald League in 1531 and the threatening attitude of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, who, in April 1532, assumed the offensive with an army of 300,000 men, caused Ferdinand of Austria to grant the religious peace. Ferdinand had made humiliating overtures to Suleiman and, as long as he hoped for a favourable response, was not inclined to grant the peace, which the Protestants demanded at the Diet of Regensburg, which met in April 1532. However, as the army of Suleiman drew nearer, he yielded, and on July 23, 1532 the peace was concluded at Nuremberg, where the final deliberations took place. Those who had joined the Reformation obtained religious liberty until the meeting of a council and in a separate compact all proceedings in matters of religion pending before the imperial chamber court were temporarily paused.

After Charles made peace with Francis in 1547, he focused on suppressing Protestant resistance within his empire. From 1546 to 1547, in what is known as the Schmalkaldic War, Charles and his allies fought the League over the territories of Ernestine Saxony and Albertine Saxony. Although the League's military forces may have been superior, its leaders were incompetent and unable to agree on any definitive battle plans. Despite the fact that Pope Paul III withdrew his troops from the Imperial forces and halved his subsidy, on 24 April 1547, the imperial forces gathered by Charles routed the League's forces at the Battle of Mühlberg, capturing many leaders, including, most notably, Johann Frederick the Magnanimous. Philip of Hesse tried to negotiate, but the emperor refused, and Philip surrendered in May. In theory, that meant that the residents of thirty different cities were returned to Catholicism, but that was not the case. The battle effectively won the war for Charles; only two cities continued to resist. Many of the princes and key reformers, such as Martin Bucer, fled to England, where they directly influenced the English Reformation.

In 1548, the victorious Charles forced the Schmalkaldic League to agree to the terms set forth in the Augsburg Interim. However, by the 1550s, Protestantism had established itself too firmly within Central Europe to be ended by brute force. A small Protestant victory in 1552 forced Charles to flee across the Alps to avoid capture; the heir Ferdinand (King of the Romans) signed the Peace of Passau, which granted some freedoms to Protestants and ended all of Charles' hopes of religious unity within his empire. Three years later, the Peace of Augsburg granted Lutheranism official status within the Holy Roman Empire and let princes choose the official religion within the domains that they controlled, according to the principle of Cuius regio, eius religio.

Lucas Cranach the Elder (German: Lucas Cranach der Ältere German, c. 1472 – 16 October 1553) was a German Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving. He was court painter to the Electors of Saxony for most of his career, and is known for his portraits, both of German princes and those of the leaders of the Protestant Reformation, whose cause he embraced with enthusiasm. He was a close friend of Martin Luther. Cranach also painted religious subjects, first in the Catholic tradition, and later trying to find new ways of conveying Lutheran religious concerns in art. He continued throughout his career to paint nude subjects drawn from mythology and religion.

#Lucas Cranach the Elder #germany #renaissance #portrait #historical

[thatswhywelovegermany]

Castle Friedenstein, Gotha, Thuringia

The gigantic palace was built between 1643 and 1654 in early baroque style under Prince Ernst I. of Saxe-Gotha, replacing the fortress Grimmenstein that was destroyed in 1567 due to quarrels between the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League and the Catholic Emperor Charles V. for political influence. The rectangular outline spans 100 × 140 m (330 × 460 ft).

It is the ancestral castle of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, a dynasty that ruled a number of European countries (Sweden, Portugal, and Bulgaria), and is still ruling Belgium and the United Kingdom with the states of the British Commonwealth, albeit being renamed to “Windsor” during world war I.

Today the castle houses a number of museums, a theater, a library, a church, and a research center for cultural and social studies.

#been there

[maximumphilosopheranchor]

Theological developments were much influenced by the growing number of foreign Protestants in England. Archbishop Cranmer, very conscious of the lack of strong enthusiasm amongst the English clergy for the changes that he personally desired, had early in the reign written to a number of important continental reformers, such as the Polish nobleman, John  á Lasco, and the Germans, Martin Bucer and Philip Melanchthon. He offered to pay their travelling expenses to England, and to accommodate them in his own household. Although Melanchthon stayed in Wittenberg, other continental reformers poured into England. Peter Martyr and Bernardino Ochino arrived in November 1547, Francis Dryander came the following February, and John á Lasco that summer. In 1549 Martin Bucer and Paul Fagius arrived. There were the great men, but a large number of humbler refugees also flocked in. In the first year of Edward’s reign it became clear that England, alone in Europe, offered ‘a very safe haven’ to such foreign Protestants. They were driven, in part at least, by the persecutions that began in the empire after Charles V’s victory over the Schmalkaldic League at the battle of Muhlberg in April 1547 and the subsequent imprisonment of Lutherans such as John Frederick of Saxony and Philip of Hesse. The Interim of Augsburg, which effectively forbade Lutheranism throughout the empire, was promulgated by the Imperial Diet in July 1548. Preachers and theologians fled: Martin Bucer deplored the fact that they escaped ‘like water poured out’. Protestants also fled from persecution in the Low Countries, and, in smaller numbers, from France and Italy. By 1550 it was deemed necessary to organize these foreign Protestant communities in London into what were called the ‘stranger churches’. Edward noted in June 1550 that the Germans should have the Church at Austin Friars, whilst the French Protestants were gathered into a church in Threadneedle Street, and there was also a small Italian church. In all, these church communities may have numbered between three  and four thousand souls.

Jennifer Loach, George Bernard (ed.), Penry Williams (ed.), Edward VI

#Edward VI of England #Thomas Cranmer #Jennifer Loach #George Bernard #Penry Williams #non-fiction #Protestants #Protestantism #Tudor England #religion

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 9.25 (after 1940)

275 – For the last time, the Roman Senate chooses an emperor; they elect 75-year-old Marcus Claudius Tacitus. 762 – Led by Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, the Hasanid branch of the Alids begins the Alid Revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate. 1066 – In the Battle of Stamford Bridge, Harald Hardrada, the invading King of Norway, is defeated by King Harold II of England. 1237 – England and Scotland sign the Treaty of York, establishing the location of their common border. 1396 – Ottoman Emperor Bayezid I defeats a Christian army at the Battle of Nicopolis. 1513 – Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches what would become known as the Pacific Ocean. 1555 – The Peace of Augsburg is signed by Emperor Charles V and the princes of the Schmalkaldic League. 1690 – Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick, the first newspaper to appear in the Americas, is published for the first and only time. 1768 – Unification of Nepal 1775 – American Revolution: Ethan Allen surrenders to British forces after attempting to capture Montreal during the Battle of Longue-Pointe. 1775 – American Revolution: Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec sets off. 1789 – The United States Congress passes twelve constitutional amendments: the ten known as the Bill of Rights, the (unratified) Congressional Apportionment Amendment, and the Congressional Compensation Amendment. 1790 – Four Great Anhui Troupes introduce Anhui opera to Beijing in honor of the Qianlong Emperor's eightieth birthday. 1804 – The Teton Sioux (a subdivision of the Lakota) demand one of the boats from the Lewis and Clark Expedition as a toll for allowing the expedition to move further upriver. 1868 – The Imperial Russian steam frigate Alexander Nevsky is shipwrecked off Jutland while carrying Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia. 1890 – The United States Congress establishes Sequoia National Park. 1906 – Leonardo Torres Quevedo demonstrates the Telekino in the Bilbao Abra (Spain), guiding an electric boat from the shore with people on board, which was controlled at a distance over 2 km, in what is considered to be the origin of modern wireless remote-control operation principles. 1911 – An explosion of badly degraded propellant charges on board the French battleship Liberté detonates the forward ammunition magazines and destroys the ship. 1912 – Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism is founded in New York City. 1915 – World War I: The Second Battle of Champagne begins. 1918 – World War I: The end of the Battle of Megiddo, the climax of the British Army's Sinai and Palestine campaign under General Edmund Allenby. 1926 – The international Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery is first signed. 1937 – Second Sino-Japanese War: The Chinese Eighth Route Army gains a minor, but morale-boosting victory in the Battle of Pingxingguan.

#Events