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gemsofgreece · 6 months

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Huge solar storm causes Aurora borealis to appear farther into the south! For the first time ever it reached as south as countries like Slovakia, Northern Italy, Bulgaria aaaaand Northern Greece 😁😁😁

It has so far reportedly appeared in Serres, Thessaloniki and Chalcidice, a couple of photos below, obviously neither is mine, no Aurora where I am 😢 Also hoping photographers are on their way for some professional / artistic photos, hopefully I find some in the next days!

*Red colour in Aurora borealis signifies low oxygen in high altitudes and a particularly intense solar storm.

Lang!Fact: Aurora borealis in Greek is Βόρειο Σέλας (vório sélas)

#greece #Aurora borealis #news #Greek news #Aurora #Serres #Thessaloniki #chalcidice #Macedonia #mainland #Greek facts #Greek language #Greek

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gba3bmvjzk9 · 1 year

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Hot young babes Rebecca Riley and Missy get intreviewd for their fucking skills Busty goth babes enjoy in foursome Blonde twink facialized Teen Shares BFs Big Hard Cock With Stepmom Indian sister hard fucked by brother Babes in female domination scenes smothering lustful man SAKURAsFEET - Red toenails in sandals definitely make me an Asian slut! Teen anal kitchen Sneaky Father Problems in the massage room Kalu ranjan fuck his girlfriend in doggy style

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homomenhommes · 6 months

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Zeus-Amon, the 'god' who favored Alexander, is what is known as a 'syncretic' 'god', being a combination of more that one divine attribute.

Even before Alexander, Amun, was worshiped by the Greeks as 'Ammon', and had a temple and a statue, the gift of Pindar (d. 443 BC), at Thebes in Greece, and another at Sparta, the inhabitants of which, as Pausanias says, consulted the oracle of Ammon in Libya from early times.

At Aphytis, Chalcidice, Amun was worshiped, from the time of Lysander (d. 395 BC).

Pindar the poet honored the god with a hymn.

At Megalopolis the 'god' was represented with the head of a ram, and the Greeks of Cyrenaica dedicated a chariot at Delphi with a statue of Ammon.

All this shows a strong link between Greece and Egypt, and the great amount of tolerance that was shown with regard to differing religious beliefs.

That tolerance only broke down with the rise of the main later religions.", Teddy concluded.

"Well, Teddy, that was very interesting - even if I did not understand all of it - and so was the meal - a very good I mean.", Ethan said appreciatively.

"Yes indeed....", Jim added.

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anarcho-skamunist · 2 years

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Ok actual question, what is the origin of normal dog?

Normal Dog was born in Pella, the capital of the Kingdom of Macedon on the sixth day of the ancient Greek month of Hekatombaion, which probably corresponds to 20 July 356 BC (although the exact date is uncertain). He was the son of the erstwhile king of Macedon, Regular Dog, and his fourth wife, abnormal dog (daughter of Neoptolemus I, king of Epirus). Although regular dog had seven or eight wives, abnormal dog was his principal wife for some time, likely because she gave birth to Normal Dog.

Several legends surround Normal Dog's birth and childhood. According to the ancient Greek biographer Plutarch, on the eve of the consummation of her marriage to regular dog, abnormal dog dreamed that her womb was struck by a thunderbolt that caused a flame to spread "far and wide" before dying away. Sometime after the wedding, regular dog is said to have seen himself, in a dream, securing his wife's womb with a seal engraved with a lion's image. Plutarch offered a variety of interpretations for these dreams: that abnormal dog was pregnant before her marriage, indicated by the sealing of her womb; or that normal dog's father was Zeus. Ancient commentators were divided about whether the ambitious abnormal dog promulgated the story of normal dog's divine parentage, variously claiming that she had told Normal Dog, or that she dismissed the suggestion as impious.

On the day normal dog was born, regular dog was preparing a siege on the city of Potidea on the peninsula of Chalcidice. That same day, regular dog received news that his general Parmenion had defeated the combined Illyrian and Paeonian armies and that his horses had won at the Olympic Games. It was also said that on this day, the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, burnt down. This led Hegesias of Magnesia to say that it had burnt down because Artemis was away, attending the birth of Normal Dog.[15] Such legends may have emerged when Normal Dog was king, and possibly at his instigation, to show that he was superhuman and destined for greatness from conception.

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travelcravings · 4 years

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The Best of Greece

Greece is one of the oldest civilizations in the world. That means it must be one of the oldest vacation destinations, as well. Here are 13 of our favorite spots in the Southeast European country. One of them is sure to become your lucky charm.

Photo: Onar Andros

Ahla: Relax in a peaceful setting, high mountains intersected by fruitful valleys, picturesque villages, ancient stone bridges,…

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romegreeceart · 3 years

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Cultures and Places (tags)

Mainly Roman and Greek artworks from different parts of Europe. Also some pics from Etruscan and other non-Roman/Non-Greek cultures.

https://romegreeceart.tumblr.com/tagged/

Aegai

Aenona

Afghanistan

Agricento

Ajerbaijan

Akrotiri

Alexandria

Algeria

Andalucia

Antioch

Aphrodisias

Apollonia-Pontica

Apulia

Aquileia

Aquitane

Arabia

Arabia Petraea

Arcadia

Argos

Arezzo

Ariccia (sanctuary)

Arles

Armenia

Arrotino

Asia Minor

Assos

Assyria

Athens

Attica

Augusta Raurica (Switzerland)

Aurunci (people)

Austria

Bad Kreuznach Römerhalle

Baiae

Barbarians

Basilicata

Baths of Caracalla

Belgium

Berthouville (silver treasure)

Bithynia

Black Sea

Bordeaux

Boscoreale

Boscotrecase

Bosporan Kingdom

Brescia

Bulgaria

Cabra

Caere / Cerveteri

Caere

Caesarea Mauretania

Cagliari

Calabria

Campania

Campus Martius

Canosa

Cappadocia

Capri

Capua

Caria

Carinthia

Carthage

Celtic

Centocelle

Chalcidice

Chalcis

Chiusi / Clusium

Colosseum

Cologne

Cordoba

Corinth

Corinthian

Crete

Crimea

Croatia

Cumae

Cyclades

Cyprus

Cyrenaica

Cyrene

Cyzicus

Czech Repuplic

Dacia

Delphi

Delos

Denmark

Derveni

Dion

Dura Europos

East Roman

Eastern Mediterranean

Egypt

Ejica

Eleusis

Elis

Emesa

Ephesus

Eretria

Eryx

Esquiline Hill

Estonia

Etruscans

Euboea

Fayum

Felix Romuliana

Ferrara

Finland

Forum Romanum

France

Gabii

Gallic empire

Gaul

Gaul 2 (gallic)

Gela

Germania Inferior

Germania Superior

Germania

Germany

Gnathia

Goths

Greece

Greek colony

Hellenistic

Herakleion (sunken city)

Herculaneum

Horti Lamiani

House of the Citharist

House of the Centenary

House of the Epigrams

House of the Golden Bracelet

House of the Hanging Balcony

House of Julia Felix

House of Lovers

House of Lucius Cecilius Jucundus

House of Marcus Lucretius Fronto

House of the Vettii

Houses - Case Romane del Celio

Hungary

Huns

Illyrians

Ionia

Israel

Italic peoples

Italica

Italy

Jordan

Judea

Kerameikos

Kingdom of Aksum

Knossos

Kos

Kosovo

Latium

Lavinium (Italic cult site)

Lebanon

Leptis Magna

Lesbos

Libya

Limes

Limyra

Locri

London

Lucanians

Luna

Lydia

Lyon

Macedonia

Magna Graecia

Mainz

Malta

Mallorca

Mantova

Marathon

Marche

Mauretania

Merida

Mesopotamia

Metapontum

Milan

Miletus

Minoan

Milos

Moesia Superior

Morocco

Mycenae 1

Mycenae 2

Mykonos

Myrina

Nabatea

Netherlands

Nemi (sanctuary)

Nimes

Nola

North Africa

Numidia

Olympia

Oplontis

Orvieto

Oscan

Osteria dell’Osa necropolis (early italic cultures)

Ostia Antica

Paestum

Palatine hill

Palestine

Palmyra

Paphos

Paros

Parthia

Peleus

Pella

Peloponnesos

Penteskouphia

Pergamon

Perge

Persia

Perugia

Petra

Phanagoria

Philippi

Phrygia

Picentes (italic people)

Piraeus

Poland

Pompeii

Pontus

Poros

Portugal

Posillipo

Positano

Potenza

Pozzuoli

Praeneste

Priene

Prima Porta (Livia’s villa)

Ptolemaic-Egypt

Pylos

Ravenna

Rhodes

Riace

Rimini

Roman Britain

Roman Britain (England)

Roman Britain (Scotland)

Roman Britain (Wales)

Roman Egypt

Romania

Rome

Russia

Sabines

Salona

Samnites

Samonthrace

Samos

Santorini

Sardinia

Sarmatians

Sarsina

Scythians

Seleucid

Seleucid empire

Selinunte

Sicily

Sicyon

Sidrona

Slovakia

Slovenia

Southern Italy

Spain 1

Spain 2 (Iberia)

Spain 3 (Hispania)

Sparta

Stabiae

Stobi

Sweden

Switzerland

Syracuse

Syria

Tanagra

Taranto

Tarentum

Tarquinia

Thebes

Thera

Thessaloniki

Thracia

Timgad

Tiryns

Tivoli

Tomis (Ovid died here)

Toulouse

Trastevere

Trier

Tunisia 1

Tunisia 2

Turkey

Ukraine

Umbria

Veii

Velia

Veneto

Vercelli

Verona

Vienne

Villa del Mitra

Villa Farnesina (Trastevere / Palazzo Massimo)

Villa of the Mysteries

Villa of the Papyri

Villa of Poppaea

Villa Romana del Casale (Sicily)

Vindolanda

Volterra

Vulci

Volsci

Yemen

York

Zeugma

#my tags #culrures and places #Ancient Rome #Ancient Greece #Etruscans #ancient world #ancient art #history

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nikostsatsakis · 2 years

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Cape Possidi Chalcidice Greece https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7s-L4sxVsCI

#travel_greece

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cauldronwork · 4 years

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things i want to do in greece

tour the acropolis (athens, greece) [1.5 hours]

climb mount olympus (litochoro, greece) [48 hours]

stay in santorini, greece (santorini, greece)

visit the delphi (phocis, greece) {sunrise}

explore the samaria gorge (crete, greece) [5-7 hours]

explore the epidaurus theatre (epidaurus, greece)

visit the monasteries of meteora (thessaly, greece) [4.5 hours]

boat ride on the melissani cave (kefalonia, greece) [0.25 hours]

visit the temple of hephaestus (athens, greece)

climb mount athos (chalcidice peninsula, greece) [6-8 hours]

visit a cafe in mykonos (mykonos, greece)

explore the palace of malia (malia, crete, greece)

visit ancient corinth (corinth, greece) [6 hours]

visit balos beach (crete, greece)

go to the museum of olive and greek olive oil (sparta, greece) [1 hour]

hike the corfu trail (corfu, greece) [240 hours]

visit the psarou beach (mykonos, greece)

take the rhenia-delos daily cruise (mykonos, greece) [6.5 hours]

started: 26/07/2020

completed: 27/07/2020

#list #travel #greece

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winterfable · 5 years

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The expansion of Greece

Section 1. Causes and character of greek colonisation

Difference of Greek and Phoenician colonisation

The cause of Greek colonisation is not to be found in mere trade interests. These indeed were in most cases a motive, and in some of the settlements on the Black Sea they were perhaps a leading motive. But the great difference between Greek and Phoenician colonisation is that, while the Phoenicians aimed solely at promoting their commerce, and only a few of their settlements, notably Carthage, became more than mere trading-stations or factories, Greek colonisation satisfied other needs than desire of commercial profit. It was the expression of the adventurous spirit which has been poetically reflected in the legends of the "Sailing of the Argo" and the "Home-coming of Odysseus" —the same spirit, not to be expressed in any commercial formula, which prompted English colonisation.

[…]

Relation of the colony to the mother city; Oracles; joint enterprises

Wherever the Greek went, he retained his customs and language, and made a Greek "polis." It was as if a bit of Greece were set down on the remote shores of the Euxine or in the far west on the wild coasts of Gaul or Iberia. The colony was a private enterprise, but the bond of kinship with the "mother-city" was carefully fostered, and though political discontent might have been the cause which drove the founders forth, yet that solemn departure for a distant land, where a new city-state, protected by the same gods was to spring up, always sealed a reconciliation. The emigrants took fire from the public hearth of their city to light the fire on that of their new home. Intercourse between colonies and the mother-country was specially kept up at the great religious festivals of the year, and various marks of filial respect were shown by the daughter to the mother. When, as frequently befell, the colony determined herself in turn to throw off a new shoot, it was the recognised custom that she should seek the oecist or leader of the colonists from the mother-city. Thus the Megarian colony, Byzantium, when it founded its own colony, Mesembria, must have sought an oecist from Megara. The political importance of colonisation was sanctified by religion, and it was a necessary formality, whenever settlement was to be made, to ask the approbation of the Delphic god. The most ancient oracular god of Greece was Zeus of Dodona. The Selli, his priests and "interpreters," are mentioned in the Iliad; and in the Odyssey Dodona appears as a place to which a king of the west might go to ask the will of Zeus "from the lofty oak," wherein the god was conceived to dwell. But the oak-shrine in the highlands of Epirus was too remote to become the chief oracle of Greece, and the central position of Delphi enabled the astute priests of the Pythian Apollo to exalt the authority of their god as a true prophet to the supreme place in the Greek world. There were other oracular deities who foretold the future; there was, not far off, Trophonius at Boeotian Lebadea; there was Amphiaraus in the land of the Graes, not yet Boeotian. But none of these ever became even a rival of the Delphian Apollo, who by the seventh century at least had won the position of adviser to Greece.

[…]

[…]In the second place, colonization led to the association of Greeks of different cities. An oecist who decided to organise a party of colonists could not always find in his own city a sufficient number of men willing to take part in the enterprise. He therefore enlisted comrades from other cities; and thus many colonies were joint undertakings and contained a mixture of citizens of various nationality. This feature was not indeed confined to the later epoch of colonisation; it is one of the few facts about the earlier settlements on the Asiatic coast of which we can be certain.

Section 2. Colonies on the coasts of the Euxine, Propontis and north Aegean

The legend of the Argo; The Pontos (Black Sea); Propontis; Significance of the Odissey

The voyage of the Argonauts in quest of the golden fleece commemorates in a delightful legend the memorable day on which Greek sailors for the first time burst into the waters of the Euxine Sea. Accustomed to the island straits and short distances of the Aegean, they fancied that when they had passed the Bosphorus they were embarking on a boundless ocean, and they called it the "Main," Pontos. Even when they had circumnavigated its shores it might still seem boundless, for they knew not where the great rivers, the Ister, the Tanais, the Danapris, might lead. The little preliminary sea into which the Hellespont widens, to contract again into the narrow passage of the Bosphorus, was appropriately named the "vestibule of the Pontus"—Propontis. Full of creeks and recesses, it is happily described by Euripides as the "bayed water-key of the boundless Sea." The Pontus was a treacherous field for the barques of even experienced mariners, and it was supposed to have received for this reason its name "Euxine," or Hospitable, in accordance with a habit of the Greeks to seek to propitiate adverse powers by pleasant names. It was when the compass of the Euxine was still unknown, and men were beginning to explore its coasts, that the tale of the wanderings of Odysseus took form. He was imagined to have sailed from Troy into the Pontus, and, after having been driven about in its waters, to have at last reached Ithaca by an overland journey through Thrace and Epirus. In the Odyssey, as we have it now, compounded of many different legends and poems, this is disguised the island of Circe has been removed to the far west, and the scene of the Descent to the Underworld translated to the Atlantic Ocean. But Circe, the daughter of the Sun, and sister of King Aeetes who

possessed the golden fleece, belongs to the seas of Colchis; and the world of shades beyond the Cimmerians is to be sought near the Cimmerian Bosphorus. The mention of Sicily in some of the later parts of the poem, and the part played by Ithaca, which, with the other islands of the lonian Sea, lay on the road to the western Mediterranean, reflect the beginning of the expansion of Greece in that direction, But the original wanderings of Odysseus were connected, not with the west, but with the exploration of the Euxine.

[…]

Chalcidian colonization; Chalcidice

If Miletus and Megara took the most prominent part in extending the borders of the Greek world eastward of the Hellespont, the northwestern corner of the Aegean was the special domain of Euboea. The barren islands of Sciathus and Peparethus were the bridge from Euboea to the coast of Macedonia, which, between the rivers Axius and Strymon, runs out into a huge three-pronged promontory. Here Chalcis planted so many towns that the whole

promontory was named Chalcidice. […]

Section 3. Colonies in the Western Mediterranean

Pillars of Heracles

Above all, the earliest navigation of the western seas was ascribed to Heracles, who reached the limits of the land of the setting sun, and stood on the ledge of the world looking out upon the stream of Oceanus. From him the opposite cliffs which form the gate of the Mediterranean were called the Pillars of Heracles.

[…]

Importance of Cyme in European history

The people in whose midst this outpost of Greek civilisation was planted were the Opicans, one of the chief branches of the Italic race, The colonists were eminently successful in their intercourse with the natives; and the solitary position of Cyme in these regions—for no Greek settlement could be made northward on account of the great Etruscan power, and there was no rival southward until the later plantation of Posidonia—made her influence both wide and noiseless. Her external history is uneventful; there are no striking wars or struggles to record; but the work she did holds an important and definite place in the history of European civilisation. To the Euboeans of Cyme we may say that we owe the alphabet which we use to-day, for it was from them that the Latins learned to write. The Etruscans also got their alphabet independently from the same masters, and, having modified it in certain ways to suit themselves, passed it on to the Oscans and Umbrians.

Origin of the name Greece from the Boeotian Graeans;

To Cyme, too, western Europe probably owes the name by which she calls Hellas and the Hellenes. The Greeks, when they first came into contact with Latins, had no common name; Hellenes, the name which afterwards united them, was as yet merely associated with a particular tribe. It was only natural that strangers should extend the name of the first Greeks with whom they came in contact to others whom they fell in with later, and so to all

Greeks whatsoever. But the curious circumstance is that the settlers of Cyme were known, not by the name of Chalcis or Eretria or Cyme itself, but by that of Graia. Graii was the term which the Latins and their fellows applied to the colonists, and the name Graeci is a derivative of a usual type from Graii. It was doubtless some trivial accident which ruled that we to-day call Hellas "Greece," instead of knowing it by some name derived from Cyme, Eretria, or Chalcis. The west has got its "Greece" from an obscure district in Boeotia; Greece itself got its "Hellas" from a small territory in Thessaly. This was accidental. But it was no accident that western Europe calls Greece by a name connected with that city in which Greeks first came into touch with the people who were destined to civilise western Europe and rule it for centuries.

Sicily; its position in history

The next settlement of the Euboean Greeks was on Sicilian, not Italian, ground. The island of Sicily is geographically a continuation of Italy—just as the Peloponnesus is a continuation of the great eastern peninsula; but its historical importance depends much more on another geographical fact. It is the centre of the Mediterranean; it parts the eastern from the western waters. It has been thus marked out by nature as a meeting-place of nations; and the struggle between European and Asiatic peoples, which has been called the "Eternal Question," has been partly fought out on Sicilian soil. There has been in historical times no native Sicilian power, The greatness of the island was due to colonization—not

Migration—from other lands. Lying as a connecting link between Europe and Africa, it attracted settlers from both sides; while its close proximity to Italy always rendered it an object of acquisition to those who successively ruled in that peninsula.

[…]

Dorian Colonies: Syracuse and Corcyra

While this group of Chalcidian colonies was being formed in north-eastern Sicily, Dorian Greeks began to obtain a footing in south-eastern Sicily, which history decided should become the Dorian quarter. The earliest of the Dorian cities was also the greatest. Syracuse, destined to be the head of Greek Sicily, was founded by Corinthian emigrants under the leadership of Archias before the end of the eighth century. Somewhere about the same time Corinth also colonised Corcyra; […]

[…]

ἠ μεγάλε ‘Ελλάς (Magna Graecia); Conjectured origin of the name Hellenes = Greeks

These cities, with their dependencies beyond the hills, on theshores of the Tyrrhenian sea, came to be regarded as a group, and the country came to be called Great Hellas. We might rather have looked to find it called Great Achaia, by contrast to the old Achaean lands in Greece; but here, as in other cases, it is the name of a lesser folk which prevails. If the Hellenes, the old Greek inhabitants of the plain of the Spercheus, had been conquered by the Achaeans, the conquest was forgotten, and the two peoples had gone forth together to found new cities in the west; and here the Hellenic name rose to celebrity and honour. It was no small thing in itself that the belt of Greek settlements on the Tarentine gulf should come to be called Great Hellas. But it was a small thing compared with the extension of the name Hellenes to designate all peoples of Greek race. There was nothing to lead the Greeks of their own accord to fix on Hellenes as a common name; if they had sought such a name deliberately, their natural choice would have been Achaeans, which Homer had already used in a wide sense. The name must have been given to them from without. Just as the barbarian peoples in central Italy had taken hold of the name of the Graes, so the barbarians in the southern peninsulas took hold of the name of the Hellenes, and used it to denote all settlers and strangers of the same race. Such a common name, applied by barbarian lips to them all alike, brought home to Greek traders the significance of their common race; and they adopted the name themselves as the conjugate of barbarians. So the name Hellenes, obscure when it had gone forth to the west, travelled back to the east in a new sense, and won its way into universal use. The fictitious ancestor Hellên became the forefather of the whole Greek race; and the fictitious ancestors of the Dorians, Ionians, and Aeolians were all derived from him. The original Hellenes lost their separate identity as completely as the original Acolians and Tonians had lost theirs; but their name was destined to live forever in the speech of men, while those of their greater fellows had passed into a memory.

Section 4. Growth of trade and maritime enterprise

[…]

The life of farmers in Boeotia, 8th century, described in Hesiod’s Works and Days

The bust was identified for a very long time with the Roman philosopher Seneca the Younger, but it may actually represent Hesiod.

The Boeotian poet Hesiod has given us a picture of rural life in Greece at this period. He was a husbandman himself near Ascra, where his father, who had come as a stranger from Cyme in Aeolis, had put under cultivation a strip of waste land on the slopes of Helicon. The farm was divided between his two sons, Perses and Hesiod, but in unequal shares; and Hesiod accuses Perses of winning the larger moiety by bribing the lords of the district. But Perses managed his farm badly and it did not prosper. Hesiod wrote his poem the Works to teach such unthrifty farmers as his brother true principles of agriculture and economy. His view of life is profoundly gloomy, and suggests a condition of grave social distress in Boeotia. This must have been mainly due to the oppression of the nobles, "gift-devouring" princes as he calls them. The poet looks back to the past with regret. The golden age, the silver, and the bronze, have all gone by, and the age of the heroes who fought at Troy; and mankind is now in the iron age, and "will never cease by day or night from weariness and woe." "Would that I did not live in this generation, would that I had died before, or were born hereafter!" The poem gives minute directions for the routine of the husbandman's work, the times and tides of sowing and reaping, and the other labours of the field, the fashion of the implements of tillage; and all this is accompanied by maxims of proverbial wisdom.

Modern Mount Helicon. Hesiod once described his nearby hometown, Ascra, as "cruel in winter, hard in summer, never pleasant."

Historical significance of Hesiod’s Poem; The Theogony; Hesiod’s cosmic system; Hesiodic school

Apart from the value of his poem as a social picture, Hesiod has a great significance as the first spokesman of the common folk. In the history of Europe, his is the first voice raised from among the toiling classes and claiming the interest of mankind in their lot. It is a voice indeed of acquiescence, counselling fellow-toilers to make the best of an evil case; the stage of revolt has not yet been reached. But the grievances are aired, and the lords who wield the power are exhorted to deal just judgments, that the land may prosper. The new poet is, in form and style, under the influence of the Homeric poems, but he is acutely conscious that he is striking new notes and has new messages for men. He comes forward, unlike in his own person; he contrasts himself with Homer when he claims that the Muses can teach truth as well as beautiful fiction. In another poem, the Theogony, we are told that the daughters of Zeus taught Hesiod as he fed sheep on the hill-sides of Helicon; they gave him for staff a branch of bay. The staff was now the minstrel's emblem; for the epic poems were no longer sung to the lyre, but were recited by the "rhapsode" standing with a staff in his hand. Then the Muses breathed into the shepherd of Ascra the wizard power of declaring the future and the past, and set him the ask of singing the race of the blessed gods. In the Theogony he performs this task. He sings how the world was made, the gods and the earth, the rivers and the ocean, the stars and the heaven; how in infinite space which was at the beginning there arose Earth and Tartarus and Love the cosmic principle; and it is notable how he introduces amongst the eldest-born powers of the world such abstractions as love itself, memory, sleep. These speculations on the origin of the universe, and the attempt to work up the popular myths into a system, mark a new stage in the intellectual development of Greece. There were other works composed by various bards who merged their identities under Hesiod's name; and, as we have seen, these Hesiodic poems had a decisive influence in moulding the ideas of the Greeks as to the early history of their race.

Hesiod and the Muse (1891), by Gustave Moreau. The poet is presented with a lyre, in contradiction to the account given by Hesiod himself in which the gift was a laurel staff.

Boeotia was always an unenterprising country of husbandmen, sympathy with trade or foreign venture, though his father had come from Aeolis. But the growth of trade was the most important fact of the time, and here too the colonies reacted on the mother-country. By enlarging the borders of the Greek world they invited and facilitated the extension of Greek trade and promoted the growth of industries. Hitherto the Greeks had been mainly an agricultural and pastoral people; many of them were now becoming industrial. They had to supply their western colonies with oil and wool, with metal and pottery, and they began to enter into serious competition with the Phoenician trader and to drive eastern goods from the market.

Roads in Greece; Danger of navigation

Greek trade moved chiefly along water-ways, and this is illustrated by the neglect of road-making in Greece. There were no paved roads, even in later times, except the Sacred Ways to frequented sanctuaries like that from Athens to Eleusis and Delphi, or that from the sea-coast to Olympia. Yet the Greeks were still timorous navigators, and it was deemed hazardous to sail even in the most familiar waters, except in the late summer. Hesiod expresses in vivid verses the general fear of the sea: "For fifty days after the solstice, till the end of the harvest, is the tide for sailing; then you will not wreck your ship, nor will the sea wash down your crew, unless Poseidon or Zeus wills their destruction. In that season winds are steady and Ocean kind; with mind at rest, launch your ship and stow your freight; but make all speed to return home, and await not the new wine and the rain of the vintage-tide, when the winter approaches, and the terrible South-wind stirs the waves, in fellowship with the heavy autumnal rain of Zeus, and makes the sea cruel." About this time, however, an important advance was made in seacraft by the discovery of the anchor.

Development of ship building; The penteconter; Aegaeus; The bireme; The trireme comes into more general use in Greece not long before 500 B.C.; The beak (embolos)

Seafaring states found it needful to build warships for protection against pirates. The usual type of the early Greek warship was the penteconter or "fifty-oar," a long, narrow galley with twenty-five benches, on each of which two oarsmen sat. The penteconter hardly came into use in Greece before the eighth century. The Homeric Greeks had only smaller vessels of twenty oars, but we can see in the Homeric poems the penteconter coming within their ken as a strange and wonderful thing. The ocean deity, Briareos, called by the name of the Aegean, appears in the Iliad; and he is probably no other than the new racer of the seas, sped by a hundred hands. In the Odyssey the Phaeacians, who are the kings of seacraft, have ships of fifty oars (The secret of building this kind of galley has been lost. Modern shipwrights cannot reproduce a trireme. In later times the Greeks built ships of many banks-five, ten, even forty.). But before the end of the eighth century a new idea revolutionised shipbuilding in Phoenicia. Vessels were built with two rows of benches, one above the other, so that the number of oarsmen and the speed were increased without adding to the length of the ship. The "bireme," however, never became common in Greece, for the Phoenicians had soon improved it into the "trireme," by the superposition of another bank of oars. The trireme, propelled by 170 rowers, was ultimately to come into universal use as the regular Greek warship, though for a long time after its first introduction by the Corinthians the old penteconters were still generally used; but the unknown shipwright who invented the bireme deserves the credit of the new idea. Whatever naval battles were fought in the seventh century were fought mainly, we may be sure, with penteconters. But penteconters and triremes alike were affected by the new invention of the bronze ram on the prow, a weapon of attack which determined the future character of Greek naval warfare.

Fleet of triremes made up of photographs of the modern full-sized replica Olympias

Tradition of an ancient naval battle between Corinth and Corcyra (664 B.C.)

The Greeks believed that the first regular sea-fight between two Greek powers was fought before the middle of the seventh century between Corinth and her daughter city Corcyra. If the tradition is true, we may be sure that the event was an incident in a struggle for the trade with Italy and Sicily and along the Adriatic coasts. The chief competitors, however, with Corinth in the west were the Euboean cities, Chalcis and Eretria. In the traffic in eastern seas the island city of Aegina, though she had no colonies of her own, took an active part, and became one of the richest mercantile states of Greece. Athens too had ships, but her industries were still on a comparatively small scale, and it was not till a much later period that her trade was sufficient to involve her in serious rivalry with her neighbours. But the most active of all in industry and commerce were the Greeks of Ionia.

Section 5. Influence of Lydia on Greece

Lydian coinage; Electron staters

In the meantime Lydia had made an invention which revolutionised commerce. It is to Lydia that Europe owes the invention of coinage. The Babylonians, Phoenicians, and Egyptians made use of weighed gold and silver as a medium of exchange, a certain ratio being fixed between the two metals. A piece of weighed metal becomes a coin when it is stamped by the State and is thereby warranted to have its professed weight and purity. This step was first taken in Lydia, where the earliest money was coined somewhere about the beginning of the seventh century, probably by Gyges. These Lydian coins were made of the native white gold, or electron—a mixture of gold and silver in which the proportion of

gold was greater, A bar of the white gold of Sardis was regarded ten times the value of a silver bar, and three-fourths of the value of a gold bar, of the same weight. Miletus and Samos soon adopted the new invention, which then spread to other Asiatic towns. Then Aegina and the two great cities of Euboea instituted monetary systems, and by degrees all the states of Greece gave up the primitive custom of estimating value in heads of cattle, and most of them had their own mints. As gold was very rare in Greece, not being found except in the islands of Siphnos and Thasos, the Greeks coined in silver. This invention, coming at the very moment when the Greeks were entering upon a period of great commercial activity, was of immense importance, not only in facilitating trade, but in rendering possible the accumulation of capital. Yet it took many generations to supersede completely the old methods of economy by the new system.

Early 6th century BC Lydian electrum coin (one-third stater denomination)

Religious character of Greek Coinage

It was highly characteristic of the Greeks that their coinage marked from the beginning by religious associations; and it has been supposed that the priests of their temples had an important share in initiating the introduction of money. It was in the shrines of their gods that men were accustomed to store their treasures for safe-keeping; the gods themselves possessed costly dedications; and thus the science of weighing the precious metals was naturally studied by the priesthoods. Every coin which a Greek state issued bore upon it a reference to some deity. In early times this reference always took the shape of a symbol; in later times the head of the god was often represented. The Lydian coins of Sardis, the coins of Miletus and other Ionian cities, bore a lion; those of Eretria showed a cow with a sucking calf; Aegina displayed a tortoise, and Cyzicus a tunny-fish; and all these tokens were symbols of the goddess who, whether under the name of Aphrodite or Hera or Artemis, was identified by the Greeks with Astarte of Phoenicia.

Aegina coin type, incuse skew pattern. Circa 456/45-431 BC.

Section 7. Cyrene

[…]

Arcesilaus; The Arcesilas vase

[…]but the chief source of the wealth of the Cyrenaean kings was the export of silphion, a plant which acquired a high repute for medicinal virtues. In those days it grew luxuriantly in the regions of Barca; now it is extinct. The sale of silphion was a monopoly of the king; and on a fine Cyrenaean cup we can see Arcesilas II. himself watching the herb being weighed and packed. It was in the reign of this king that Barca was founded, farther west. He quarrelled with his brothers, and they left Cyrene and founded a town for themselves.

The Telegony of Eugammon, c. 600 B.C.

Cyrene held her head high in the Greek world though she was somewhat apart from it. A Cyrenacan poet arose, and continued the Odyssey and described the last adventures of Odysseus. His poem was accepted by Greece as winding up the Epic Cycle which was associated with the name of Homer. His work was distinguished by local pride and local colouring. He gave Odysseus a son Arcesilaus, and connected the royal line of Cyrene with the great wanderer. And he introduced a flavour of those Libyan influences which modified Cyrenaean civilisation, just as the remote cities of the Euxine received influences from Scythia.

Section 8. Popular discontent in Greece

Increase of trade and industry. Slavery.

The advance of the Greeks in trade and industry produced many consequences of moment for their political and social development. The manufactures required labour, and a sufficient number of free labourers was not to be had. Slaves were therefore indispensable, and they were imported in large numbers from Asia Minor and Thrace and the coasts of the Euxine. The slave-trade became a profitable enterprise, and the men of Chios made it their chief pursuit. The existence of household slaves, generally war-captives, such as we meet in Homer, was an innocent institution which would never have had serious results; but the new organized slave-system which began in the seventh century was destined to prove one of the most fatal causes of disease and decay to the states of Greece.

— John Bagnell Bury

Obtenido de “A History of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great“. pps. 79-112

#Hesiod #coinage #trireme #bireme #slavery #Arcesilaus #Arcesilas vase #penteconter #Ascra #silphium

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esotericawakenings · 5 years

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Photo Credit: Museo Barracco Aavindraa Source:Wikipedia

Cult of Ammon

“The worship of Ammon was introduced into Greece at an early period, probably through the medium of the Greek colony in Cyrene, which must have formed a connection with the great oracle of Ammon in the Oasis soon after its establishment. Ammon had a temple and a statue, the gift of Pindar, at Thebes, and another at Sparta, the inhabitants of which, as Pausanias says, consulted the oracle of Ammon in Libya from early times more than the other Greeks. At Aphytis, Chalcidice, Ammon was worshipped, from the time of Lysander, as zealously as in Ammonium. Pindar the poet honoured the god with a hymn. At Megalopolis the god was represented with the head of a ram, and the Greeks of Cyrenaica dedicated at Delphi a chariot with a statue of Ammon.

Such was its reputation among the Classical Greeks that Alexander the Great journeyed there after the battle of Issus and during his occupation of Egypt, where he was declared the son of Amun by the oracle. Alexander thereafter considered himself divine. Even during this occupation, Amun, identified by these Greeks as a form of Zeus, continued to be the principal local deity of Thebes”-Wikipedia

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Berber mythology Before the battle of Irassa

“The Cyrenaican Greeks built temples for the Libyan god Amon instead of their original god Zeus. They later identified their supreme god Zeus with the Libyan Amon. Some of them continued worshipping Amon himself. Amon's cult was so widespread among the Greeks that even Alexander the Great decided to be declared as the son of Zeus in the Siwan temple by the Libyan priests of Amon.

Although the most modern sources ignored the existence of Amun in the Berber mythology, he was maybe the greatest ancient Berber god. He was honored by the Ancient Greeks in Cyrenaica, and was united with the Phoenician/Carthaginian god Baal-hamon due to Libyan influence. Some depictions of the ram across North Africa belong to the lythic period which is situated between 9600 BC and 7500 BC. The most famous Amun's temple in Ancient Libya was the temple at the oasis of Siwa. The name of the ancient Berber tribes: Garamantes and Nasamonians are believed by some scholars to be related to the name Amon.”-wikipedia

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gemsofgreece · 11 months

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Karydi beach, Diaporos island, Chalcidice, Greece || Photo: stichoza (IG)

#greece #europe #travel #beach #landscape #bird's eye view #sea #karydi #diaporos #chalcidice #sithonia #greek islands #mainland #macedonia #large

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kaijuno · 5 years

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So I made a post the other day about how cool the map around Cumae is (map 1), with sulfurous and explosive volcanism (RIP Pompeii), entrances to the underworld and, with the island Pithekoussai just off shore brought what would become the Roman alphabet to Italy. But there’s more if you can believe it! Below Cumae you can see the town Baia in Black and its Baianus Sinus, or “Baian Gulf,” in blue, as well as just down and to the left of Baia, Lucrinus L[ake] in blue. According to Pliny in his Natural History (9.79-80), the first oyster ponds were invented here by a man named Sergius Orata, who Pliny literally describes as a “house-flipper” in the modern sense. His name is probably from Aurata, “gilded,” probably because of his rich lifestyle. He identified Lucrinus oysters as the best, but would ship some in from across the country in Brundisium (pic 3) and then feed them in the Lucrinus. Roman oyster farming started in this area! You may also notice the city Neapolis—that would be modern Naples. Fish ponds were very common in this area and a couple generations after Orata, the most extra man in all of Rome would tunnel through a mountain to get water for his fish, Lucius Lucullus. Pliny says Pompey the Great (LL’s political rival) called him a “Xerxes in a toga,” referring to the canal Xerxes carved through one of the peninsulas of Chalcidice. In his Life of LL (39.3), Plutarch says some dickhead “Tubero the Stoic” made the quip, but Pliny was Roman and wrote earlier and Plutarch was Greek and wrote later, so fuck that.

Actually, the Life of Lucius Lucullus by Plutarch is worth reading, free online (PerseusTufts.edu), but here’s some highlights: he defeated King Mithridates, who might’ve—allegedly—butt-fucked Julius Caesar. Then, in a Thermopylae-odds (300 Spartans against Xerxes’ entire Persian army) battle on worse terrain he beat King of Kings Tigranes and basically gave Rome all of Turkey. He was also famously good to his new subjects. For example he allowed the Greeks and “barbarians” forced to populate Tigranocerta, a fake capital city Tigranes made an artificial population for, to return to their homes. Then politics happened and he retired to Rome while his successors failed to maintain their grip on Turkey until Pompey (his nemesis) came around. When he returned to Rome he sided with Cicero and Cato, the opposition party to Caesar, Pompey, and Marcus Crassus, who would control Rome as the First Triumvirate, who would later banish Cicero and ostracize Lucullus and Cato. So Lucullus probably has the lion’s share of blame for why the Republic fell to an Empire. Especially since, as Plutarch suggests, he made conquering Asia seem so easy that Crassus, who was rich but not very militarily decorate, went and got himself and his army killed by the Parthians, leaving Rome a matter of Caesar or Pompey.

Unlike everyone else in his time he was a military genius, kind governor, and political moderate trying to keep Rome from ripping itself apart. But you can’t have a country called SPQR—The Roman Senate and Roman People split between two aspiring dudes inspired by the dictators of the previous generation like Sulla. Caesar sides with the people and defeats Pompey and the Senate and then the Senate fucking makes him into a salad.

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windupteam · 3 years

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Cape Possidi Chalcidice Greece - Ακρωτήριο Ποσείδι (4K video )

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historyholidays · 3 years

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Capitalism in Western Europe

As a result of the rapid development of capitalism in Western Europe after the 16th century, the European possessions of the Ottoman Empire were gradually involved in active trade relations with the advanced Western states. This speeded up the development of the new capitalist relations in the Empire. A deep crisis set in in the despotic Turkish feudal system.

The numerous Bulgarian artisans mended their finances and gradually expanded their production. Comparatively large-scale workshops mushroomed, and in 1834 Dobri Zhelyazkov built in Sliven the first Bulgarian factory – a factory for woollen fabrics. Alongside the great number of representatives of West-European firms, a large group of rich Bulgarian tradesmen appeared, who had offices in the largest East and Central European trade centres. The annual trade fairs in Sliven and Ouzoundjovo attracted businessmen not only from the Ottoman Empire, but from all over Europe.

The early 18th century marked a patriotic upsurge amid the well-to-do strata of the Bulgarian population, which is characteristic of the birth of every modern nation. Tradesmen, artisans and the municipalities started making generous presents to churches and monasteries. The big Bulgarian monasteries, above all the ones in Mount Athos on the Chalcidice Peninsula, attracted large numbers of pilgrims and donors from all over Bulgaria. Their contacts and meetings consolidated their patriotic feelings and confidence in the strength and possibilities of the Bulgarian nation.

The development of the productive forces and the national upsurge, however, collided with the enormous obstacles placed in their way by the despotic feudal system of the Ottoman Empire. By the early 18th century the Empire was already decaying and this decay could not be stopped by any means, so that at the end of the century real chaos reigned in it. The Bulgarian lands became an arena of violent clashes between the army of the Sultan and the troops of the insubordinate local feudal lords. The ravages caused by the internecine wars were worsened by the outrages of the kurdjalis — Turkish bandits who were rampant all over the country leaving behind them desolation and death.

The government of the Sultan introduced a number of reforms, including an agrarian one, but instead of alleviating the lot of the Bulgarian population they made still heavier their burden of taxes and their harassments on the part of the local Turkish feudal lords and administrators. Even for the smallest services, the corrupt Ottoman officials took large bribes, invaded the homes of the Bulgarians at any time of the day and night, eating and drinking their fill and then demanding payment for having blunted their teeth (dish-haki – tooth tax), committed out-rages, raped Bulgarian girls and women.

#Capitalism in Western Europe

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travelcravings · 5 years

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Sane, Greece

Photo: Sani Resort

It’s getting hot. Very hot. Despite setting out early, the heat caught up with you. You were hoping to finish your hike—along the west coast of the Kassandra Peninsula—before the sun was this high in the sky. The views were too pretty, though. You walked through pine forests and around ancient villages. You saw colorful butterflies and lazy lizards. While clifftop lookouts…

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#CentralMacedonia #Chalcidice #Chalkidike #Chalkidiki #Halkidiki #Kassandra #KassandraPeninsula #Khalkidhiki #NorthernGreece #Sane #SoutheasternEurope

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communisttravel · 3 years

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