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ahz-associates · 2 years

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Arts University Bournemouth

Overview

The second-largest university in Bournemouth and Poole, England, is the specialised Arts University Bournemouth (AUB). The creative industries are governed by this institution. It provides top-notch instruction in the arts, design, performance, and media. Being a university focused on higher education, AUB is committed to both its academic and professional objectives.

History

Originally founded as a Government School of Art in 1880, Arts University Bournemouth is now a private institution. It underwent a lot of modifications over the years and changed its name several times. Its departments and academic offerings have therefore been increased. In 2008, the institute was granted the prestigious authority to grant taught degrees. With the Privy Counselor's consent, it finally achieved all requirements for university status and was renamed Arts University Bournemouth. Guild HE, the only organisation in the UK that represents higher education, only has two accredited representatives, and Arts University Bournemouth is now one of those two.

Arts University Bournemouth Ranking and Achievements

AUB’s teaching quality is rated as GOLD by TEF.

According to Which University Survey 2012, AUB secured 1st position in the Creative University category. After that in 2018, listed in the top 5 for the same category again.

In 2016, it has earned the prestigious award ‘The Sir Misha Black Award’ as the first institute of art.

AUB is two times the owners of the Queen’s Anniversary Prize for Higher and Further Education.

Top Specialist University in the UK- Sunday Times Guide 2021.

Top 50 Universities- Complete University Guide rankings 2021.

NSS 2021 Rank- 101

Impact Ranking- 401-600th

Arts University Bournemouth Faculties

Arts University Bournemouth(AUB) is mainly divided into the following faculties:

Faculty of Media & Performance

Faculty of Art, Design & Architecture

Arts University Bournemouth owned a Bournemouth Film School. This famous school was founded in 1963. AUB is a full member of CILECT.

BFS is formed of:

BA (Hons) Film Production,

MA Film Practice,

BA (Hons) Animation Production,

MA Animation Production,

BA (Hons) Visual Effects (VFX) for Film and Television,

BA (Hons) Make-Up for Media and Performance,

BA (Hons) Costume and Performance Design,

BA (Hons) Costume

BA (Hons) Performance Design and Film Costume

BA (Hons) Acting and

BA (Hons) Creative Writing.

Breakdown of fee structure

Fees for International students starts from £16,500

Arts University Bournemouth Scholarships

AUB offers different scholarships to motivate students by reducing their expenses. In 2020, eligible students of MA have enjoyed International Excellence Scholarships, worth £5,000 each. Recently the university has again announced some exciting scholarships and bursaries.

Vice-Chancellor Scholarship: Ranges from £5,250-£8,500

International Institution and School Partnership Bursary: Ranges from £2,000-£5,000

Mature Student Bursary: Ranges from £2,000-£5,000

Global Bursary: £5,000

Progression Bursary: Ranges from £3,000-£5,000

Short-course Alumni Bursary: Ranges from £2,000-£5,000

Alumni and Family Bursary: Ranges from £2,000-£5,000

Early-Payment Fee Waiver: £1,500

Facilities and Services

The institution provides a wide range of facilities and on-campus resources. For the creative arts, there is a sizable library. The gallery offers engaging artistic creations by well-known artists to students. There are other facilities on campus, such as a bar, café, and canteen. The campus is lovely, with views of the arts scene and well-known beaches. Students frequently enjoy the renowned nightlife in this area. Additionally, Bournemouth University is located closer to AUB. Students at Arts University Bournemouth can also use the Santander Bank, the student union shop, the sports facilities, the fitness centre, and the book store at Bournemouth University.

Students from 60 different nations are served by AUB with pride. Here, international students are provided with all amenities and care as needed. There is a policy called "open door" that applies to around 400 international students. Students are welcome to knock and chat informally or seek information about any issues. Additionally, there are offices for professions, student services, and nation ambassadors.

Student Life

Students enjoy studying at the Arts University Bournemouth campus in the seaside resort of Poole. The university has a student union called AUBSU to make student life on campus easier. 30 clubs and groups are still active under it. AUBSU is a club that is automatically open to all AUB students. AUBSU organises a variety of events, including freshmen's week, student meetings, course training, and more. Here, students can express their ideas and create social networks in a welcoming environment. AUBSU publishes BUMF, a student-produced magazine. It is connected to the academic offerings of the institution, writing, music, and poetry. Additionally, the International Student Society, a component of the Students Union, offers advantages to the foreign students.

Living Accommodation

The Arts University Bournemouth offers four accommodations for students. These all are off-campus housings situated all around the city. Students with disabilities or who live far away from the city get priority for the seats in the halls.

Transport

There are many fascinating locations to explore in the lovely city of Bournemouth, and its transportation system is easily accessible. Cycleways make it easy for students to get to the Arts University Bournemouth Campus from any of the dwellings. The institution also provides students with a bus service called UNIBUS.

The magnificent locations in the city are all accessible to students within a 5-mile radius of the university campus. It is simple to tour well-known water parks, gardens, movie theatres, various restaurants, and shops, etc. Here, local transportation is efficient. The regions of Poole and Christchurch are also connected to the city. Students can use Beryl Bike services as well.

There are buses and trains available for long distance travel. Students may quickly get to these stations from the Landsdown halls and go to the New Forest, Southampton, London, and other locations.

#studyinuk educationalconsultant

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azureyamitzuyo · 3 years

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#NCLOSC #NightmareCuandoLosOjosSeCierran #NightmareCLOSC ¿Qué les parece? ¡Comencemos! Wuuuuu~ #manga #COMINGSOON #アニメ好きと繋がりたい #ドラフト会議 #スリーブ #アニメ #アニメ好きな人RT・いいね #MyManga #originalcharacters #historyOriginal #Original #Mangaka #アニメイト特典 #テロ #サスペンス #Terror #suspense #Mistery #drawing #draw #MyManga #mydrawing #art #artwork #draw #drawings #illustration #digital #digitaldrawing https://twitter.com/NCLOSC_Oficial/status/1357246854564577281?s=20 https://www.instagram.com/p/CK3YGolpUCo/?igshid=1l2wihxhnaqaf

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inba123 · 2 years

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IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a 501(c)(3) professional association for electronic engineering and electrical engineering (and associated disciplines) with its corporate office in New York City and its operations center in Piscataway, New Jersey. It was formed in 1963 from the amalgamation of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Radio Engineers.

Due to its expansion of scope into so many related fields, it is simply referred to by the letters I-E-E-E (pronounced I-triple-E), except on legal business documents. As of 2018, it is the world's largest association of technical professionals with more than 423,000 members in over 160 countries around the world. Its objectives are the educational and technical advancement of electrical and electronic engineering, telecommunications, computer engineering and similar disciplines.

History

Origin

American Institute of Electrical Engineers § History

Institute of Radio Engineers § History

The IEEE traces its founding to 1884 and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. In 1912, the rival Institute of Radio Engineers was formed. Although the AIEE was initially larger, the IRE attracted more students and was larger by the mid-1950s. The AIEE and IRE merged in 1963.

The IEEE headquarters is in New York City at 3 Park Ave, but most business is done at the IEEE Operations Center. in Piscataway, NJ, first occupied in 1975.

Growth

The AIEE and the IRE merged to create the IEEE on January 1, 1963. At that time, the combined group had 150,000 members, 93% in the United States. By 1984 there were 250,000 members, 20% of whom were outside the U.S.

The Australian Section of the IEEE existed between 1972 and 1985. After this date, it split into state- and territory-based sections.

As of 2021, IEEE has over 400,000 members in 160 countries, with the U.S. based membership no longer constituting a majority.

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thewatchau · 3 years

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Duilintinn’s Languages: Common Tongue

Most of the lore in the upcoming series will be edited compilations of dozens of posts from the last two years. While there are some minor new details sprinkled throughout, I’ve attempted to post significant new information in a “Watch AU Fun Fact” post so you don’t have to read all of these HUGE posts to find them.

Other Posts in this Series:

Introduction • Common Tongue • Feadhainn Language • Duil Sign Language

In this Post

Summary

History

Global Usage

Summary

The Common Tongue is the de-facto language of international trade, foreign affairs, and global communication throughout the continent of Tirónar.

History

Originating on the continent of Senfara, the Common Tongue was brought to Tirónar during the height of the Waldren Trade Enterprise, who popularized its usage on the continent through centuries of imperialist rule.

In the modern day, the “Common Tongue” of Senfara and the “Common Tongue'' of Tirónar are two separate languages. The latter didn’t remain unchanged from Senfara’s language during the Waldren Occupation, but evolved to absorb elements of Tirónar’s indigenous languages as well. Both are somewhat understandable to native speakers of the other, but only barely. The connection is less similar to British versus American English, and more to Irish English and American English.

Global Usage

It is unclear whether the Common Tongue is also the norm throughout the rest of the Mortal Realm, but this seems unlikely. While most of the traders and foreign leaders that we've seen visit Duilintinn can speak the Common Tongue, this may simply be a matter of convenience. It's easier for a well-traveled merchant or a wealthy noble to learn a new language than it is to teach an entire continent how to speak their native tongue in time for their visit. Obviously, translators are also an option, but I find it easier to believe that regular visitors would learn the Common Tongue than to believe that the entire Mortal Realm has a single, agreed-upon "universal" language in a pre-internet society.

#Lands Beyond Tirónar #Tirónar #Duilintinn's Culture

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deadlymaelstrom · 5 years

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Codex entry: The Interstellar Republic

Type of government: Federal parliamentary republic Founding document: Citadel-Guevara Accord Constitution: Republic Common Charter Head of state: First Minister Head of government: First Minister Commander-in-Chief: First Minister, Ministry of Defense Executive branch: Office of the First Minister Legislative branch: Galactic Senate Judicial branch: Supreme Court Capital: Citadel Tower, the Citadel Official language: Galactic Trade Tongue Currency: Credits Official holiday: Unification Day, Shepard Day, Oceania Day Anthem: “We Are One” Formed from: Citadel Council, Allied forces Date of establishment: circa 2187 CE

The Interstellar Republic, commonly referred to as simply the Republic, is a democratic government incorporating most of the Mliky Way galaxy that rose to power in the aftermath of the Reaper invasion, absorbing the political and military leadership of the former Citadel Council.

Like its predecessor, the Interstellar Republic followed the principles thousands of generations before—it is founded on the interest of compromise and cooperation and has no official power over the independent governments of other species. But unlike the old Citadel Council, the Republic's leadership consisted of one individual rather than an executive committee, all of whom were held via democratic elections. It also sought to hastily prevent a repeat of galactic history; and instead focused on strengthening the forces of local planetary governments and reconstruction efforts to worlds ravaged by the conflict during its early stages.

With the sudden emergence of the Yahg Empire, it led to the beginning of the Cold War—one in which both sides stood on the brink of yet another intergalactic war.

History

Origins

For over fifty thousand years, Citadel space had been governed by a supranational union called the Citadel Council. With the Citadel space station serving as its capital, the Council was comprised of representatives from each member species. While associate members were granted an embassy, the Citadel was ultimately ruled by official members such as the asari, turians and salarians, who were selected by delegates of their respective homeworlds. With the assistance of their elite military operatives, the Spectres, the Council enjoyed a thousand years of peace.

However, things changed during the Battle of the Citadel in 2183—the first major conflict since the Krogan Rebellions and the Relay 314 Incident—when the first known Reaper encountered by modern Citadel races called Sovereign attacked and decimated the Citadel Fleet. Although the human Systems Alliance forces led by Admiral Hackett and the first human Spectre Commander John Shepard suffered heavy casualties to save their lives, Councilors Tevos, Valern and Sparatus rescinded their pledge to honor the Alliance's sacrifices and convinced themselves and the galaxy at-large that Sovereign was merely a geth construct, painting rogue Spectre agent Saren Arterius as the mastermind behind the battle instead. Only the Citadel's first human Councilor David Anderson disagreed and was sidelined by the Council's political process which frustrated the former soldier. They had since then refused to help Shepard after his return from the dead and effectively wasting all the time Shepard bought them to prepare for the Reaper's invasion. Though the Council does agree to re-instate Shepard's Spectre status in exchange for him to keep a low-profile in the Terminus Systems, it was clear that their motive behind this is to rid themselves of him, who they now viewed as a "troublemaker" and "deranged madman", having completely forgotten Shepard's efforts to save their lives not two years earlier. As time went on, the Council became increasingly insular and selfish as they continued to ignore the Reapers' existence even after Paul Grayson's attack on the Grissom Academy as evidence of their involvement even as alien and disturbing as Grayson's mutations were, an organization like Cerberus could be just as capable of producing such technology. The fact that Grayson was once a member of Cerberus was further proof to the Council that only Cerberus was involved.

Things finally came to a head when the Reapers invaded in 2186, catching the rest of the galaxy by surprise. Now forced to publicly acknowledge the ancient sentient machine race's existence, the Citadel races struggled to put up a defensive against such formidable adversaries. For almost one year, the galaxy fell into chaos. The Reapers made quick progress, conquering huge portions of the galaxy in their trek towards purging the galaxy of all advanced civilization. To complicate matters, the Council races were more concerned with protecting their own borders rather than coming to the assistance of others, forcing the re-instated Commander Shepard to help deal with their own problems in order to gain their support. In addition, Cerberus fractured the order of battle in an attempt to seize control of the Reapers to advance their pro-human agenda. Despite a series of setbacks and a staggering increase in military and civilian casualties, the Citadel Allied Forces managed to construct a massive superweapon dubbed "Project Crucible" powerful enough to defeat the Reapers and launched the decisive battle to retake Earth. By the battle's end, the Reapers were destroyed and the mass relays severely damaged. Rendezvousing to a predesignated area, the remaining allied fleets won a pyrrhic victory and begun preparations for reconstruction.

Milky Way unrest

Despite their success during the Second Battle for Earth, the devastation inflicted during the war remained at high levels and it wasn't until socioeconomic shortages in basic necessities such as various types of dextro- and levo-amino based food, personal hygiene products and medicine in addition to decreased living standards rose at an alarming rate. As a result of the shortages, military personnel and civilian refugees were often forced to wait in lines for hours or settle without having certain products; some cases reported a steady increase in civil unrest over the lack of available products or housing.

Public demonstrations began on December 27, with some protesters expressing their anger at the inaction of the Council. Security forces were deployed in response to the protests, but violent clashes between local militia forces and demonstrators erupted when an incident resulted in the 34 deaths and 496 injured.

A New Government

Owing to the fact that the galaxy is at its best when united, representatives of the Citadel Council and protest leaders met face-to-face for the first time. After a series of strenuous negotiations, both parties agreed to effectively reorganize the Council into a fledgling new government known as the Interstellar Republic with the official Citadel-Guevara Accord issued by twelve of the most important members from each side, setting forth goals, values and ideals of the new government.

The first main goal of the Interstellar Republic was to move the Citadel, which still remained in Earth's orbit, back to the Widow system. This move was seen as a symbolic gesture rather than strategic purposes. Since the now-defunct Citadel Council held the seat of galactic power on the Citadel, its return to the Widow system would legitimize the authority of the Republic in the eyes of the asari, turians, salarians, humans, elcor, volus and others. Until the move could be made, the Interstellar Republic volunteers prioritized reconstruction efforts and repairing the mass relays while senior officials worked on a new series of principles, laws as well as drafting the official constitution.

Government and Politics

The Interstellar Republic is a federal parliamentary republic and representative democracy―in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law―established by the Citadel-Guevara Accord, which serves as the government's supreme legal document and is regulated by a system of checks and balances. It properly defined the roles between the government and its member states.

The Republic is composed of three branches of government: the legislative, executive and judiciary.

Membership

Membership followed an application process (during which the candidate member reviewed the Citadel-Guevara Accord and other governing statutes and agreed to abide by them) and an assessment process (during which the candidate member's annual support contribution was determined).

Independent governments of other species applying to join the Interstellar Republic must meet the required conditions of Amendment XLIX, Section 12, Clause 3 of the Articles of Membership; while those wishing to leave are required to invoke Amendment LXXII, Section 45, Clause 29 of the Articles of Withdrawal.

Known member states of the Interstellar Republic include:

Asari Republics

Turian Hierarchy

Salarian Union

Systems Alliance

Courts of Dekuuna

Illuminated Primacy

Vol Protectorate

Quarian Conclave

Raloi Congregation

Wrex's Krogan Empire

Batarian Remnant

Legislative branch

The Galactic Senate is the central legislative body of the Interstellar Republic consisting of hundreds of senators who represented the many planets of the galaxy. Its primary duties relates to considering proposed bills and resolutions, approve or reject federal nominations, provides advice and consent on interstellar treaties, and serves as the high court for impeachment trials. Legislation is usually vetted first in committee, often more than one. If a bill is approved by all required committees, it is sent to the floor of the Senate for a full vote by all senators present. If the bill is approved, it goes to the First Minister for signature or veto.

Executive branch

The Interstellar Republic is headed by the First Minister, who was democratically-elected by an absolute majority of votes by its citizenry. In addition to being in charge of the executive branch as the head of state and head of government, the First Minister can veto legislation passed by the Senate (subject to override), appoint members of their Cabinet who administer and enforce laws and policies and act as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces―although that title is sometimes used to refer to the highest-ranking member of the military.

Candidates who are elected to the office can legally serve only two consecutive four-year terms and is prohibited from seeking a third term due to term limits.

Judicial branch

The Supreme Court is the highest court of law in the Interstellar Republic while the Tribunals and Court of Appeals are considered the lower and middle courts respectively and is composed of the judicial branch of the Republic's government. They are headquartered on the Citadel.

The assigned responsibilities of judges and magistrates (each addressed as "Your Honor") is to interpret the law and determine constitutional legality. Decisions of the lower courts may be appealed to the higher, but only the Supreme Court in some cases has the official power to prevent laws passed by the legislative branch, court decisions or acts of the executive branch if the law violates the Citadel-Guevara Accord.

The Supreme Court consists of nine judges, the Court of Appeals has five and the Tribunals have three, all of whom are appointed by the First Minister and may choose to remain on the bench until they die or resign. When that happens, the First Minister must nominate someone new to fill the vacancy.

Military

The Republic Defense Force is the integrated military arm of the Interstellar Republic. At its peak, it operated more than thirty-eight full fleets, each consisting of highly-advanced dreadnoughts, carriers, cruisers, frigates and support vessels, divided into battle groups and task forces, in addition to ground troop divisions and starfighters and interceptors.

Navy

The fleets are known collectively as the Republic Defense Fleet (RDF), although many referred to the RDF as the Republic Navy.

Army

Ground-based forces are referred to as the Republic Special Operations Force (RSOF).

Intelligence

Spies employed by Republic Intelligence often conducting secret covert missions beyond the reach of Republic-controlled space, such as espionage and intelligence-gathering.

Special Tactics and Reconnaissance

Spectres are a group of elite agents chosen by various species that once served the now-defunct Citadel Council and are tasked to uphold galactic stability at any cost. Spectres frequently operate individually and they are free to do whatever they want to accomplish their missions and are not held accountable to any laws. Although they do answer to the First Minister, they usually turn a blind eye to the actions they take.

Law Enforcement

Citadel Security Services

C-Sec is a volunteer police service which handles law enforcement on the Citadel, answerable to the Minister of Justice. The C-Sec is headed by an Executor, who often liaises between C-Sec and the First Minister.

Enforcement: Uniformed officers who patrol the Citadel, dispense discipline for minor infractions, resolve disputes, and respond to emergencies.

Investigation: Detectives who gather evidence, solve crimes, and bring their perpetrators to justice.

Customs: Officers who screen the passengers and cargo that pass through the Citadel's ports, confiscate contraband, and arrest smugglers.

Network: Technicians who deal with "cybercrimes", such as identity theft, copyright theft, hacking, viral attacks, and illegal AI. This divisions is also called the C-Sec's E-Crimes division.

Special Response: Officers who deal with hostage situations, bombs, and heavily armed criminals. In the event the Citadel is attacked, they are the front line of interior defense, armed with military-grade weaponry.

Patrol: The ships crewed by the Patrol division serve "coast guard" functions, such as search and rescue, piracy suppression, and interdiction of illegally transported materials. They are not used to defend the Citadel from naval attack; that task is left to the Republic Defense Fleet.

Military Police

The Republic Military Police Force, colloquially as MPFs, is the law enforcement agency of the Interstellar Republic's military that handles investigations concerning military personnel within the Republic Defense Force and ensured they acted within the laws established by the Citadel-Guevara Accord. This often puts them at odds with Citadel Security Services, especially since the MPFs tended to override C-Sec if military personnel were ever accused of committing a crime. While most MPFs are generally not frontline solders, their duties may bring them near the battlefield.

Economy

The Interstellar Republic had a galactic-wide economy based on shipping lanes and retained the use of the credit as a standard galactic currency. The economy practically stood on the brink of collapse following the Reaper invasion. So immediately after the war, the Republic began massive reconstruction efforts throughout the galaxy. While the its economy was based on free trade, regulation and promoting prosperity, the Republic did not allow the free trade of most forms of illegal drugs and spice. The prohibition on illegal and dangerous forms of drug annoyed crime lords who made a living out of trafficking illicit material.

Society and culture

As the successor to the Citadel Council, the Interstellar Republic saw itself as the ultimate authority in Citadel space and a democracy where free exchange of ideas and opinions were actively encouraged and protected, but like the Council, the Interstellar Republic had a very diverse culture.

In contrast to the Council, the countless sapient races who did not obtain a Council seat previously were all equally represented in Interstellar Republic government institutions like the Galactic Senate. Government debates on proposals and policies were broadcast on Extranet to promote transparency and accountability.

Astrography

After the Reaper invasion, the Interstellar Republic occupied vast swaths of territory in the known galaxy stretching from the Outer and Inner Citadel-controlled space and throughout Alliance space as well as the Attican Traverse, with some worlds bordering close to the lawless Terminus Systems. While twice the size of the Citadel Council, its egalitarian practices left many neighboring star systems on friendly or neutral terms with the new government.

#mass effect #my stuff #long text #mass effect 2 #mass effect 3 #bioware #queue #text post #interstellar republic #codex entry #citadel council #queued post #spoilers

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tinyshe · 2 years

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New post on Children of God for Life

R&D, Testing, Production, and the “But For” Distinction: Defining Our Terms

by Stacy Trasancos

We receive a lot of questions about whether vaccines, and many other pharmaceuticals, are produced without any connection to abortion. Ever since the early 2000s, when Children of God for Life founder, Mrs. Debra Vinnedge, asked the Vatican for clarification and guidance, the issue has been confusing. (You can read her letter and the Pontifical Academy for Life’s response here.) With COVID-19 vaccines, the issue has only gotten more complex.

Brief History

Originally the concern was about childhood vaccines. Attenuated (weakened) viruses were grown in fetal cell lines derived from aborted children. When these viruses are purified from the cells, the final product can contain cellular components from those cells (such as DNA).

COVID-19 vaccines are different. Since the spike protein on the SARS-CoV2 virus is the part that binds with immune cells, the new vaccines either are synthesized mRNA molecules (instructions) or genetically engineered forms of the virus. The mRNA vaccines are instructions that make the spike protein in the body so that the immune system builds antibodies to it. The antibodies are supposed to respond to actual spike proteins on a coronavirus if it enters the body. These are the Moderna and Pfizer vaccines, and they were both tested in aborted fetal cells in clinical trials. The Johnson & Johnson vaccine is an adenovirus-vector-based vaccine (the genetically engineered form of the virus), and it is produced in aborted fetal cells, much like traditional vaccines.

The question arose about the difference in testing and production. Catholic organizations such as the Charlotte Lozier Institute (CLI) and the National Catholic Bioethics Center (NCBC) hold that testing is one-time or too remote to affect the ethical status of the pharmaceutical. CLI categorizes vaccines that are tested in aborted fetal cells "ethically uncontroversial," such as Moderna and Pfizer. NCBC, following CLI, categorizes these vaccines as preferable because, in their judgement, the manufacturing process uses aborted fetal cells "at one point in development." We argue otherwise, that testing and production are ethically equal since testing is an ongoing part of the development and production process for a new product in a quickly changing response to a pandemic.

The answer ultimately is left to the prudential judgement of the individual. As we say on our COVID-19 Guidance page, “We are obliged, then, to avoid using vaccines that rely on aborted fetal cell lines unless we are in grave danger. The Church says we have a ‘moral duty’ to avoid cooperation in evil, however remote, as the default condition. It is only morally permissible to get the vaccine if you need it. Either way, we are all also supposed to work to change the culture that got us backed into this corner.”

See our Vaccine Overview page for more detailed information.

Terms and Definitions

Many people contact us who are 110% willing to work to change the culture, and they reasonably want to know how to tell if a vaccine is ethically untainted or not so they can avoid those vaccines that are tainted. At the extreme, we could say that anything we touch in this fallen world can be linked, however remotely, to sin. But that is not helpful. We offer these distinctions for the purpose of clarifying the terms as we are using them at Children of God for Life. These are taken from the Oxford English Dictionary, my go-to source for the English language.

Research is “the systematic investigation or inquiry aimed at contributing to knowledge of a theory, topic, etc., by careful consideration, observation, or study of a subject.”

Development is “the action or process of designing and bringing to fruition a new product or technology, typically after the implementation of alterations to the original concept following testing or consultation.” Especially in industry, development refers to “work directed on a large scale towards the innovation, introduction, and improvement of products and processes.”

Research and Development (R&D) refers to the flow of these two processes, continuously, by the scientific method of observation, hypothesis, experimentation, data collection, analysis, and conclusion. Questions are systematically investigated for the purpose of designing and bringing to fruition a new product.

Early in the pandemic, there were other interpretations. We disagreed with the portrayal of testing as a one-time, separate step in the process because both Jose and I have worked in R&D fields, me as a senior research chemist and Jose as a chief product officer in a financial industry. We were quite shocked by the statements from Catholic organizations that portrayed testing as something that happened once outside the development process. Testing is an integral and essential part of R&D. Whether the product is medicines, soft-ware, jet engines, or chocolate chip cookies, testing is an essential part of the continuous R&D process. Without tests, how is a company supposed to know what its product can do?

The scientific method is not a beginning to end trajectory; it is a cycle. In an industry research setting, R&D continues even after a new product is brought to market at least until the product is established. In the situation of the pandemic with the launch of such new vaccines under emergency use authorization —knowing the virus would have variants — pharmaceutical companies were a long way from a final product, and everyone knew it.

For example, Moderna announced a plan for pre-clinical trials on new mRNA vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 variants at its manufacturing facility in Norwood, MA, a $130M investment employing 230+ employees. Testing in aborted fetal cell lines takes place in the in vitro (in the lab) first phase of pre-clinical trials. They are planning for ongoing R&D.

Testing in science involves chemistry. It is to study a substance’s composition, structure, and properties at its atomic level. It is “the action or process of examining a substance under known conditions in order to determine its identity or that of one of its constituents.” In mechanics, testing is also “the action by which the physical properties of substances, materials, machines, etc. are tested, in order to determine their ability to satisfy particular requirements.” R&D always involves testing. Testing is as inherent to the research and development process as it is to the scientific method. It is impossible to do research or development for new products without conducting tests. Again, to emphasize an important point, testing can never be one-time or separated from research and development for new products.

Production is “the action or an act of producing, making, or causing anything; generation or creation of something; the fact or condition of being produced.” It is “the action or process of making goods from components or raw materials; the manufacture of goods for sale and consumption.” Production is a separate process from R&D, but R&D do not end when production begins. They occur simultaneously. A product may reach a point in its lifecycle where it is established and no more research needs to be done to develop new variations, such as for aspirin, but it would be unreasonable to assume a new product in the market ceased to have any ongoing R&D associated with it.

The ”But For” Distinction

When the COVID-19 vaccines emerged, the question arose about the connection between testing and production. As already explained, some ethicists understood, albeit incorrectly, that testing is separate from research and production for new products. For new products, this is not the case. For established products that have been in the market for a long time (years, decades), there can be research teams who use the product and test it completely independently of the development process. Sometimes this is done to understand how a pharmaceutical functions in specific or new uses.

Most notably, Fr. Matthew Schneider, using a literature search performed by Dr. Lisa Gilbert, MD, wrote an article on his blog, “If Any Drug Tested on HEK-293 Is Immoral, Goodbye Modern Medicine.” Dr. Gilbert told Fr. Schneider, “I believe all the Top Twenty medications prescribed in the US are tested on HEK293.” And she added, “Every medication I’ve researched so far appears to have some connection to HEK.” This single article led to much devastation in the lives of people trying to navigate the pandemic and provide for their families. Employers began coercing them to be vaccinated against their conscience, telling employees that “if they had every used aspirin (for example), they had no right to claim a conscience exemption from the COVID-19 vaccine.” But we, at Children of God for Life, see a difference in new products that would not be in the market “but for” the use of aborted children vs. products that were in the market and later tested by researchers unaffiliated with the company who developed the original product, aspirin in this case. Such testing is inconsequential to bringing the product to the market. We have tried to clarify meaningful distinctions to assist these families in their prudential judgement.

Examples demonstrate this “but for” distinction best.

Example 1: Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin)

Aspirin was first discovered in 1853. A U.S. patent was awarded to Bayer in 1900. By comparison, HEK-293 was first available to researchers in 1977, long after aspirin was in the market. Aspirin’s development could not have depended on the use of HEK-293. As the Wikipedia summary for aspirin shows, there are many different uses that have been studied since then. The research article provided by Fr. Schneider and Dr. Gilbert describe a study done in 2014 to better understand how aspirin helps back pain. The study was conducted by researchers at the University of Heidelberg.

Example 2: Pfizer’s COVID-19 Vaccine

In September 2020, researchers explained that they used HEK-293 in a neutralization assay to detect the presence of antibodies in the cells, a test to make sure the vaccine works as it should (i.e. make the spike protein so the cells would produce antibodies to the spike protein). Researchers transfected HEK-293 cells to test expression. That means they added the vaccine during development to the cells to see if they produced the protein and antibodies as expected. This is the in vitro (in the lab) mRNA expression test. Pfizer’s U.S. patent describes how they made RNA molecules encoding fusion proteins (like the spike protein) and tested them using HEK-293 cells in development.

We would say that aspirin did not depend on aborted children to get to market, while Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine would not be in the market “but for” the use of aborted children.

Obviously, there are gray areas. Does this mean that a person should reject aspirin, for example, for the specific use of back pain because aspirin would not be used for back pain “but for” aborted fetal cells? We would say no. That use of aspirin, which was by then an over-the-counter drug, does not pass the “but for” distinction. People were using aspirin for back pain long before an independent research team at a university decided to do tests to understand the mechanism of action. Furthermore, it would be a difficult, if not impossible, task to find every test ever done in the scientific literature where a research team used a product already in the market as a component of their experimental design.

We are making a “but for” distinction to clarify information and the way we are using our terms. We are not at odds with CLI or NCBC, but we differ in our analysis. Nevertheless, all of us are united with the Catholic Church in saying that this is a matter of prudential judgement and conscience. As our COVID-19 Guidance page says, “Each person/family must make a prudential decision with an informed conscience and do what is best for you, your family, and your community.”

And ultimately, we have said many times, list-making is a futile effort. We could spend the rest of our lives tracking down every detail of every pharmaceutical or any other product, but where would that leave us? Such a trajectory would leave us without impact or result on the practice we are protesting. We are actively moving the conversation away from products to practice, away from making an ever-growing list of ethical vs. unethical products to a broader discussion of how to end the practice of using aborted children in research in the first place. For more information, see our Annual Report.

We hope you find these clarifications helpful.

Stacy Trasancos | February 10, 2022 at 8:50 am | Categories:

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risingpakistan · 11 years

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Haleji Lake

Haleji Lake is located in Thatta District, Sindh, Pakistan. It is the Asia's largest bird sanctuary.

History

Originally, Haleji Lake was small. During World War II the then-British Government of Sindh decided to increase the capacity of the lake by introducing a feeder canal from the River Sindh. The work was placed on a war footing and was completed within 24 months. During the war, thousands of American and British troops were stationed in Karachi; the water supply was provided by Haleji Lake..... Haleji originally was a salt-water lake which was formed by seasonal water, collecting in a depression. During World War II, additional water was required for troops stationed at Karachi. Salt water was drained out and an embankment was constructed around the lake which was fed by fresh water through a canal. Resultantly, Haleji became one of the major sources of water supply to the increasing population of Karachi as well as an exquisite refuge for waterfowl.

A water reservoir, home to Siberian migratory birds from November till February - birds lover paradise in these months. Some crocodiles as well, and fishing.

#World War II #Thatta District #Sindh #Pakistan #Muttahida Qaumi Movement #Karachi #Haleji Lake #Asia

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btreports · 5 years

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Californians are experiencing some unusually nasty winter weather this week as an "atmospheric river" passes through most of the state, bringing howling winds and heavy rain.The storm arrived on Tuesday night (Feb. 12) in Northern California and continued into Wednesday (Feb. 13), leading the National Weather Service (NWS) to issue warnings of flash flooding, mudslides and high winds in the region. It is forecast to bring "excessive rainfall" to Southern California on Thursday (Feb. 14), according to the NWS.[Weirdo Weather: 7 Rare Weather Events]Atmospheric rivers are huge "rivers in the sky" that cause moisture from the tropics to flow north, from California to Canada. These huge weather systems can carry many times the freshwater that flows through the mighty Mississippi River, local news outlet KQED reported."They're the biggest freshwater rivers on Earth," F. Martin Ralph, the director of the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes in La Jolla, California, told KQED.These atmospheric rivers of condensed water vapor can easily be 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometers) long and 300 miles (482 km) wide, Ralph said. When an atmospheric river brings moisture from Hawaii to the Western U.S. -- as is the case with the current storm -- it's known as the Pineapple Express.Atmospheric rivers can bring much-needed rain -- or wreak havoc by dumping heavy rain or snow when they make landfall, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). California has recently experienced storms, meaning the current downpour is falling on waterlogged soil. Summer wildfires also scorched the earth in several areas of California, and burn scars can be more prone to flash flooding and debris as well, according to the NWS.On Wednesday morning, 24-hour rainfall totals were as high as 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in some parts of the Northern Bay Area, with San Francisco receiving about 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) of rain, according to the NWS. Residents along the Bay Area coast and hills may face high winds from 25 to 35 mph (40 to 56 km/h) with gusts up to 60 mph (97 km/h), according to the NWS. Social media was abuzz with reports of downed trees and flash flooding. In the Sierras, the NWS warned that the atmospheric river could cause "roofalanches," or the sudden release of snow from already snow-packed roofs, which can pose a serious hazard.Earlier this month, Ralph and his colleagues developed a new scale to describe the strength of atmospheric rivers. The scale, which was described in the February issue of the journal Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, ranks these weather events using categories "1 to 5," with Category 1 indicating a "weak" storm and Category 5 indicating an "exceptional" one. The ranking is based on the amount of water vapor the storm carries, and how long it dumps moisture on a given area, according to a statement. The scale also indicates the extent to which the storm is likely to be beneficial -- by bringing much-needed rain to replenish reservoirs after a drought, for example -- or hazardous, leading to flooding and mudslides. The current storm is a "Category 3," according to local news outlet CBS San Francisco.Tia Ghose contributed reporting. * 9 Tips for Exercising in Winter Weather * Fishy Rain to Fire Whirlwinds: The World's Weirdest Weather * 10 Surprising Ways Weather Has Changed HistoryOriginally published on Live Science.

from Yahoo News - Latest News & Headlines https://yhoo.it/2DJb7HB http://bit.ly/2IeZihO

#world news

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kazuttora · 2 months

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DS - Orgulho Doentio

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saadullah-faisal-world · 5 years

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from Yahoo News - Latest News & Headlines https://yhoo.it/2DJb7HB

#Blogger

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weopenviews · 5 years

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from Yahoo News - Latest News & Headlines https://yhoo.it/2DJb7HB

#Blogger

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newsfundastuff · 5 years

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https://yhoo.it/2DJb7HB

#IFTTT #Blogger

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worldviraltrending · 5 years

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from Yahoo News - Latest News & Headlines https://yhoo.it/2DJb7HB

#Blogger

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