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greenbagjosh · 8 months

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Friday 10 July 1998 - ICE monoblock once again, after the Eschede disaster - ruins of the GDR in Potsdamer Platz - new cities on the world clock in Alexanderplatz - early evening in Frankfurt an der Oder and Slubice, Poland

Friday 10 July 1998

Hi everyone, Grüß Gott, Guten Tag and dzien dobry

Today twenty years ago, I went on a three day weekend to Berlin, Frankfurt an der Oder, Slubice in Poland and back via Leipzig and Nürnberg Hbf. This would be my second visit to Berlin overall, as my previous visit was in January 1997, not exactly the best time to visit. This time I planned to see more than I did then. Before you read any further, I plan to break the journey into three parts, Friday the 10th, Saturday the 11th and Sunday the 12th. Berlin is a big city, with so much history in the last 60 years at least, and proper time spent to enjoy it is necessary.

I was able to take a day off work, as I had accumulated more than seven hours of overtime. I was not paid overtime but was allowed compensation days if certain conditions were met. I had to validate my Eurail Pass and use one day for the 10th going over to Berlin, and I paid 89 D-Mark for the return trip for Sunday the 12th (1998 FIFA World Cup Final, Brazil vs France). Already in May 1998 I had booked two nights at the Berlin youth hostel located near Wannsee in the former "American Sector". I took the early ICE high speed train called the "Justus Freiherr von Liebig" (1803 - 1873, bio: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig), the replacement for the "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen", damaged about 11:10 AM on 3rd June 1998 in Eschede. Because the von Liebig train did not go to Berlin, but rather to Hamburg, I had to make a transfer at Fulda, to connect to the train for Berlin Zoologischer Garten, which in 1998 was the main terminus for eastbound trains as the current Hauptbahnhof was not yet built. The train left Munich about 5:35 AM. In 1998 the section between Munich, Augsburg and Nuremberg, were not high speed, neither was the existing section between Munich, Ingolstadt and Nuremberg, so it would not arrive in Nuremberg until about 6:55 AM. The morning was generally cloudy. I had my trusty "coffee bottle" with freshly brewed coffee in my backpack and about eight cans of soda at 330 mL each. The train stopped at Würzburg at 8:15 AM (Würzburg is the birthplace of Dallas Mavericks Dirk Nowitzki). It went not west to Aschaffenburg or Frankfurt, but rather north to Fulda, Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe and Göttingen before going further north to Hannover and Hamburg. The train arrived at Fulda about 9:10 AM. I listened to the Hessischer Rundfunk top of the hour news and heard All Saints' cover version of Red Hot Chili Peppers "Under the bridge" after that. At Fulda I alighted and had to wait for the Intercity train to Berlin. I would have been able to continue with an ICE train but due to the disaster at Eschede, lines operated with the ICE-1 series had many taken out of service. So I made do with the IC, and it arrived on time at 9:12 AM. The train went through Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe, Göttingen, Braunschweig, Wolfsburg, Potsdam and Berlin-Wannsee station. The train arrived about 12:28 PM at Berlin Zoologischer Garten. Before exploring Berlin, there was some business to take care of at the station.

In Berlin, you can buy a single day pass at a reasonable price. I am not sure what it was in 1998 but in 1997 it was 10 D-Mark. For a three-day pass, namely a 72 hour pass, you can also get discounts on tours and various products. The cost was 29 D-Mark. There was a ticket in the booklet that BVG sold, and it had to be stamped before use. Stamped only once, otherwise it would be considered invalid by the ticket inspectors and I would have been subject to a fine of 80 D-Mark. I stamped the pass, and then headed on the S-7 to Nikolassee via Westkreuz. The trains were of the BR-481 series, and stations announced by the voice of Ingo Ruff, as I remembered from January 1997. My hostel was, despite being located near Wannsee, was actually closer to the Nikolassee station. And about a half mile walk from Nikolassee. I checked in and left my luggage on the free bunk bed in the room. As it was the Love Parade weekend, the hostel would be very full. I rested for a few minutes, and before I left, I took my Eurail Pass with me and my remaining cans of soda in case I were to get thirsty on the way. The coffee bottle was empty.

After a short rest, I left the hostel about 2 PM, with only my small bag with sodas, my Eurail pass, and passport. It was time to explore Berlin. I walked back to Nikolassee to take the S-Bahn to Potsdamer Platz. I wanted to not take the S-7 but the S-1, which was possible. The difference is going through Anhalter Bahnhof, Potsdamer Platz and Friedrichstraße underground, where S-7 is either elevated or at-grade only. At Yorckstraße I was listening on my radio to RTL 105.6 FM. Then when the train went underground for Anhalter Bahnhof and I lost the signal. Oh well.

During the Cold War, Anhalter Bahnhof was the last station in the West Berlin S-Bahn, before approaching the Berlin Wall, as the next station would be Potsdamer Platz which was closed then. Both stations in 1998 looked like they were nicely refurbished after Reunification. I exited Potsdamer Platz to have a look around to see how much of the wall I could still see. Most of it had been torn down, and in 1998 there was only the empty space remaining. If you were to look at an aerial photo of it today, you would not be able to really tell that there was once a wall. The area has long since been built up. I did find a wall to take a selfie from, and I managed to find a wooden wall. If I could not find a cement wall, I thought, well, the wooden one will do, it is close to the original site anyway. So, there you have it, the story of the selfie of me trying to climb a wall.

Between Potsdamer Platz and the Brandenburg Gate, there was a small memorial to the victims of the Third Reich. Honestly I do not know if that was erected either during the Cold War or after Reunification. I have only a few photos of that.

Because the Brandenburger Gate was not too far, I decided to walk on over. Brandenburger Tor was probably the most famous landmark of Berlin, that showed the division of West and East Berlin. On the west side there was the wall blocking access to it. It was accessible during the Cold War only from the East, namely, USSR controlled, side. Even when the Soviet troops had withdrawn, many former Soviets, in 1998, Russian citizens, remained behind and sold USSR memorabilia, such as military caps, belt buckles, insignias of the USSR, Matryushka nesting dolls. On Saturday the 11th July 1998, Brandenburger Tor would be quite busy and so would Unter den Linden up to Alexanderplatz. For that reason, Potsdamer Platz and Unter den Linden stations would be shut for the day. More about that tomorrow.

I wanted to see the Reichtstag building. It would be a short walk to Scheidemannstraße to see the Reichstag. The rebuilding of the Reichstag into the new Bundestag, would not be complete for several years. On the front it had "Dem Deutschen Volke" (to the German People). During the Cold War, the Reichstag building was located in the West. The government in 1998 was still in Bonn but would transfer to Berlin during the Gerhard Schröder (SPD, 1998 - 2005) government.

After that I thought it appropriate to explore into the former East Berlin, where there were no significant attractions. I took the bus to Französische Straße, the U-6 to Oranienburger Tor, then a tram to Brunnenstraße/Invalidenstraße. Note, on the U-6 from Stadtmitte to Reinickendorfer Straße, were "ghost stations" that the U-8 went through but did not stop. The tram went through an interesting part of the former East Berlin, looked like what I had seen in high school German class. The stop "Monbijouplatz" did not exist in 1998 so after Oranienburger Straße, was Hackescher Markt. For some strange reason or whatever, I got the idea to take the train further east to Frankfurt an der Oder and cross into Poland, before it got too dark. So I did that, taking the U-8 from Rosa Luxemburg Platz to Alexanderplatz, taking the S-Bahn to Ostbahnhof, and taking the Berlin-Warszawa-Express to Frankfurt an der Oder. I had my Eurail Pass and unless I was going further to Warsaw Centralna, I did not need any reservation. The PKP train was as nice as the Intercity train. The train passed by Ernkner which is the farthest east on the Berlin S-Bahn system.

I think I arrived at Frankfurt an der Oder about 6:30 PM. The train station looked like time stood still from the Cold War. Station signs looked similar to the ones I saw in Prague. The trams ran from the station to Magistrale, where the car and footbridge was located to cross the Oder into Slubice, Poland. Back then all Frankfurt an der Oder trams were from the Tatra factory in the Czech Republic as a legacy of the Cold War. There was a McDonalds at the intersection of Karl Marx Straße and Rosa Luxemburg Straße, for some reason it had a more profound effect on me that I would have preferred. At the time McDonalds was featuring Greek-style hamburgers with feta cheese, called "McKronos". I could not resist, so I had a simple McKronos burger and small drink. After eating and going to the bathroom, I made my way across the "Most Graniczny". At the time I did not know the Polish phrases "nie mówie po Polsku" (I do not speak Polish) or "nierozumiem" (I do not understand). After passing the German customs booth, I had my passport stamped on the Polish side. The first thing I saw was Rondo Solidarnosci (solidarity roundabout) and I walked along to the DK 31 road, otherwise known as aleja Mlodziezy Polskiej.

I withdrew some Polish Zloty at an ATM since the D-Mark was not accepted. Just enough to get by in town. The only thing I bought was a Döner Kebap and some soft drink. Most of the rest of the time I wandered around for half an hour. Some things I noted, were a Zywiec beer sign at what is today's King Nazar Kebap, the post office sign "POCZTA", a cigarette shop, a movie poster for "Seven Years in Tibet" with the title in Polish, a few FSO Polonez sedans and Fiat 126p, the Polish version of the Fiat 500 or Yugo. There were some kids playing soccer and one had a big net over him and I did not know enough Polish to ask why. If you see the photo and ask me why that boy has a net on him, I don't think I can explain the circumstance even twenty years on. I had the radio with me, and I recorded some Polish broadcast, including the song "Siedze i mysle" by Beata Kozidrak off the airwaves. I do not know the radio station anymore. I walked back over the Most Graniczny to Germany, had my passport stamped both by Poland for exiting, and Germany for entering. Then I took the tram back to the rail station, and took a RegionalExpress back to Berlin Ostbahnhof. I heard "Music was my first love" by John Miles, prior to accidentally changing the station to one that was playing "Achy breaky heart" by Billy Ray Cyrus. From there I took the S-7 back to Nikolassee, and made it back to the hostel before 11 PM.

I felt I accomplished much on Friday 10 July 1998, but for Berlin there was still more to see. There is still Saturday the 11th and Sunday the 12th. And the final games of that year's FIFA World Cup to be played.

Until next time.

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whagtssi · 3 years

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사상 최고치 랠리를 이어온 코스피가 외국인의 사상 최대 규모 순매도에 2600선 아래로 내려왔다. 30일 코스피는 전 거래일보다 42.11포인트(1.60%) 내린 2591.34에 마감했다. 이날도 오전 한때 장중 최고치를 새··· 식품화학 1. 개념 및 정의 식품화학(食品化學, food chemistry)이란 식품 원재료나 가공식품 또는 식품첨가물 등의 화학적인 특성과 가공이나 저장 중에 일어나는 식품성분들의 화학적인 변화를 배우는 학문으로 식품과학(食品科學, food science)의 한 분야이다. 식품화학은 식품 원료 자체의 성질, 식품 상호 간의 반응, 식품과 효소 간의 반응, 가공기계에 의한 식품의 변화, 식품과 포장재료 간의 반응 등에 관해서 탐구하는 학문이다. 즉 식품화학에서는 식품의 다양한 상태와 환경 조건을 대상으로 한다.식품화학은 영양화학(營養化學, nutritional chemistry), 발효식품학(醱酵食品學), 생화학(生化學, biochemistry), 독성학(毒性學, toxicology), 유기화학(有機化學, organic chemistry), 효소학(酵素學, enzymology), 식품공학(食品工學, food technology) 등 다양한 분야의 학문이 복합적으로 어우러지는 학문이다. 식품화학은 이상의 학문 영역을 바탕으로 식량 물질을 효율적으로 연구하고 조정하기 위한 학문이라고 볼 수 있다. 때문에 식품화학의 연구에서는 안전하고 품질이 우수한 식품의 주요한 성질과 특성을 측정하게 되고, 식품의 품질 및 안전성에 중요한 영향을 미치는 화학적, 생화학적 반응을 측정한다. 또한 일련의 반응들이 품질과 안전성에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지를 이해하여야 하고 식품의 배합 및 가공, 저장 중에 일어나는 여러 가지 변화 양상에 대하여 이미 밝혀진 지식을 적용하여 응용하여야 한다.즉 식품화학이란 식품원료를 가공하거나 조리한 후 최종 제품으로 만들어 소비자에게 전달되는 모든 과정에서 일어나는 식품 간의 반응과 외부 환경에 의한 반응 등을 포함하는 물리적, 화학적 변화 현상을 연구하는 학문이다. 2. 역사와 발전단계 카를 셸레(Karl Wihelm Scheele, 1742∼1786) 식품화학의 역사는 농화학(農化學, agricultural chemistry)의 역사와 깊은 관련이 있다. 오늘날과 같은 식품산업은 17세기부터 ��작되었다. 스웨덴의 화학자인 카를 셸레(Karl Wilhelm Scheele)는 유기산을 분리하는 업적을 남겼는데, 이러한 새로운 화합물의 분리는 식품화학 분야에서 정확한 분석 연구로 발돋움하는 계기가 되었다.그 밖에도 현대 화학의 창시자 중의 한 사람인 프랑스 화학자 앙투안 라부아지에(Antoine Laurent Lavoisier)는 발효과정을 평형식으로 나타내었고, 프랑스의 조셉루이 게이뤼삭(Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac)은 식물체에서 C, H, N을 측정하였다. 영국의 험프리 데이비(Humphry Davy)는 칼륨, 나트륨, 칼슘, 바륨, 마그네슘 등의 원소를 분리하는 등 화학작용의 중요성을 설명하였다.또한 스웨덴의 화학자인 베르셀리우스(Baron Jons Jacob Berzelius)는 근대 화학의 표기법을 확립한 사람으로 세륨, 셀렌 토륨을 발견하였으며 일정 성분비의 법칙(law of definite proportions)을 증명하였다. 이후 유스투스 폰 리비히(Justus Freiherr von Liebig)는 첫 식품화학 저서인 Researches on the Chemistry of Food를 출판하였고, 이로 인해 식품분석법과 식품화학의 개념이 생기게 되었다. 이후 1985년에 미국FDA는 아스파탐(aspartame)의 사용을 승인하였고, 1994년에는 유전자조작으로 생산된 토마토 판매를 승인하는 등 식품산업이 크게 발전하게 되었다. 3. 주요 연구영역 1) 식품 성분의 특성 식품을 구성하는 성분으로는 수분, 탄수화물, 지질, 단백질, 비타민, 무기질 등이 있다. 수분은 식품의 주요 성분으로 맛, 외형, 미생물의 번식에 영향을 주는 등 식품에 있어서 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 식품에 함유되어 있는 수분의 조절은 식품의 품질과 밀접한 관련이 있으므로 수분의 유리전이온도, 자유수, 결합수, 수분활성도와 같은 특성을 파악하는 것이 중요하다.탄수화물은 여러 가지 방법으로 변형시킨 후 분자의 크기, 형태, 용해도 등 성질이나 기능을 변화시켜 식품에 사용하기도 한다. 예를 들어 녹말의 호화, 노화, 덱스트린화(化), 변성녹말 등이 이에 속한다.지질은 식품의 중요한 성분 중의 하나인데, 산패가 잘 일어나 식품의 품질저하를 가져온다. 따라서 식용 유지의 물리적 성질과 화학적 성질을 비롯하여 산화에 영향을 미치는 인자를 밝히고, 산패를 측정하는 방법 등을 이해하는 것은 식품산업에서 아주 중요한 분야이다.단백질은 세포나 생물체의 생명현상을 유지하는 데 중요한 역할을 한다고 알려져 있다. 식품화학에서는 아미노산의 종류 및 성질, 단백질의 구조와 종류 및 성질, 변성이나 식품가공 중의 단백질의 이화학적 변화 등을 다루게 되고, 비타민과 무기질의 종류, 성질, 구조, 기능 등에 관하여 다룬다.이처럼 식품의 품질은 식품 원료의 영향을 많이 받는다. 따라서 식품 원료의 특성을 이해하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 즉 식품화학에서는 식품을 구성하는 성분들의 종류, 구조, 특성, 기능, 이화학적 성질 등에 관한 연구를 다룬다. 2) 화학적, 생화학적 반응 식품의 수확, 조리, 가공, 유통 중에 일어나는 화학적, 생화학적 반응은 매우 다양하다. 이러한 반응에 의해 식품의 품질이 결정되기 때문에 반응의 원리 및 작용과 같은 이론을 이해하고 식품산업에 응용시키는 것은 아주 중요하다고 할 수 있다.여러 가지 화학적, 생화학적 반응으로는 효소적 갈변, 비효소적 갈변, 지질의 산화, 단백질 변성, 호화와 같은 탄수화물의 변화, 비타민 파괴, 향기성분의 변화, 독성물질의 생성 등이 있다. 이러한 반응들은 한 가지 반응이 독립적으로 일어나는 것이 아니라 서로 상호작용하며 복합적으로 일어난다.식품의 수확, 가공, 저장, 유통 등의 공정 중에 일어나는 화학적, 생화학적 반응의 식품화학적 접근은 반응에 영향을 미치는 인자와 메커니즘 등을 이해하여야 한다. 예를 들면 유지의 자동산화(autoxidation)는 식품 품질저하의 주요 원인으로 그 메커니즘은 크게 초기단계, 전파단계, 종결단계의 3단계로 나눌 수 있다. 이렇게 생성된 중합체는 유지의 점도를 증가시키고 인체 내에서 소화 및 흡수가 어렵게 되며, 유지의 풍미 등에 영향을 주어 품질저하를 일으킨다.유지의 자동산화 과정 3단계 또한 비효소적 갈변 반응의 대표적인 메일라드 반응은 당-아민 축합반응을 통해 amadori(아마도리) 전위가 일어나고 당의 탈수, 분열, 분해를 거쳐 풍미에 영향을 주는 휘발성 냄새가 나는 성분을 발생시킨다. 이러한 바람직하지 않은 반응을 조절하기 위해서는 반응의 메커니즘을 정확하게 이해해야 하고 그 이외에도 반응에 영향을 미치는 요소, 반응의 영양적 특성, 반응의 생리적 특성 등에 관하여 중요하게 다루어야 한다. 따라서 식품화학에서는 이러한 반응들을 조절하여 체계적이고 효율적으로 식품산업에 응용하기 위한 연구를 다룬다. 3) 생리활성 안토시아닌 안토시아닌이 들어있는 적양파의 모습식품화학에서는 폴리페놀(polyphenol), 플라보노이드(flavonoid), 색소 성분 등과 같은 생리활성 성분을 다룬다. 생리활성 분야는 특히 항산화활성을 중심으로 활발하게 연구가 이루어지고 있고, 식품화학에서는 이러한 생리활성을 가지는 성분들의 구조와 성질 등을 다루게 된다. 예를 들어 비타민 E인 토코페롤(tocopherol)은 구조상에서 6번 위치의 OH기가 항산화작용이 있으므로 프리라디칼(free radical)과 일중항 산소를 소거하면서 자신은 최종적으로 토코페롤 퀴논(tocopherol quinone)이 되어 항산화활성을 나타낸다.여러 가지 천연색소 성분도 항암, 항염, 항산화 등의 생리활성을 나타낸다고 알려져 있는데, 식물에서 노란색을 나타내는 색소인 플라보노이드는 구조에 OH기를 많이 함유하고 있어 항산화활성을 나타낸다. 또한 식물에서 빨강, 보라 등의 색을 나타내는 안토시아닌(anthocyanin)도 대표적인 천연항산화물질이다.최근 활발하게 이루어지고 있는 연구 분야가 다름 아닌 생리활성 분야이기 때문에, 이러한 생리활성을 가지는 물질들에 대한 기초적인 이론이 매우 중요하게 여겨지고 있다.따라서 생리활성 분야란, 생리활성물질들의 구조와 특성 및 여러 가지 변화 반응 등에 대한 기초적인 지식을 비롯하여 그에 따른 생리활성에 관한 연구를 하는 분야이다. 4) 품질 및 안전성 식품에 첨가하는 식품첨가물로 인하여 식품의 품질과 상품적 가치를 향상시킬 수 있다. 그러나 식품첨가물이라는 것은 인위적으로 첨가된 물질이기 때문에 안전성이 가장 큰 문제가 되고 있다. 하지만 모든 첨가물이 문제시되는 것은 아닌데, 만약 식품첨가물 중 어떤 것이 독성이 있다고 판단된다면 그것을 첨가할 수 있는 한계량을 정해야 하고 이러한 실험은 동물실험을 통하여 판정된다. 식품의 안전성을 평가하는 것은 매우 어려운 작업이기 때문에 장기간에 걸쳐 검토되어야 하나 일반적으로 이를 평가하는 실험은 단기간에 끝나게 되어 제한적인 요소를 많이 갖는다. 이러한 문제를 극복하기 위해 RISK/BENEFIT 개념의 도입이 필요하다. RISK/BENEFIT 개념은 식품첨가물로써 필수적이나 발암 등을 일으킬 가능성이 있을 경우, 무조건 사용 금지를 하는 것이 아니라 제한적인 조건에서만 활용하도록 하며, 안전성과 관련된 실험을 계속 할 것인지의 여부를 결정하는 것을 말한다. 이것은 식품의 섭취에 따른 위험 정도를 결정하기 위해 모든 이론적인 방법과 과학적인 방법을 이용한다. 하지만 RISK가 BENEFIT보다 클 경우에는 사용을 제한한다.식품에 존재하는 유독 성분은 원인에 따라 내인성 독성물질과 오염물질로 나눌 수 있다. 내인성 독성물질이란 동식물체에서 생성되고 합성되어 존재하는 독성물질을 말하고, 오염물질이란 생물학적 또는 인위적으로 식품 내에 존재하는 물질을 말한다. 미생물에 의한 오염은 식품저장기술의 발달 등으로 인하여 감소하고 있는 추세이다. 따라서 식품의 발암성 및 유전 독성 등이 앞으로 해결해야 할 가장 큰 과제이다.발암성 물질 등을 연구하는 실험으로는 일반적으로 실험동물이 많이 이용되지만 이러한 방법에는 설비, 노력, 시간 등이 많이 소요된다. 최근에는 미생물을 이용한 돌연변이 유발성 시험법이 많이 개발되어 이 시험법을 사용한 연구가 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 일반적으로 독성을 평가할 때에는 급성독성(acute toxicity), 아만성독성(subacute toxicity), 만성독성(chronic toxicity) 등을 평가한다. 실험동물을 이용한 독성 시험을 평가할 때에는 사료 섭취, 운동성, 체중 변화 등을 관찰하면서 사망률 등의 원인을 조사한다. 또한 해부를 통하여 장기의 형태적, 조직적 변화를 조사하여 중독성 종류와 정도를 판정하기도 한다. 만성 독성 시험에서는 다음 세대에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 임신율, 출산율, 기형형성 등을 조사하는 경우도 있다. 4. 관련 용어 및 관련 직업군 1) 관련 용어 • 검화가(SV: Saponification Value): 유지 1g을 비누화하는 데 필요한 KOH의 ㎎ 수를 말한다.• 결합수: 식품 내에서 소수 결합을 통해 다른 화합물들과 결합되어 있는 물로 식품에서 미생물이 이용하지 못한다.• 자유수: 결합수와 달리 식품의 구성성분과 결합하지 않고 자유롭게 이동하는 물로 건조에 의해 쉽게 제거되며 미생물의 성장과 발아에 이용되는 물이다.• 저항녹말(RS: Resistant Starch): 소장에서 소화, 흡수 되지 않고 대장에서 소화되는 녹말을 말한다.• 콜레스테롤(cholesterol): 동물성 스테롤류이다. 혈액 중에서 콜레스테롤은 유리 형태(free cholesterol), 에스테르 형태(ester cholesterol)로 존재한다.• 단불포화지방산(MUFA: Monounsaturated Fatty Acid): 이중결합의 수가 1개인 불포화지방산을 말한다.• 다불포화지방산(PUFA: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid): 이중결합을 2개 이상 가지는 지방산을 발한다.• 아이오딘값(IV: Iodine Value): 유지 100g 중에 첨가되는 아이오딘의 g 수를 말하며 이중결합이 많을수록 값이 커진다.• 유리전이온도: 물성의 변화가 나타는 온도. 즉, 물과 같은 액체를 냉각할 때 상전이가 나타는 온도를 말한다.• 올리고당: 2개 이상의 단당류가 글라이코사이드(glycoside) 결합으로 연결되어 있는 당을 말한다.• 당알코올: 단당류나 올리고당류의 카보닐기가 환원된 형태로 메일라드 반응이 일어나지 않고 열에 비교적 안정하다.• 변향(flavour reversion): 냄새의 복귀 현상으로 정제 전의 냄새로 복귀한다는 뜻이다. 콩기름 등의 유지에서 일어날 수 있다. 2) 관련 직업군 • 식품, 생물공학 업체 등의 연구소• 제약회사• 정부연구소(한국화학연구원, 농촌진흥청, 한국식품연구원 등)• 공무원(농림수산검역본부 등)• 대학(석사나 박사 등의 연구원, 교수 등)

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amsonlinechemistry · 4 years

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Today personality(Justus Freiherr von Liebig),Mcqs and topic (factors deciding state of matter) https://www.instagram.com/p/CAFLhUiBp9X/?igshid=fbuwy5vxpcq9

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2mi3museum · 4 years

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Justus Freiherr von Liebig (12 May 1803 – 18 April 1873) was a German chemist who made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry. He was also the founder Liebig Extract of Meat Company, that later trademarked the Oxo brand beef bouillon cube.

During their activity, Liebig Company had different marketing strategies. Calendars and Trading Cards were one their marketing promotion materials to popularize their products. Wikipedia says that, in 1872, they began to include sets of trading cards featuring stories, historical tidbits, geographic tidbits, and so on. Many famous artists were contacted to design those series of cards, which were first produced using true lithography, then litho chromo, chromolithography, and finally offset printing. The Liebig trading cards came in a set of 6 with each bottle of extract. Those cards were also known as 'Liebig Soup Cards' and are popular with collectors. There were over 11,000 different cards of varied topics. Liebig stopped publishing cards in 1975. Here in this gallery we would like to share with you one of the collections of 2mi3museum.

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graphicartscollection · 5 years

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Justus Freiherr von Liebig (1803-1873)

Sérgio Costa Araújo, a colleague from Portugal, noticed that although we have wonderful tradecards from the chemist Justus Freiherr von Liebig (1803-1873), https://graphicarts.princeton.edu/2017/04/21/liebig-companys-trade-cards/ we don’t have a good portrait and so, he sent one.

The wood engraving is titled Justus v. Liebig in seinem Arbeitszimmer. Originalzeichnung von G. Theuerkauf[Justus von…

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greenbagjosh · 10 months

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Saturday 4 July 1998 - the S-Bahn ring train and one week from the Love Parade in Berlin

Saturday 4th July 1998

Hi everyone Hope you had a happy 4th of July. Even if I am overseas on the 4th of July, I try to make the day meaningful. Summer 1998 was no exception, nor was Summer 1997 when I visited Zurich and Milan that weekend. The morning of 4th July 1998 was on Saturday, so I had to do some grocery shopping. I also bought some music CDs at the Media Markt near the V-Markt in the EuroIndustriepark, to listen to. Here is what I bought.

"Metamorphosis" from Culture Beat "Flowers" from Ace of Base Single "Bailando" from Loona (Bailando, bailando amigos adios, adios, el silencio loco)

Why did I not buy "Bleibt alles anderes" from Herbert Grönemeyer "13" from Die Ärzte (with "Männer sind Schweine") "Read my sign" from Bell Book & Candle (with "Rescue Me", the official video has surreal efffects) I am not sure, but in the last few months I did buy "Bleibt alles anderes"

There was still time to buy other music as the month progressed. After I brought the groceries and music CDs home, it was time to head to München Hbf, for a special train. The fare was 4.50 D-Mark My usual month pass would not be valid, so I would have to buy a ticket from the conductors. This included a day pass on the train and a free sandwich on a pretzel bun and 12 ounce / 330 mL can of soft drink.

Why was the train ride special? It was not a regularly scheduled route. It was organized by people who I think were lobbyists for an S-Bahn ring around Munich, instead of a monorail. The train was built of four second class compartment cars @6 people per compartment and one single-aisle seating car, and driven by a DB-218 diesel locomotive. The route was clockwise and started out of München Hbf, went as far north as Moosach, then went through the EuroIndustriepark without stopping, turned south at Johanneskirchen, stopping for a few minutes at Ostbahnhof, before continuing on to Moosach. The lobbyists gave an objective speech over the loudspeaker *auf Deutsch* on the existing infrastructure, and why they would lobby for an S-Bahn ring. I must have stayed on the train for two more rotations to Ostbahnhof, I think a further hour and a half. The turnout on the train was quite good. I made it back to Hauptbahnhof to see what I could do to get a seat on the Sommer-Spezial IC train from Berlin Zoo to München Hbf via Leipzig and Nürnberg.

This one is quite difficult to explain, given its complexities, so please bear with me. As for arranging a train ride from Munich to Berlin on the Sommer-Spezial ticket, there are certain different connections between cities. The connections have a very limited amount of eligible seating per train. For example, there is one compartment of six (For 8th August I will let you know how someone managed to squeeze in seven in a compartment!) for each of second and first classes. You had to ride the entire distance from the first city to the second without changing trains, otherwise the ticket would be no good. In 1998, the InterCityExpress trains were excluded, so Intercity and Eurocity were the most premium class available. Some city pairs did not even have EC or IC but InterRegio which is a bit downmarket. For example I think Frankfurt am Main to Dresden Hbf was one of the participating InterRegio train routes. Sommer Spezial fares for adults was 69 D-Mark for second class, and 89 D-Mark for first class. For Munich in 1998, the Sommer Spezial cities were Berlin, Vienna and Zurich. All worked out very well, as I had planned to visit anyway, and buying a Sommer Spezial ticket, would save in total 5 days on the rail pass. Three between Munich and Zürich, one between Munich and Vienna, and one between Berlin and Munich. I would still need to use the rail pass for Friday 10 July, take the "Justus Freiherr von Liebig" ICE replacement for the previous "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" which was badly damaged on 3rd June 1998 in Eschede, and make a change to an InterCity train in Fulda Hbf to Berlin Zoologischer Garten. Anyway that was the complexity of the Sommer Spezial ticket. Did I mention, that although most cities in Germany have a two-day pass offer for those travelling over 200 km by train, that Berlin does not? I will tell more about that next week.

To follow up, what became of that train and the objectives thereof? Currently there is a second S-Bahn tunnel being built, just north of the original S-Bahn tunnel through Hauptbahnhof, Marienplatz, Isartor and Ostbahnhof, not exactly a ring as the one I rode on. Also Unterföhring on the S-8 line was put underground, same as Ismaning that was already underground. Next adventure is Berlin and a visit to Slubice through Frankfurt an der Oder. Hope you had a safe holiday, and please take care of the fur babies against the fireworks.

Do widzenia, i trzymaj sie! (przepraszam, nie mówie po polsku bardzo dobrze)

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