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we-are-astronomer · 2 years

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Galaxy Classification, Pt. 2

Based on how well my last post on galaxy classification was received, I would say that you all enjoy seeing what I have to say about the multitude of celestial bodies in our universe. So I’m here again with more information on galaxies and how they’re classified, including information on the system designed by Edwin Hubble in 1926.

So to begin. What system is used to classify galaxies?

That would be the Hubble Sequence, or the Hubble Tuning Fork, called so for the shape it takes.

As was discussed in the last post, the sequence begins with the elliptical galaxies on the left, smooth and featureless galaxies that are far less efficient at producing stars than their spiral cousins. It breaks off into two junctions once you reach a certain point, and you get your typical spiral galaxies on one prong and barred spirals on the other. Edwin then arranged the spirals sub-categories (SBa, SBb, SBc etc) based on how open the arms of the spirals are.

You may notice that there are no irregular galaxies in the sequence. As discussed previously, the reason they’re called irregular in the first place is that they can’t fit into the sequence cleanly due to their chaotic appearances and behavior that don’t fully encompass neither spiral nor elliptical galaxies, so they’re left out of the sequence entirely.

“What about lenticular galaxies, where do they fit?” you may ask. Right in the middle, just before the fork splits. S0 (and some would lump in certain E7 galaxies) is where lenticular galaxies lie in the sequence.

Lenticular galaxies are disk like with a central bulge but no spiral arms, and don’t produce very many new stars, if any at all. From a certain angle, they look like a lens, hence their name. This disk like shape is also what discerns them from elliptical galaxies, which have no disk structure at all.

Example:

This is NGC 5866, a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Draco. Note the clear flat disk of dust in the center, and the structure of the disk. Remember, an elliptical galaxy would have no such structure, and appear more vaguely oval shaped with not as much dust.

Example:

This is NGC 1132, an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Eridanus. Note the ellipsoidal shape, the lack of disk-like structure, and how it appears to have almost no dust at all, which means this galaxy most likely doesn’t produce stars at all anymore. A lenticular galaxy, while nowhere near as proficient at star production as a sprial galaxy, has at least some potential to produce stars, while ellipticals have significantly less.

There is one other type of galaxy that I haven’t talked about yet. Seyferts.

A Seyfert galaxy, named for American astronomer Carl K. Seyfert, is one of the two most active ‘galaxies’ in the universe, the other being quasars (which I will have to make a separate post about, as they’re not really galaxies, they’re sort of their own thing called an Active Galactic Nucleus ((AGN, which Seyferts have too)) but don’t fit into the Hubble sequence at all). They’re separated into two main types, Type I and Type II, with much smaller groups consisting of Type 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, and 1.9, but I’ll only be going into the two main types.

Nearly all Seyfert galaxies are spiral or barred spiral galaxies with extremely bright sources of ultraviolet light and x-rays, in addition to the light coming from their tiny cores. This light can and does frequently fluctuate in brightness. Most are powerful sources of infrared radiation. In addition, some emit intensely in the radio, X ray, and gamma ray regimes. The radiation excites gas around the central regions, giving rise to the observed emission lines (which are specific patterns of wavelengths that are generated when atoms of hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen are bombarded by high-energy radiation). They’re classified according to the relative widths of the emission lines in their spectra.

Type I Seyferts have broad emission lines of hydrogen, but narrow forbidden lines of heavier elements.

Example:

This is NGC 5548, a Seyfert spiral in the Boötes constellation.You can see the arms that have more hydrogen in them have much thicker widths, and the ones that contain less hydrogen are much thinner and dimmer. Also note the extremely bright core. Its light is the result of matter falling into the accretion disk of a supermassive black hole over 65 million solar masses in size.

Conversely, in type II Seyferts, the hydrogen lines and forbidden lines are, relatively, the same width, typically broader than the forbidden lines in type I, but not as broad as the hydrogen lines.

Example:

This is NGC 1068, a Seyfert spiral in the constellation Cetus. Note how more or less uniform the emission lines’ widths are. This galaxy’s core is also extremely bright, but less so than the type I example due to having a much smaller supermassive black hole at its center, perhaps only 15 million solar masses in size.

And, once again, I’m (unfortunately) not an astrophysicist, I’m simply a person who really, really loves space and wants to share my knowledge of the universe with everyone else. There’s plenty of actual scholarly papers you can find that explain galaxy types much more in depth and intelligently than I did, but I still hope that this little science lesson was interesting to some of you.

-Astronomer

#astronomer speaks #modern astronomy #galaxies #galaxy classification #lenticular galaxy #Seyfert galaxy #space aesthetic

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geekynerfherder · 1 month

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'Guardians Of The Galaxy' by Dave O'Flanagan.

Officially licensed 24" x 36" giclee print, in a numbered limited editions of 75 for $50 each; and a 3.5mm lenticular print with flip effect, with a numbered COA with BNG hologram of authenticity, in a limited edition of 100 for $125.

On sale Wednesday March 20 at 12pm ET through Bottleneck Gallery.

#Art #Dave O'Flanagan #Guardians Of The Galaxy #Bottleneck Gallery #Marvel #Marvel Studios #poster #print #giclee #3D #Lenticular

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wonders-of-the-cosmos · 5 months

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The galaxy on the left is a lenticular galaxy, which rejoices in the name of 2MASX J03193743+4137580. The side-on spiral galaxy on the right is more simply named UGC 2665. Both galaxies lie approximately 350 million light-years from Earth, and they both form part of the enormous Perseus galaxy cluster.

Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, W. Harris; Acknowledgement: L. Shatz

#galaxy #galaxia #space #espaço #astronomia #astronomy #universe #universo

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spacewonder19 · 2 years

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Threads of Lenticular Galaxy, NGC 1947 © Hubble

#galaxy #space #astronomy #astrophotography #nasa #hubble telescope #ngc 1947 #universe #planet #cosmos #planets #stars #night sky #solar system

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spacepandora · 2 months

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TYPES OF GALAXIES, PART 4:

Lenticular Galaxies

The image below is Lenticular galaxy NGC 4886, photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope, containing primarily old stars but no spiral arms.

Lenticular galaxies are like a cross between spiral galaxies and elliptical galaxies. They have the central bulge and disk common to spiral galaxies but no arms. But like ellipticals, lenticular galaxies have older stellar populations and little ongoing star formation.

Scientists have a few theories about how lenticular galaxies evolved. One idea suggests these galaxies are older spirals whose arms have faded. Another proposes that lenticulars formed from mergers of spiral galaxies.

#scifi geek #science #astronomy #space lovers #sci fi and fantasy #space exploration #space facts #outer space #space #astronomy facts #science is magic #science is cool #science facts #science is fun #scifi

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frachella · 1 year

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Lenticular Galaxy NGC 4866

#frachella

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blueiskewl · 9 months

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The Galaxy NGC 6684 by Hubble Space Telescope

The lenticular galaxy NGC 6684 bathes this image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope in a pale light. Captured with Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys, this galaxy is around 44 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Pavo. Pavo – the Latin name for peacock – is a constellation in the southern sky and one of four constellations collectively known as the Southern Birds.

Lenticular galaxies like NGC 6684 (lenticular means lens-shaped) possess a large disk but lack the prominent spiral arms of galaxies like the Andromeda Galaxy. This leaves them somewhere between elliptical galaxies and spiral galaxies, and lends these galaxies a diffuse, ghostly look. NGC 6684 also lacks the dark dust lanes that thread through other galaxies, adding to its spectral appearance.

The data in this image was captured during a census of the nearby universe entitled Every Known Nearby Galaxy, which aims to observe all galaxies within 10 megaparsecs (32.6 million light-years) that the telescope has not already visited. Before this program began, Hubble had observed roughly 75% of these nearby galaxies. Completing this census will reveal insights into the stars making up a wide variety of galaxies, in a wide variety of environments.

Text credit: European Space Agency (ESA). Image credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, R. Tully.

#The Galaxy NGC 6684 by Hubble Space Telescope #hubble space telescope #the constellation Pavo #space #nasa #nasa photos #nasa picture of the day

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gallifreyinstituteforlearning · 4 months

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🤔🎁 What gift would suit my Gallifreyan and their biology?

Choosing the perfect present for a Gallifreyan can be a challenge, given their unique biological and cultural attributes. Here are some gift ideas that humans can obtain:

1. Time-Based/Perspective Artwork: Consider artwork that changes or evolves over time. Ephemeral art, or art that shifts with perspective like a Lenticular could probably amuse them for hours.

2. Sensory Experience Gifts: Gallifreyans, with their heightened senses, would revel in gifts that tantalise multiple senses. Think along the lines of a set of exotic spices, or a collection of soundscapes. (Yes, like a mix tape).

3. Telepathic Communication Enhancers: Consider something that facilitates or enriches their telepathic abilities. If you can't get your hands on a Metebelis crystal or equivalent, consider a meditation aid or a voucher for a meditative retreat experience.

4. Historical books or experiences: Amuse them with historical books or interactive historical experiences. They'll find the human interpretation of history hilarious.

5. Puzzle Games: These could be physical puzzles that require assembly in a non-linear sequence, such as a Lotus Puzzle Box, or video games that involve navigating through time-based challenges.

6. Aromatic Plants or Oils: Given their sensitivity to scents, a selection of aromatic plants or essential oils from various corners of the galaxy would be a delightful and soothing gift. Choose fragrances that are known to have calming or invigorating effects.

So, as you mull over the perfect gift, remember - for a Gallifreyan's unique biology, it’s all about the blend of time, senses, and intellect. Happy shopping!

Gallifreyan Biology for Tuesday by GIL

→🫀Gallifreyan Anatomy and Physiology Guide (WIP) →⚕️Gallifreyan Emergency Medicine/Monitoring Guides →📝Source list (WIP)

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》📫Got a question / submission? 》😆Jokes |🫀Biology |🗨️Language |🕰️Throwbacks |🤓Facts 》📚Complete list of Q+A 》📜Masterpost If you like what GIL does, please consider buying a coffee or tipping below to help make future projects, including complete biology and language guides.

#doctor who #dr who #dw eu #gallifreyans #GIL biology #GIL #gallifrey institute for learning #gallifreyan biology #Time Lord biology #TOTW: Christmas is coming #whoniverse #mcu

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millimononym · 6 months

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Galactik Football Sticker Album translated to English

DISCOVER NEW GIFT SUPRISES! IN GALACTIK FOOTBALL PRODUCTS!

+tattoos +stickers +lenticular +tattoos +holographic cards x2

Galactik Football is a story about a futuristic football team - the Snow Kids. They play for their planet Akillian and try to win the Galactik Football Cup with the help of the mysterious energy The Flux. For this prestigious reward they will have to fight against the teams: Wambad, Shadows, Pirates, Technoids, Rykers and many others. Watch this amazing adventure on TV Ultra!

D'Jok is a fantastic player of Galactik Football. His wish is to become the main attacker of the akillian team. His main asset is unbelievable strength. The flux is going to strengthen this advantage and make sure that his shot reached heights which Galactik Football hasn't yet seen. In the start he will struggle to control this unbelievable strength, but when he gets a hold of it,he will be recruited(?) by all the main GF clubs

Because D'jok doesn't know anything about his past (Maya, the woman who adopted him promised the boy's real mother that she would never tell him the truth), he came to the conclusion that his future is miraculous. This belief makes him different and gives him an unusual charisma. However, this also makes him very independent, so doesn't have a single friend, aside from Micro-ice. D'jok's problems with communication are especially obvious when it comes to Rocket, the team's captain. As time passes, D'jok sees and treasures Rocket's worth.

Rocket is an amazingly good passer and his passes are perfectly precise. This preciseness is useful not only in passing, but is also a fantastic advantage in free kicks. Unlike D'jok who has a strong shot, Rocket is more subtle and his use of the flux is seen through, thus unseen in football, controlling of the trajectory of the ball: an incredible backwards shot and in zigzag

Rocket is Aarch's nephew and a big fan of his uncle as a GF player. However, Rocket's father cannot forgive him because he didn't stay on Akillian after the glaciation. From the moment he joins school, Rocket won't rest until he proves to his father that he's up to the task. That's why he constantly puts pressure on himself. That uprightness of his irritates others in the start. But Rocket will gradually learn how to guide others: he will earn his spot on the field and become the captain of the Snow Kids

On the GF field Tia is very skilled in avoiding opponents. Her play with the help of the flux will undergo an incredible transformation. Her dribbling will become real acrobatics. She can jump multiple metres in the air, with the ball on her leg, before she shoots. Because she masters the flux earlier than the others, she will be the first player to be targeted by the other teams. Tia's biggest wish is to explore the galaxy and meet other people. That's why, when opportunity knocked on her door, Tia immediately accepted the adventure named Galactik Football.

However, her wishes aren't fulfilled easily because of her paralyzing shyness. This contradiction in her behavior is clearly shown in her love of filming: she can't be away from her holo-camera. She will need time to open up to the other Snow Kids, but the moment she does that, she will show a lot of warmth, especially when diplomatically solving problems with her coplayers.

They gave Ahito the nickname "the sleeping goal". It often looks like he's sleeping, leaning on the goal post, but in a second he can jump and and stop the ball, to everyone's suprise, before he sits back down like nothing happened. Ahito is a fantastic goalman, even if his head's in the clouds

On the planet Akillian 15 years earlier there was a big explosion. The consequences were catastrophic: the temperature dropped so much that everything on the planet began to freeze. Giant snowstorms started which destroyed a part of the main town/city, Arkadia, and life there became impossible. Today this ghostly town serves as protection from the icy winds that ravage the planet.

The Shadows have humanoid bodies which under the influence of the flux become partly gaseous. With these bodies they skillfully control the ball. Masterful control of the flux and their experience in the past wars make them one of the most frightening groups in the Flux society

The name "pirates" describes a group of people(races?) and planets in the nebulae Shiloe. They are located on the edge of the Zaelion galaxy and outside of the reach of the jurisdiction and control of the Flux society. Its inhabitants are of varied background. Those are often communities who ran from the wars and mixed with the local people. That's how mixed mutant races came to be. Humanoids are the majority. The nebulae Shiloe is organized as a confederation of guilds(?) which allows a lot of freedom to it's members. This chaotic region is a shelter for all outlaws, traitors(?) and the self-interested of that galaxy, and that's why they got their name: Pirates

Technoid is a big commercial and technological collective. In the past years they "ate" their competition and became the dominant political and economical power on a lot if planets where they use (negative) the natural resources. Technoid is run by a group of administrators, of which the most influential is Bleylock.

Rykers are mutants who were forced to adapt to the harsh conditions of their planet Unadar, which is very industrially polluted. Bio-mechanic humanoid hybrids, the rykers show endurance, agility and aggressiveness.

Wambas are a peaceful and wise race. They love to play and that's where their passion for galactik football comes from. They are experienced, fast, and have a good, sometimes cynical, sense of humor. Even if they are uninterested in technology, they developed their own unique science in harmony with the nature of their planet Wamba, which is covered in jungles and forests.

-Genesis stadium is a gigantic spaceship which was created by the League for the main competition in galactik football which is transmitted throughout the entire galaxy. The stadium is in the centre of the spaceship, in which there is also an entire town/city which serves to host teams and their helpers, as well as a couple thousands of fierce fans. All players of galactik football dream of playing in the main stadium one day and hearing the public shouting their name. Likewise it's the dream of every person in the galaxy to save enough money to be able to spwnd a vacation at the Genesis stadium and watch the GF finale live! Genesis stadium has 24 public astro-ports which can host 500,000 people daily, and 88 private landing fields which are open 24 hours a day. 6 interconnected control towers continuously monitor traffic around Genesis. The circular stadium can host 800,000 people. On the giant monitor the match is shown for the viewers who are sitting far from the field, so nobody misses even a second of play. Genesis stadium has absolutely everything - giant amusement parks, one-day daycares for kids, camp of settlements, even a forest with a lake. There sre hundreds of hotels and every guest enjoys the biggest comfort in the entire galaxy.

The Flux will increase his resilience and acrobatic skills to an enviable level. Ahito is calm, he never gets angry. Under the excuse of having to meditate, he often falls asleep wherever he is. In fact, he spends most of his time sleeping. Despite that, he is one of the most dynamic players on the field and he is a top megnetboard driver

The hard-working Mei will play in defense, where she can show off her attacking abilities. There is no equal to her in the ability to take the ball away from the opponent while they are handling it. However, this defensive position is not particularly exciting for her. She dreams of the day when she will move to attack, because she considers that position to be prestigious. That's why she will do everything to get to it

Mei's mother pressures her to be the best and most beautiful. As a result Mei is extremely confident. She is very ambitious and her clothes are always impeccable. She acts like a star and nothing will stop her on her way. Will Mei be able to break away from her mother and become a little more... human?

Thran is extremely sharp and tenacious in defense, and his strongest asset is that he never lets his opponent go. Thran, who is very rational, does not understand the Flux or how it works, but tries to adapt to it. Thanks to the Flux, Thran gradually develops quick reflexes and intuition, which he mainly uses when his brother falls asleep on the goal.

Lively and inquisitive by nature, Thran becomes even more lively when he starts talking about systems and inventions. He often finds a solution thanks to his knowledge of technology. Thran is very diligent and interested in trainings. He enjoys researching how Clamp's machines work. He is fascinated by statistics and can draw a large number of players from memory, as well as recall their play.

Micro-Ice's game reflects his lifestyle. He developed incredible speed, now he just needs to remember to take the ball with him. He had a bad habit of making fun of opponents on the field, which always led to conflicts during the game. He will have the hardest time of all to accept the Flux in himself. Due to its timid nature, it will be difficult for him to bear the change in his body. However, once he's mastered it, he'll be full of enthusiasm and faster than most players on other teams. Micro-Ice is the funniest member of our little group.

A bit cocky but well-intentioned, he's like a school clown of Aarch college who relieves stressful situations. He learned to get by in life on his own with various tactics... and frequent chatter! Once he starts babbling, it's hard to stop him, which gets him into awkward situations at the best of times. His lack of attention makes it difficult for him to embrace the discipline of teamwork, but his adventures in galactik football will give him a great opportunity to grow up…

MARK THE STICKERS THAT YOU COLLECTED!

WHOO THAT'S ALL! idk if the picture order is messed up, but u can see the page numbers so it doesn't really matter (the pages are supposed to be SPORT -> LIFESTYLE and are translated as such)

Sorry these aren't scanned but i don't own a scanner and can't go anywhere for one so if you want a closeup or better quality of something just ask and I'll post a better pic of it for u :3

Also theres a lot of grammar and spelling mistakes here which i fixed for easier reading (like misspelling the literal series name ...) so keep that in mind

ALSO!!! The pirates section gives weight to my headcanon that most of the Pirates (team) aren't fully human. I knew they were too tall !!! Those bitches are part alien under those masks and i KNOW IT!!!

#galactik football #translation #merch #the snow kids #the shadows #the pirates #the rykers #technoid #the wambas #d'jok #rocket #Tia #mei #micro ice #micro-ice #thran #ahito #long post

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