#temporal clauses

[lovelanguageisolate]

One of the things about Paradise Lost that works extremely well for me: the stream of consciousness blur of it all that elevates feelings, intentions and sensory experiences over concrete places and instants.

The demons are described as in a "lake with liquid fire" at one point and then in frozen and icy continent in another. Pandaemonium where the demons are forced to meet and co-mingle is cramped and dark, but hell is also a boundless, barren waste.

Satan himself is simultaneously grieving the loss of God's approval and resolving to get as far from God as possible. None of the fallen angels is ever like, "dude, maybe calm down and figure yourself out," even though the devil is, ostensibly, in the details. The choice coheres—congeals—like the keen of an estranged child or bitter screed of a jilted lover, but it is always off-balance, unable to stand on itself, doomed to sink and fall apart, like a foundation lain in quicksand.

And all the while, there are so many embedded clauses that it's often impossible to tell who is doing what or what is being referred to or in what order anything is happening. I'm not an English major and never was, and maybe I don't know how normies wrote in Milton's day, but I'd hazard this is very deliberately chosen and not in the service of the meter.

I think this choice—to be temporally, spatially, causally vague, if not incoherent and contradictory—serves the narrative extremely well.

We get away from the stupid, childish literal-mindedness that plagues so much religious art, especially, I think, in Christianity.

Hell, in Paradise Lost, isn't a particular bat-roosting cave where the AC has gone out. Nor is hell a perpetual time-out room when we don't do what God "wants". Hell is the totality of every way you can be out of harmony with the world, nature, and God at once. We descend deeper into it as Satan's choice to estrange himself from the divine runs to its logical conclusion. This bad conscience, maybe existing from the instant choice entered the picture and it became possible to choose pride over God, doesn't happen once but reverberates throughout mankind's fall too and is replicated in every prideful and obtuse act humanity takes. And in this way, the real spiritual pattern of Milton's Christianity comes to the fore, palpably, where parochial details buttress the story without trapping us.

---

It's appropriate for me to acknowledge and recommend C. S. Lewis' Preface to Paradise Lost, which besides being very good has surely influenced my impression.

#lli-reads-paradise-lost #english lit #john milton #paradise lost

[divaysh-gupta]

Crafting Effective Influencer Collaborations: A Comprehensive Checklist for Your Influencer Contract

In the dynamic world of marketing, leveraging influencer partnerships has proven to be a strategic imperative for business growth. The success of such collaborations hinges on meticulous planning and transparent communication. Enter the influencer contract – an essential tool for navigating professional connections, be it a one-time venture or a lasting partnership.

As the global influencer marketplace continues to evolve, these agreements have become indispensable, providing a legal framework and fostering confidence for a harmonious and fruitful collaboration. Below is a thorough checklist outlining key components to integrate into your influencer contract:

Defining the Scope of Work:

Specify the nature, structure, and quantity of content the influencer will generate.

Outline the platforms, channels, and accounts designated for content distribution.

Detail schedules, deadlines, and the frequency of content creation and distribution.

Content Specifications:

Specify the volume of content types, including photo posts, videos, Instagram Stories, or IGTV appearances.

Align the content format with the influencer's image and the campaign's objectives.

Define optimal timing for brand promotion posts, considering the peak engagement times of the target audience.

Legal Compliance Integration:

Integrate an Intellectual Property strategy addressing content ownership and usage rights.

Ensure compliance with advertising regulations, incorporating a termination clause for non-compliance.

Clearly delineate ownership and copyright status of the content, detailing terms for usage, reuse, and attribution.

Payment Framework:

Clearly articulate the payment amount and methods to preempt potential discrepancies.

Specify the categorization of product samples – as gifts or subject to return upon content creation.

Provide detailed instructions on submitting receipts for reimbursement, especially if influencers are responsible for product purchases.

Safeguarding Confidential Information:

Include provisions prohibiting the influencer from divulging confidential information without explicit consent.

Define specific dates for maintaining confidentiality, particularly pertinent to product launches.

Ownership and Usage Rights Clarification:

Establish the ownership and copyright status of the content, elucidating allowances for modifications.

Define the terms of the license and authorization, including considerations for content reuse, reselling, and attribution.

Address temporal and exclusivity aspects, specifying the potential for content use over time and interactions with other companies or competitors.

Termination and Renewal Clauses:

Outline the grounds, notice periods, and consequences associated with contract termination.

Clearly define the criteria, procedures, and terms governing contract renewal and extension.

#influencer marketplace #influencer marketplace in India #influencer marketplace for influencers

[commissionsdarian]

"Temporal Memory Sanitization Clause": This clause supposedly grants employees the right to have memories of classified operations erased for security reasons. Yet, a cunning loophole allows the commission to exploit memory manipulation technology, selectively erasing memories beyond the scope of classified information, effectively rewriting employees' personal histories.

This is also a big one we've been working on

#so far getting the word out about this technology has been pretty useful #it's just a case of continuously reminding employees #spotting signs #generally knowing that if you're going in to get memories removed #you're screwed #this is one of the worse ones #darian answers stuff #rp #oc #the TAs

[scruggzi]

I first read the Sandman comics as a queer teen in the late 90s/early 2000 and it was a big deal to see people like me on media. In the UK at that time it was illegal to talk positively about queerness in school. Somehow, despite it being in direct contravention of Clause 28 of The Local Government Act there it was. In my school library. Filled with gay.

Perhaps none of the relationships counted as a 'pretended legitimate family life'. Perhaps librarians are hella radical and stocked it anyway.

Either way I've been hoping for a screen version of Morpheus's story since about 1999 and as the years have gone on the temporal connect of the story has encroached.

You can't do Sandman as Sandman was. We've moved on as a society. Queer voices are loose and prouder then the were in 2003, the year I left high school. The year clause 28 was repealed and local governments were legally allowed to treat gay people as normal people.

I'm one episode in and I'm actually excited because it looks like someone understood the meaning of transformative work.

Ngl I was initially hostile to the hair.

One episode in idgaf.

The spirit of what I loved has evolved with the world I'm living in. What an excellent tribute and addition to a story I consider to be one of the greatest works of literature of its era.

Also...I'm low-key shipping Morphius and Lucienne now which ngl is a curve ball but I'm into it 😂

#the sandman #sandsquee

[unboundwanderers]

DIONSAURS IN SUMERU \\ @verdantstride //

               TEMPORAL SPATIAL RIFTS WERE ALWAYS SUCH A HEADACHE. A tear in the spatial channels leads to a connection being made from points A to B. To boil it down, Dinosaurs were in Sumeru Jungle, trying to find their way home. All he had to do was close the rift, and the Dinosaurs would fade- They were a headache, but that didn't mean it was difficult. He just had to find the epicenter of the rift. However, he found that it would be more than an enlightening experience- because not only were there dinosaurs but there was an infant in the jungle- probably separated in the confusion of the Dinosaurs' and their arrival.

               At the sight of the child, this man with silver hair and soft blue eyes knelt- wearing tan jeans, dusty white sneakers, a vanilla t-shirt, and a brown waistcoat with a cream-collared neck cravat. He wore a blue Navy coat that dropped down to the knees, but he was WRAPPED in a beautiful and bright multicolored scarf! Greens, yellows, whites, reds, browns, and purples! He had this bright smile- almost as if he was some type of Santa clause, and he spoke like he was this child's grandfather.

               "Hello there-!" He tried to remain calm, as he didn't want to frighten the herd of dinosaurs or the child, so he remained perfectly calm and as friendly as possible. "I'm sorry, it seems like you might be lost." He sits on a knee and pats the kid's head before looking around. He wore a cream-colored fedora with a blue ribbon. He removed it and held it over his chest while he looked out for any nearby adults. It seems they had all fled in panic. The rift must be in the center of the city, the herd of Dinsoaurs got thicker and higher numbered there.

               "I'm afraid it would be irresponsible to leave you here, but I'm also the only one who knows about temporal-spatial rifts... and I'm on the clock..." He hums slightly. "It looks like you'll have to come with me..." He pursed his lip and slid his hat back on. "Oh well, it shan't be too bad! You can watch my back for any Tyrannosaurs Rexs!"

#the next stop (in character~! ic) #Utterly Fascinating~! (The Scarf Doctor~!) #verdantstride

[dalgona-korean]

Expressing Time

Consolidating notes now on Time Expressions!

1. N + 전에, V + 기 전에 (before, ago)

This pattern means 'before a certain period of time' or 'before some action'.

*Difference between 1시 전에 and 1시간 전에 = before 1 o'clock vs 1 hour ago

2년 전에 한국에 왔어요.

식사 전에 이 약을 드세요.

싱가포르에서는 집으로 이사하기전에 결혼해야돼요.

2. N + 후에, V + (으)ㄴ 후에 (after)

This pattern means 'after a certain period of time' or 'after some action'. You can also use - (으)ㄴ 다음에 to express the same thing.

한 달후에 인턴십이 끊을 거예요.

이년 후에 대학교를 졸업할 거예요.

인턴십이 끊은후에 교환학생으로 한국에 갈거예요.

3. V + 고 나서 (and then, upon finishing)

This grammar expresses the finishing of one behaviour followed by the beginning of a subsequent behaviour. Even though technically 고 is sufficient, using 고 나서 greatly emphasises the completion of the first behaviour.

*When the subjects of the first and second clauses are the same in sentences using the motion verbs 가다, 오다, 들어가다, 들어오다, 나가다, 나오다, 올라가다, 내려가다, 일어나다, 앉다, 눕다, 만나다, - 아/어서 is used instead.

나는 학교에 가서 공부해요.

샤워하고 나서 로션을 바라요.

문제를 잘 듣고 나서 대답을 찾으세요.

4. V + 아/어서* (in order to)

Similar to the previous grammar, this is a connective ending indicating the temporal relationship between events. The two actions must be so closely related that the second action cannot occur without the first action occurring first. The subjects of both verbs must be the same!!

*Tenses are expressed only in the second verb, not the first.

*When used with verbs designating the wearing of clothes and accessories, 고 is used in place of 아/어서.

네 시간 동안 공원에 앉아서 이야기했어요.

여자 친구에게 목걸이를 사서 주었어요.

사람들이 우산을 쓰고 가요.

5. N + 때, A/V + (으)ㄹ 때 (time when something occurs)

This grammar expresses the time when an action or state occurs or its duration.

*때 is not used together with 오전, 오후, 아침 or the days of the week.

메 방학때 인턴십을 해요.

시험 볼 때 옆 사람의 시험지를 보지 마세요.

몇 살 때 첫 데이트를 했어요?

6. V + (으)면서 (occurring simultaneously)

This grammar indicates that the actions of the first and second verbs occur simultaneously.

*The subjects of the 2 clauses must be the same. If they are different, you use 는 동안.

*Always write in the present tense before attaching the grammar.

밥을 먹으면서 TV를 봐요.

운전하면서 전화하지 마세요.

저는 공부하면서 노래를 부려요.

7. N + 중, V + 는중 (currently doing, in the midst of)

This expression is used with a noun that corresponds to 'in the process/middle of' or 'currently doing' in English.

*This grammar is similar to 고 있다, but 는 중 is simply limited to being unable to describe natural phenomena.

바람이 부는 중이에요. (X) 바람이 불고 있어요. (O)

사장님은 회의중이에요.

요즘 집을 찾는 중이에요.

8. V + 자마자 (as soon as, right after)

This grammar indicates that something occurs immediately following the end of some event or action, meaning 'as soon as' or 'right after'.

*The subjects of the 1st and 2nd clauses can be the same or different, and tense is not expressed in the verb of the 1st clause, but it is in the 2nd clause.

대학교에 졸업하자마자 취직할 거예요.

제 핸드폰을 사자마자 고장났어요.

제 남친을 첫 보자마자

9. N + 동안, V + 는 동안 (during, while)

This pattern expresses the length of time starting when a certain action or behaviour begins and lasting until it ends.

*The difference between (으)면서 and 는 동안 is that the first one is about doing something simultaneously (subjects of the 1st and 2nd clause must be the same); while the second is about things happening at a certain time period (so 1st and 2nd clause subjects can be different).

어제 4시간 동안 노래방에서 부렀어요.

4개월 반 동안 교환학생으로 서울에서 살거예요.

비행기를 기다리는 동안 면세점에서 쇼핑할까요?

10. V + (으)ㄴ 지 되다/ 넘다 (since)

This grammar indicates how much time has passed since some situation or action occurred and thus corresponds to 'since' in English. It can be expressed in the two ways mentioned above.

한국어를 공부한 지 3년이 되었어요.

우리 사귄 지 2년이 넘었어요.

공연한지 10년이 되었어요.

#korean #korean langblr #korean language #study korean #studyblr #learn korean

[tarantula-hawk-wasp]

ancient greek and latin have definitely made me think more about the order of delivery of concepts in a sentence and now sometimes I am frustrated by English because I’ll want to deliver like the temporal information first or the context etc and I can’t even tho I’m pretty good at stretching the ability to use clauses and prepositional phrases in English

[reedreadsgreek]

John 21:18–19

18 Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω σοι, ὅτε ἦς νεώτερος, ἐζώννυες σεαυτὸν καὶ περιεπάτεις ὅπου ἤθελες· ὅταν δὲ γηράσῃς, ἐκτενεῖς τὰς χεῖράς σου, καὶ ἄλλος σε ζώσει καὶ οἴσει ὅπου οὐ θέλεις. 19 τοῦτο δὲ εἶπεν σημαίνων ποίῳ θανάτῳ δοξάσει τὸν θεόν. καὶ τοῦτο εἰπὼν λέγει αὐτῷ· ἀκολούθει μοι. 

My translation: 

18 “Truly truly I tell you, when you were newer, you girded yourself and walked wherever you desired; but whenever you grow old, you will stretch out your hands, and another will gird you and will carry you where you desire not.” 19 And this he said indicating by what sort of death he will glorify God. And having said this, he says to him, “Follow me.”  

Notes:

21:18 

For ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω σοι, see note on 1:51. 

The dependent clause introduced by temporal particle ὅτε modifies the main verbs ἐζώννυες and περιεπάτεις below. νεώτερος (“younger”, comparative of νέος “new, young”) is predicate with the imperfect ἦς (from εἰμί). NET, HCSB take the adjective in a non-comparative sense, “young”. 

ζώννυμι (3x, two of which in this verse) is, “I gird [a belt around my waist]”; cf. ἡ ζώνη (8x) “belt” (cf. περιζώννυμι, 6x, “I gird around”; διαζώννυμι, 3x, in 13:4, 5, 21:7). BDAG lists the by-form ζωννύω. The direct object of the imperfect ἐζώννυες is σεαυτὸν (“you used to gird yourself”, NASB; “you would tie your belt”, HCSB; “you dressed yourself”, NIV). The imperfect περιεπάτεις (from περιπατέω) is modified by a dependent clause introduced by spatial particle ὅπου. An infinitive such as περιπατεῖν is assumed with the imperfect ἤθελες (from θέλω): “wherever you wanted to go”. 

δὲ is adversative. 

γηράσκω (2x) is “I age, become old”, from τό γῆρας (1x) “old age” (c.f. English geriatric). γηράσῃς is an aorist subjunctive after the indefinite temporal particle ὅταν. The dependent clause introduced by ὅταν modifies the main verbs ἐκτενεῖς, ζώσει, and οἴσει below. 

ἐκτείνω (16x) is, “I stretch out” (BDAG), from ἐκ + τείνω “I stretch” (not in NT, but cf. English tension). The direct object is nasal future ἐκτενεῖς is τὰς χεῖράς, modified by possessive genitive σου. 

The substantival ἄλλος is the subject of the future ζώσει (from ζώννυμι “I gird”; see above) and σε is the direct object. Most translations express a wordplay between the two uses of this verb in the verse (e.g., NET: “you tied your clothes ... others will tie you up”), even though ‘in the LXX, as in Greek generally,... no instance is forthcoming of its use in the sense of binding a criminal’ (ICC). Many ancient commentators saw a prediction of crucifixion in these words, although the order of the clauses is against it. 

ἄλλος above is also the subject of the 2nd future οἴσει (from φέρω). The verb is modified by the dependent clause introduced by the spatial particle ὅπου. As above, an infinitive such as περιπατεῖν is assumed with the negated present οὐ θέλεις (from θέλω). 

21:19 

The near-demonstrative pronoun τοῦτο, referring to the content of verse 18, is the direct object of the 2nd aorist εἶπεν (from λέγω) whose unexpressed subject is Jesus. The present participle σημαίνων (from σημαίνω “I signify, indicate”; see note on 12:33) denotes purpose with εἶπεν. The interrogative pronoun ποίῳ, used here in an indirect sentence, is attributive with θανάτῳ. The dative is instrumental with the future δοξάσει (from δοξάζω) whose direct object is τὸν θεόν. Peter is the unexpressed subject of δοξάσει. 

τοῦτο again refers to the content of verse 18, the direct object of the 2nd aorist participle εἰπὼν (from λέγω). The participle is temporal-antecedent (“after saying this”) with the historical present λέγει (from λέγω), whose indirect object is αὐτῷ referring to Peter. Jesus is the unexpressed subject of the verb. 

The dative direct object of the present infinitive ἀκολούθει (from ἀκολουθέω) is μοι. The present-tense of the verb denotes a continual process (the aorist imperative only used in the NT in Mark 14:13 and Luke 22:10 of the command to follow the man with a jar of water to the upper room, a brief action).

#John #John 21 #Jesus #Simon Peter #death

[shammah8]

"And He is the head of the Body, the Church; He is the beginning and the firstborn from among the dead, so that in everything He might have the supremacy."

Colossians 1:18

DEREGISTERING IN CENTRAL ASIA

“Our church is considering whether to relinquish our government registration,” said Pastor Sergei to our SSTS seminar group in a restricted Central Asia country. No one knew how to respond. The seminar was being conducted in this pastor’s church because it was the only one the region registered with the central government!

 

“Why?” someone asked.

 

“Here is our reasoning,” Pastor Sergei graciously replied. “We have a ‘grandfather clause’ that permits us to be registered even though we do not meet the current requirements to be registered. But I have to file a report with the government each month outlining the number of meetings, who attended and how much money we received from these meetings and people. I find it very difficult to give an accurate report, thereby possibly jeopardising some individuals who attend our meetings, or to falsify the reports and thereby violate my conscience.

 

Pastor Sergei added, “I feel like I am working every day for the NSS (National Security System — the former KGB). As a denomination, we are unprepared for persecution. I feel my people would be better prepared for persecution if we met in smaller cell groups and were not registered.”

 

To register a church in this country, three conditions must be met: a list of at least one hundred members whose last names are Russian or Koreans but no one from one of the traditional Muslim tribal groups; a vote of 100% among the church neighbours favouring a meeting in their area; and a building, but few want to rent or sell a building to a Christian group — even if the neighbours approve!

 

“This is why we are thinking of deregistering with the government and going underground as smaller cell churches,” concludes Pastor Sergei. Then he looks straight into your eyes and asks, “Do you agree?”

Response

Today I reaffirm that Christ is the head of His Church, not temporal authorities.

Prayer

Lord, give wisdom today to church leaders in countries where registration is so difficult and fraught with so many complexities.

© 2013 Open Doors International.

[happi-speech]

Ive also been thinkin a lot lately abt how English uses possession words, like "got" and "have" to convey a sense of directional shift in quality, quantity, or time.

"Tracy got sick" sounds normal, but thinking abt it too hard, its like Tracy possessed the thing that is sickness or rather the literal point in time she developed sickness. It feels like, spacially, she 'aquired' the thing that is sickness or the actions of being sick like someone "has" something in their hand after grabbing it, or "has" something on their arm from being a recipient of an action. Sickness is inalienable to her bc its a quality now, and thats expressed as possession of that quality thru the possession verb 'got'.

"I got to go" sounds like someone must leave. Ok cool. But thinkin abt it, the subject sounds like they literally posses or hold an entire action (going; leaving where they are), which is "contained" grammatically in the infinitive. So the subject possesses the action of going, "grabbing" or "aquiring" the need or urge to move away.

Even the use of "have" to mark verbal aspect I notice a concept of possession. "She had had a good time" seems redundant (without using different tones to differentiate the roles of the consecutive "hads"), but is grammatical. Bc she 'possessed' the thing that was 'a good time' bc the verb 'had' is inflected by the word 'had' to compound a sense of 'possessing' an event in time, which the aspect usage of the first 'had' expresses distal temporality.

"It hasnt been like that before" expresses that the subject isnt the same; that it possesses a different quality or amount of something than a point of time in some past. Okay. But thinkin abt it.... the subject's exisisting or 'being' 'aquired' the thing that is "like that" after not possessing "like that" before. 😵‍💫

I noticed this use of possession words (get, have) to grammatucally convey that certain words can almost 'reach out' to 'possess' clauses, phrases and words after watching a video abt how British English speakers are aquiring the usage of "got" rather than "gotten" from American English, and also after thinking abt how i struggled to understand the translations of the verb "haber" in Spanish to remember its conjugations (despite being practically identical to conveying apsect in English). Little did I realize that "have" was basically English's way of categorizing ways to categorize predicate information as almost tangible, certainly 'possessible', like how certain phrases and verbs can be temporal or conceptually understood as "places" or "things".

I'll prolly illustrate this later but now i can kinda "feel" the word "have" grabbing and helping my words "aquire" information in my sentences. I cant unfeel this phenomena I noticed lol.

#linguistics #my speech #grammar #verbs #edited for clarity

[deliasamed]

Conditional sentences: Mixed and Implied

Mixed and Implied Conditionals

  Mixed Conditionals:

Mixed conditionals are a combination of elements from both the second and third conditionals. These types of conditional sentences involve a present or future unreal condition and a past unreal result, or vice versa. Mixed conditionals are useful for expressing complex relationships between past, present, and future situations.   Here are examples and explanations for two common types of mixed conditionals:   Present unreal condition with past unreal result:  If I knew (past indefinite) you were coming, I would have baked (would + present perfect) a cake.   Past Unreal Condition with Present Unreal Result: If she had studied harder (past perfect), she would have a better job now (would + base form).     Time Shift: In mixed conditionals, there is a temporal shift between the condition and the result. The condition may be related to the present or future, while the result is related to the past.      

Implied Conditionals:

In an implied conditional scenario, where the result is understood without being explicitly stated, the conditional clause is often implied rather than explicitly mentioned.   I didn't know you were in town. I should have picked you up from the airport.   Implied Conditional: If I had known you were in town, I would have picked you up from the airport.     He never invited me to the party. I would have attended.   Implied Conditional: If he had invited me to the party, I would have attended.     Why didn't you inform me earlier?  I would have rearranged my schedule.   Implied Conditional: If you had informed me earlier, I would have rearranged my schedule.   In these examples, the speaker expresses a regret or a missed opportunity, and the implied conditional clause provides the context for the unfulfilled condition.               Conditional sentences: Mixed and Implied Would and Should in Conditional sentences IF (Conditional) Sentences Subordinate Clauses Exclamatory Sentences Imperative Sentences Preposition – “Towards” Read the full article

#combinationof #conditional #explicitlymentioned #futurecondition #futureresult #implied #mixed #pastcondition #pastresult #secondandthird #timeshift

[qqweebird]

i know that the language you speak natively basically wires your brain to think in a certain way but its always been so hard for me to understand how other languages’ word orders make sense. im taking my second semester of latin and being in this class & the last is the most ive ever had to think about it bc i only took very basic spanish in 4th grade. at least latin is pretty flexible but the typical sentence structure is still weird!

like in my mind a subject-verb-object order is.. it feels temporal. it feels like it describes a sequence of events chronologically, although thats not really true. the most important parts of the sentence come first! i dont have to wait until the end of the sentence to know what is being spoken about & what it did. the verb is almost always at the end of its clause and sometimes the subject is included in it AND the subject is defined by the END of the verb, eg “eam gessit” means “he/she/it carried her” but reads in order something like “her carried(he/she/it).” its not that bad in short sentences, but with a bunch of phrases ? i would hate having to listen to someone speaking it/conversationally bc wtf get all that shit out of the way n get to the POINT what are we TALKING about

#its like.. a passive structure in active voice #its still very fun to learn about! its a brainteaser trying to work out some sentences #one thing that i will admit is basically more logical in otber languages is adjectives following instead of preceding their nouns #like ‘the black cat’ makes more sense to me bc thats what i Know but why would we say the description before what we are talkimg about? #‘el gato negro’ is just Actually better even if it feels awkward #birdsong

[wisdomwaves]

Understanding Clause 13.7 FIDIC Yellow Book 1999: Adjustments for Changes in Legislation

Scope and Application of Clause 13.7 in the FIDIC Yellow Book 1999

Scope of Clause 13.7: Clause 13.7 of the FIDIC Yellow Book 1999 addresses the financial implications of changes in legislation on construction contracts. This clause is specifically designed to manage the risks associated with legal changes that occur after the contract's base date, which could impact the contractor's performance and costs. - Changes in Laws: The clause covers any increase or decrease in costs resulting from new laws, the repeal or modification of existing laws, or changes in the judicial or official governmental interpretation of such laws in the country where the project is located. - Base Date Consideration: The base date is a critical reference point in this clause. Only changes in laws that occur after this date are considered for adjustments. - Contract Price Adjustment: The clause provides a mechanism for adjusting the contract price to account for the financial impact of these legal changes on the contractor. Application of Clause 13.7: - Notification by Contractor: If the contractor anticipates or incurs additional costs or delays due to changes in legislation, they must notify the Engineer. This notification is a prerequisite for any claim related to such changes. - Entitlements Under the Clause: - Extension of Time: The contractor may be entitled to an extension of time for completion if the changes in legislation cause delays. - Cost Compensation: The contractor is also entitled to payment for any additional costs incurred as a result of the legislative changes. This payment is added to the contract price. - Role of the Engineer: Upon receiving the contractor's notice, the Engineer is required to proceed in accordance with Sub-Clause 3.5, which involves making determinations regarding the contractor's entitlement to time extensions and cost compensation. - Contractor’s Claims: Any claims made under Clause 13.7 are subject to the provisions of Sub-Clause 20.1, which outlines the procedures and requirements for making contractual claims. Key Considerations in Applying Clause 13.7: - Documentation and Proof: The contractor must provide adequate documentation and proof of the impact of the legislative changes. - Timeliness of Claims: Prompt notification and claims are essential to ensure that the contractor's rights are protected. - Assessment of Impact: A thorough assessment of how the changes in legislation affect the contract's execution is crucial for determining the appropriate adjustments.

Detailed Explanation of Clause 13.7 in the FIDIC Yellow Book 1999

General Overview: Clause 13.7 of the FIDIC Yellow Book 1999 is a critical provision that addresses the financial and temporal implications of legislative changes on construction contracts. This clause is designed to protect the contractor from unforeseen costs and delays arising from changes in the legal environment after the contract's base date. Key Components: - Changes in Legislation: The clause applies to any increase or decrease in costs resulting from new laws, amendments, or repeals of existing laws, and changes in the interpretation of laws in the country of the project. - Base Date Reference: The base date is pivotal in this clause. It serves as the reference point, and only legislative changes occurring after this date are considered for adjustments. - Contract Price Adjustment: The clause provides a mechanism for adjusting the contract price to reflect the financial impact of these legal changes on the contractor. - Extension of Time: If legislative changes cause delays, the contractor may be entitled to an extension of time for project completion. - Cost Compensation: The contractor is entitled to compensation for additional costs incurred due to the legislative changes. Process Flow: - Identification of Legislative Changes: The contractor must monitor and identify any relevant changes in legislation that could impact the contract. - Notification: The contractor must notify the Engineer about the impact of these changes. This notification should include details of the anticipated or incurred delays and additional costs. - Engineer's Review: Upon receiving the notification, the Engineer reviews the claim and assesses its validity under Sub-Clause 3.5, which involves making determinations about the contractor's entitlements. - Adjustments and Claims: If the Engineer agrees with the contractor's claim, adjustments to the contract price and/or time extensions are processed. These adjustments are subject to the procedures outlined in Sub-Clause 20.1 (Contractor’s Claims). When and How This Clause is Applicable: - Timing: The clause becomes applicable when there are changes in the laws of the country where the project is located, occurring after the contract's base date. - Application: The contractor must demonstrate how these changes directly affect their performance and costs. The application involves a formal notification process and may require substantiating evidence or documentation. - Contractor's Responsibility: It is the contractor's responsibility to promptly notify and provide sufficient details to the Engineer for any claims related to legislative changes. General Considerations: - Documentation and Evidence: Adequate documentation and evidence are crucial for substantiating the impact of legislative changes. - Proactive Approach: Contractors need to be proactive in monitoring legal changes and assessing their potential impact on the project. - Collaboration with the Engineer: Effective communication and collaboration with the Engineer are essential for the smooth processing of claims and adjustments.

Diverse Interpretations of Clause 13.7 in the FIDIC Yellow Book 1999

Purpose of Clause 13.7: - Risk Management: The primary purpose of Clause 13.7 is to manage the risk associated with changes in the legal environment after the contract's base date. It acknowledges that laws and their interpretations can significantly impact project costs and timelines. - Contractual Fairness: This clause aims to maintain fairness in the contract by ensuring that the contractor is not unduly penalized for cost increases or delays beyond their control due to legislative changes. Implications of Clause 13.7: - Financial Implications: Any change in legislation that increases project costs will lead to an adjustment in the contract price, protecting the contractor's financial interests. - Schedule Implications: If legislative changes cause delays, the contractor is entitled to an extension of time, helping to avoid penalties for late completion. Primary Aspects of Clause 13.7: - Notification Requirement: The contractor must promptly notify the Engineer about the impact of legislative changes. - Documentation and Proof: The contractor needs to provide evidence or documentation supporting the claim of additional costs or delays. - Engineer's Role: The Engineer plays a critical role in assessing the claim's validity and determining the extent of time extensions and cost adjustments. Uses of Clause 13.7: - In Construction Projects: This clause is particularly useful in large-scale construction projects where the likelihood of legislative changes over a long project duration is higher. - In International Contracts: For international contracts, where legal environments can be diverse and dynamic, this clause provides a mechanism to address the complexities arising from such changes. Expert Opinion: - Legal Expertise: Legal experts emphasize the importance of understanding the local legal environment and its potential changes when entering into a contract. - Project Management Perspective: From a project management viewpoint, this clause is seen as a tool for mitigating unforeseen risks and ensuring project viability despite external legal shifts. - Contractor's Strategy: Contractors are advised to have a proactive strategy for monitoring legislative changes and their potential impacts, as well as maintaining thorough documentation to support any claims. Diverse Interpretations: - Legal Interpretation: Legally, this clause is interpreted as a protective measure for contractors against legislative volatility. - Financial Interpretation: Financially, it's seen as a clause that ensures the economic balance of the contract is maintained despite external changes. - Project Management Interpretation: In project management terms, it's a clause that allows for flexibility and adaptability in project execution in response to legal changes. By examining Clause 13.7 from these various perspectives, a comprehensive understanding of its multifaceted nature is achieved, highlighting its significance in managing construction contracts effectively.

Investigating the Interaction of Clause 13.7 with Other Clauses in the FIDIC Yellow Book 1999

Interaction with Clause 8.4 (Extension of Time for Completion): - Shared Effects: Clause 13.7 directly interacts with Clause 8.4, which deals with the extension of time for project completion. When legislative changes cause delays, Clause 13.7 triggers the provisions of Clause 8.4, entitling the contractor to a time extension. - Detailed Explanation: The interaction ensures that contractors are not penalized for delays outside their control. It acknowledges that legal changes can impact project timelines and provides a structured process for adjusting the completion schedule accordingly. Interaction with Clause 20.1 (Contractor’s Claims): - Varied Phrasings: Clause 13.7 dovetails with Clause 20.1, governing the process for contractors to lodge claims related to additional costs or delays. Clause 13.7 serves as a basis for such claims when they arise from legislative changes. - Detailed Explanation: This interaction emphasizes the procedural aspect of managing claims arising from legal changes. It ensures that claims related to Clause 13.7 are handled systematically, with clear guidelines for submission, evaluation, and resolution. Interaction with Clause 3.5 (Determinations by the Engineer): - Shared Effects: The Engineer's role in making determinations, as outlined in Clause 3.5, is crucial when assessing the impact of legislative changes under Clause 13.7. - Detailed Explanation: The interaction involves the Engineer objectively evaluating the extent of delays and additional costs claimed by the contractor due to legislative changes. This ensures that the adjustments are fair, reasonable, and in line with the contract terms. Interaction with Clause 14.1 (Contract Price): - Varied Phrasings: Clause 13.7 can lead to adjustments in the Contract Price as per Clause 14.1, particularly when legislative changes result in increased costs. - Detailed Explanation: This interaction highlights the financial implications of Clause 13.7. It ensures that any additional costs borne by the contractor due to changes in laws are appropriately reflected in the revised Contract Price, maintaining the economic balance of the contract. Overall Interaction and Shared Effects: - Comprehensive Risk Management: The collective interaction of Clause 13.7 with these clauses forms a comprehensive framework for managing risks associated with legislative changes. It covers time extensions, financial adjustments, claim processing, and the Engineer's determinations. - Contractual Harmony: These interactions ensure that the contract remains adaptable and responsive to external legal changes, maintaining its integrity and fairness. By examining the interplay of Clause 13.7 with other relevant clauses, we gain a holistic understanding of how the FIDIC Yellow Book 1999 anticipates and addresses the complexities arising from legislative changes in construction projects. This interconnected approach ensures that all potential impacts of such changes are adequately managed within the contractual framework.

Essential Factors in Implementing Clause 13.7 of the FIDIC Yellow Book 1999

- Timely Notification: Prompt notification by the contractor to the Engineer about any legislative changes and their impact is crucial. This ensures that the process of adjusting the contract terms in response to these changes begins without delay. - Accurate Documentation: The contractor must provide comprehensive and accurate documentation to substantiate the claim. This includes evidence of the new or modified laws, and detailed records of how these changes have affected the project costs and schedule. - Clear Understanding of Legal Changes: Both parties must have a clear understanding of the nature and scope of the legislative changes. This often requires legal expertise to interpret the implications of the new or amended laws on the contract. - Engineer’s Objective Assessment: The Engineer’s role in objectively assessing the impact of the legislative changes is vital. The Engineer must evaluate the contractor's claims in light of the contract terms and the actual changes in the legal environment. - Fair and Reasonable Adjustments: Any adjustments to the contract price or schedule must be fair and reasonable, reflecting the actual impact of the legislative changes on the project. - Adherence to Contractual Procedures: The process must adhere to the contractual procedures outlined in the FIDIC Yellow Book, particularly regarding claims (Clause 20.1) and determinations by the Engineer (Clause 3.5). - Collaborative Approach: A collaborative approach between the contractor, Engineer, and Employer is essential for the smooth implementation of this clause. Open communication and negotiation can lead to an equitable resolution.

Sequence of Interactions Related to Clause 13.7

- Identification of Legislative Changes: The contractor identifies changes in the laws of the country that impact the project. - Notification to the Engineer: The contractor notifies the Engineer about the legislative changes and their potential impact on the project. - Submission of Evidence: The contractor submits detailed documentation and evidence supporting the claim of additional costs or delays due to these changes. - Engineer’s Review: The Engineer reviews the submitted information to assess the validity and extent of the claimed impact. - Determination by the Engineer: The Engineer makes a determination regarding the contractor's entitlement to additional time and/or costs as per Clause 3.5. - Recommendation to the Employer: The Engineer communicates the findings and recommendations to the Employer for approval. - Employer’s Decision: The Employer reviews the Engineer's recommendations and makes a decision on the claim. - Adjustment of Contract Terms: If the claim is approved, the contract terms are adjusted accordingly, including changes to the contract price and/or schedule. - Implementation of Adjustments: The adjustments are implemented, and the project proceeds under the revised terms. This sequence ensures that the impacts of legislative changes are managed systematically and in accordance with the contractual framework, maintaining the integrity and fairness of the contract.

Flowcharts

Clause 13.7 Detailed Explanation of the Flowchart: - Start: Identification of Legislative Changes - The process begins when the contractor identifies changes in legislation that could impact the project. - Notification to Engineer - The contractor notifies the Engineer about these changes, initiating the formal process for adjustments under Clause 13.7. - Submit Documentation - The contractor submits detailed documentation and evidence supporting the impact of the legislative changes on the project. - Engineer Reviews Changes - The Engineer reviews the submitted information to assess the validity and extent of the claimed impact. - Assessment of Impact - The Engineer assesses the impact of the legislative changes on the project, including potential delays and additional costs. - Engineer's Determination - Based on the assessment, the Engineer makes a determination regarding the contractor's entitlement to additional time and/or costs. - Recommendation to Employer - The Engineer communicates the findings and recommendations to the Employer for approval. - Employer's Decision - The Employer reviews the Engineer's recommendations and makes a decision on the claim. - Adjust Contract Terms - If the claim is approved, the contract terms are adjusted accordingly, including changes to the contract price and/or schedule. - Implementation of Adjustments - The adjustments are implemented, and the project proceeds under the revised terms. - End: Adjusted Contract in Effect - The process concludes with the adjusted contract terms in effect, allowing the project to continue under the new legal circumstances.

Detailed Explanation of the Flow Diagram: - Start: Clause 13.7 Activation - The process begins with the activation of Clause 13.7, typically in response to legislative changes impacting the project. - Interaction with Clause 8.4 (Extension of Time for Completion) - Clause 13.7 directly impacts Clause 8.4, as legislative changes causing delays may entitle the contractor to a time extension. - Interaction with Clause 20.1 (Contractor's Claims) - Clause 13.7 also interacts with Clause 20.1, which governs the process for contractors to make claims, including those related to additional costs or delays due to legislative changes. - Clause 14.1 (Contract Price Adjustment) - Both Clause 8.4 and Clause 20.1 lead to Clause 14.1, which deals with adjustments to the contract price. This includes financial adjustments due to time extensions and additional costs. - Clause 3.5 (Determinations by the Engineer) - Clause 13.7's activation necessitates determinations by the Engineer as per Clause 3.5. This involves assessing the impact of legislative changes and the validity of the contractor's claims. Read the full article

#Clause13.7 #ConstructionLaw #ContractPriceAdjustments #ContractualClaims #CostImplications #EngineeringContracts #ExtensionofTime #FIDICYellowBook #LegalChangesinConstruction #LegislativeImpact

[monsooninn]

Berakhot 3b: 23. "The Ball."

23. And "neshef" Urta is he? He "blows" a horn! He wrote: "And so David from the night until the evening of the next day." Mai Lao - from Tzafra to Lelia?

=

"And the ball, what attracts the eyes? He "blows" a horn! He wrote, "and so David from the night until the evening of the next day."

Moses to him, from screaming into the night?

Urta= ort, tor Perhaps the core meaning of this root is not so much a scouting or exploring, but rather that upon which the eye falls, or what attracts the eye; beautiful things. 

The masculine nouns לילה (layela) and ליל (layil) mean night; the opposite of יום ( yom), meaning day. The root of our two words לילה (layela) and ליל (layil) is missing in action, but BDB Theological Dictionary submits, "meaning of the root is dubious but the form is probably לילי (laylay)." Whatever that meaning might have been, it's safe to say that it was probably not very positive.

The Bible is very clear that both night and day were created and are owned by God (Genesis 1:5, Psalm 74:16, "Yours is the day; Yours is also the night") and God often uses the darkness to bring about great things (Genesis 1:2, 15:12, Exodus 12:29, MATTHEW 27:45). But in the same metaphorical (or self-similar) system in which Jesus is the light (JOHN 8:12), the darkness counts as the absence of Christ, and that is not good.

The Bible always speaks of the "day" of the Lord, and never of the "night" of the Lord. Or as Jesus himself says, "We must work the works of him who sent me, as long as it is day; night is coming when no man can work" - JOHN 9:4.

The Value in Gematria is 7917, ז‎טאז‎, "just like that."

That is a very important word in Sanskrit, it is the object which is the subject of the Eye, called Ha Shem. "This is Ha, That is Shem".

The Hebrew word for that is ki. The substantive כי (ki), expresses "a temporal, causal, or objective relationship among clauses expressed or unexpressed" (in the elegant words of HAW Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament). It's used more than 4,000 times in the Old Testament and can most often be translated with "that" or "in that (= because)" or "in that (= when)".

Should one look into the night when the horn sounds and see nothing, nothing at all but death arriving, like the First born of Egypt, there would be screaming right after:

"Even the firstborn of their livestock were killed. Pharaoh and all his officials and all the people of Egypt woke up during the night, and loud wailing was heard throughout the land of Egypt. There was not a single house where someone had not died."

-Exodus 12:29-38 

David, however studied the Torah, found Ha Shem at the right time, and did not go screaming into death. He took the wandering, meandering lost people of Israel under his arm and gave them refuge, Federated them into a government and protected them. He completed the work Moses began when he told the Israelites to gather and leave Egypt for the unknown.

The results were not lasting, but we know if indulge the desire and give into the attraction David felt, and try again, the Mishnah says we will achieve Mashiach and some will even attain to Ha Shem as a result of the effort.

[xnz7x]

i know ive mentioned this sort of thing before but every time i see some writing advice that's just like "avoid sentence splices" or "run on sentences" i get viscerally annoyed... like, if you combine two clauses into a single sentence, let's say:

"she stepped outside, the wind bit her skin."

the pacing of this is very clear, while grammatically independent these clauses feel connected, and they are both topically and temporally. but if we add a full stop:

"she stepped outside. the wind bit her skin."

this is more "grammatically correct" but it's very solemn prose. the pacing is different, and that may be what you wanted! see, punctuation is about timing, fundamentally. that's what grammar developed from, really, expressing spoken language's timing in written form. so in, let's call it an academic sense, this is more correct but the timing may not be what you were aiming for. this would be good if you were trying to build suspense or otherwise trying to hit the reader beat by beat with minor details... like when building suspense.

anyway, let's try the "keep it as one sentence but conjoin the clauses" approach, eh?:

"she stepped outside, and the wind bit her skin."

this is incredibly funny to me, as a recommendation to give people for "sounding less amateurish." this sounds more amateurish, to me. it's overcorrecting. the "and" is implied! again, the clauses are grammatically independent but semantically they are linked. we know in both cases, the "run on" and the conjoined, that the wind bit her skin after she stepped outside. what's changed isn't correctness but tone and pacing... and word count for those who are into that sort of thing. you could also have done:

"she stepped outside, then the wind bit her skin."

which just further emphasized the already implied order of events here. again, that these were written in that order has meaning on its own.

what i'd really argue here is actually to splice more onto this sentence! build on it and emphasize the tone of it:

"she stepped outside, the wind bit her skin, she stepped out further."

#writing #creative writing

[linguistlist-blog]

Confs: After Before Clauses Workshop

The Laboratoire de Linguistique de Nantes (LLING UMR 6310 CNRS & Université de Nantes) will be hosting a thematic workshop on temporal adjunct clauses, a.k.a. the After/Before Clauses workshop. The conference will take place in person in Nantes (France) on 14 June 2024. This workshop addresses the question of the distribution and interpretation of tense in temporal adverbial clauses (henceforth TACs) and, in particular, in so-called before- and after-clauses. While it would seem that after-cla http://dlvr.it/SymZnd