#Progressive Taxation

[guiltywisdom]

Progressive Taxation: How Does it Work? by Kasia Babis

#society #income tax #taxes #tax #progressive taxation #kasia babis

[ivygorgon]

No free rides for old money! - Pass The Billionaires Income Tax Act! (S. 3367)

I am writing to express my strong support for the proposed S. 3367 bill, which aims to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. This legislation represents a crucial step towards achieving economic justice by seeking to eliminate tax loopholes that have allowed billionaires to defer taxes indefinitely. By doing so, we would be ensuring a fairer distribution of wealth and rectifying a system that has long favored the ultra-wealthy. Additionally, the bill modifies over 30 tax provisions, requiring billionaires to contribute annually. It's time to ensure that those with the most significant influence and wealth contribute proportionately to our society's well-being. Therefore, I urge you to support and pass the Billionaires Income Tax Act.

Billionaires have amassed vast wealth, often at the expense of their employees who struggle to make ends meet on minimum wages. It is only just and equitable that they pay their employees a living wage AND contribute proportionally to the betterment of our society.

Furthermore, if billionaires wield significant influence over our government and policy-making, they should demonstrate their commitment by financially supporting the very system that has allowed them to prosper. No longer should they enjoy free rides on the backs of hardworking taxpayers. It is past time to ensure that billionaires are contributing their fair share to the well-being of our country.

Passing the Billionaires Income Tax Act is not only a matter of fiscal responsibility but also a moral imperative. It is time to ensure that our tax system is fair and equitable for all, not just the wealthy few.

Thank you for considering my views on this important issue. I urge you to stand on the side of fairness and justice by supporting S.3367.

No free rides for old money!

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#eat the rich #Wealth Redistribution #ivy petitions #open letter #S. 3367 #Billionaires Income Tax Act #Tax Reform #economic justice #us politics #taxes #tax the rich #billionaires should not exist #Tax Fairness #Wealth Distribution #oligarchy #Tax Loopholes #Tax Provisions #Billionaires Tax #Living Wage #Tax Responsibility #Policy Change #Government Influence #Social Justice #Fair Taxation #Income Inequality #Progressive Taxation #Wealth Gap #Tax Policy #Tax Reform Now #Billionaire Responsibility

[gwydionmisha]

Your life may depend on who you vote for in November.

#Public Health #Environment #Gun Safety #Progressive Taxation #News

[volunteerismandanarchy]

A basic primer on US Income Tax and it's Progressive Nature

#The Tax Founation #US Income Tax #Progressive Taxation

[otherbrains]

Even putting aside the compassion thing that billionaires lack, WHY NOT use the money for funding cancer surgery and research or building homes and transition centers for PR and good publicity? Are they that dumb / cruel to not even try and pretend their money has to have a purpose?

#leftism #progressive taxation #billionaire #counterfeit charity

[felixwylde]

What's better to admire than money?

I mean, why money? Money’s just a symbol of power; it’s not the power itself. We kinda rely on it, but we’re still around even when we’re broke.The weird thing about money worship is that it’s not really about what you can buy; it’s treated like some sort of deity.If money were a god, what would it offer? Would it give us fame, fortune, happiness, or just some peace of mind?Are rich folks…

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#citizen empowerment #collective well-being #community support #cooperative economics #democratic socialism #economic equality #education access #environmental sustainability #equitable distribution #equitable opportunities #fairness #government intervention #grassroots movements #inclusive policies #income equity #people&039;s power #progressive taxation #progressive values #public welfare #social justice #social reforms #social safety nets #solidarity #universal healthcare #wealth gap reduction #wealth redistribution #wealth sharing #wealth taxation #worker&039;s rights

[if-you-fan-a-fire]

“Won’t Endorse Prison Labor,” Cobalt Daily Nugget. June 26, 1911. Page 8. ---- North Bay Council Refuses to go on Record In Matter --- North Bay, July 24 — Previous to the last meeting of the town council very animated discussion took place in the Clerk'e office in regard to the newly constructed east-end sewer, between Regina and John streets, where it is said an error in level may necessitate reconstruction. Some very minor criticism was expressed and opinions were heard from engineers Shaw and Mylee, who contended that it was not an engineering mistake, but one liable to occur on any work through faulty apparatus. Town engineer Sinton was not present, an adjournment being made to the council chamber where routine business was transacted.

Commissioner Colgan reported asking instructions re: laying sewer through lot between Cassels and Front streets, town solicitor having advised him that such sewer could be legally laid out without having to expropriate the property; advising that advertisements had been placed asking for tenders on water-works extension; recommending that account of Canada Foundry Co. for balance due on electric pump be held over, as question of power required to run the pump had not been settled; asking authority to engage Galt Engineering Co. to make plans and specifications for well and intake pipe including pump connection to well; recommending cement walks be laid. as petitioned for on McIntyre street between Sherbroke and Fisher streets after work in hand had been completed. 

A communication from the Board of Trade was read in regard to employment of prison labor on streets, recommending that if same is utilised it be voluntarily on prisoner's part and that no uniforms be used. 

The Federated Trades of the CPR wrote protesting against the use of prison labor on the streets.

Town Solicitor McNamara wrote re: accounts from grocers for goods supplied quarantined persons, that merchants will have to enter suit and exhaust all legal means to collect before the town becomes responsible. The' solicitor further reported that the Government property is not exempt from local improvement taxes and that the sheriff should be notified to that effect. In regard to the C.P.R taxes in the annexed section, if the railway contention be true, it will get out of paying taxes altogether in that section that has passed from township control to town. There was at least $250 due from the railway company.' 

After a discussion about the use of garden hose, Councillor Yorke gave notice that he would introduce an amendment to the by-law governing use of hose for sprinkling purposes. 

By-law passed for inspection of milk dairies and appointment of inspector, Dr. Baker.

Amendment of Councillors Marqeau and Walsh that Council place itself on record as being in favor of prison labor, providing uniforms can be done away with, and that such work be optional with the prisoner, was lost. 

The half-year's grant to the hospital, $325, was passed.

The request of the town of Eganville for financial assistance on accounts of heavy losses sustained in recent fire could not be complied with, on account of demands of citizens of northern districts who had sustained losses by fire.

#north bay #town council #municipal politics #civic improvements #sewer system #progressive taxation #railway companies #convict labour #penal labour #forced labour #road work #road workers #northern ontario #crime and punishment in canada #history of crime and punishment in canada

[politijohn]

Source

#politics #taxes #us politics #government #hypocrisy #data #taxation #progressive #the left

[greenthestral]

Breaking Barriers: Achieving Goal 10 - Reduced Inequality for a Fairer World

Reducing inequality is a fundamental pillar for creating a just and prosperous society. As we progress into the future, it becomes imperative to address the disparities that hinder progress and restrict opportunities for individuals and communities. United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 10, aptly named "Reduced Inequality," aims to tackle this issue head-on, fostering a more inclusive world. In this article, we delve into the significance of Goal 10 and explore various strategies that can help us overcome barriers and achieve a fairer and more equitable society.

Understanding the Goal

Goal 10, part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, is a critical global commitment that aims to tackle the issue of inequality within and among countries. It recognizes that reducing inequality is not only a matter of social justice but also a fundamental prerequisite for achieving sustainable development.

At its core, Goal 10 seeks to ensure equal opportunities for all individuals, irrespective of their socio-economic background, gender, age, disability, or any other form of marginalization. By addressing disparities and promoting inclusivity, the goal aims to create a world where everyone can thrive and contribute to their fullest potential.

One of the key principles of Goal 10 is the concept of "leaving no one behind." It recognizes that progress should not be measured solely by overall economic growth but also by the extent to which it reaches and benefits all segments of society, particularly the most vulnerable and marginalized populations. This includes addressing income inequality, gender disparities, social exclusion, and the empowerment of marginalized communities.

Income inequality is a significant aspect of Goal 10. It focuses on bridging the gap between the rich and the poor by promoting fair and inclusive economic growth. This involves implementing policies that ensure equitable distribution of wealth and income, such as progressive taxation, social protection measures, and inclusive labor markets. By addressing income disparities, societies can create more balanced and just economic systems that provide opportunities for upward mobility and social cohesion.

Gender inequality is another crucial dimension of Goal 10. It recognizes that women and girls often face unique challenges and barriers that hinder their full participation in society. Achieving gender equality involves ensuring equal access to education, healthcare, employment, and political representation for women and girls. By empowering women and promoting gender equality, societies can unlock the untapped potential of half of their population and foster more inclusive and sustainable development.

Addressing social exclusion is a key component of Goal 10. It acknowledges that discrimination based on race, ethnicity, religion, or disability can perpetuate inequalities and limit opportunities for certain groups. By promoting inclusive policies and combating discrimination, societies can create environments that value diversity, foster social cohesion, and respect the rights and dignity of all individuals. This includes initiatives such as inclusive education, access to healthcare, and promoting cultural acceptance and understanding.

Moreover, Goal 10 emphasizes the importance of empowering marginalized communities and ensuring their inclusion in decision-making processes. This includes providing targeted support and resources to overcome historical disadvantages and promoting inclusive governance structures. By giving voice and agency to marginalized groups, societies can address the specific challenges they face and create more equitable and participatory societies.

Achieving Goal 10 also requires investing in sustainable development. Recognizing the interlinkages between social, economic, and environmental dimensions, the goal emphasizes the need for infrastructure development, innovation, and technology transfer in marginalized areas. By providing access to clean energy, improving transportation networks, and promoting sustainable practices, societies can bridge the gap between developed and developing regions, reducing inequalities and ensuring a more sustainable future for all.

In conclusion, Goal 10 - Reduced Inequality, is a vital component of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. By addressing disparities and promoting inclusivity, it strives to create a world where everyone has equal opportunities to thrive and contribute. Through efforts to reduce income inequality, bridge gender gaps, combat social exclusion, empower marginalized communities, and invest in sustainable development, societies can move closer to achieving this ambitious goal. By working collectively and leaving no one behind, we can build a fairer and more equitable world for present and future generations.

The Impact of Inequality

Inequality, in all its manifestations, has far-reaching consequences that undermine social cohesion, impede economic growth, and hinder sustainable development. By perpetuating cycles of poverty and exclusion, inequality restricts access to essential resources and opportunities, such as education, healthcare, and basic services. As a result, individuals and communities are trapped in circumstances that limit their potential for advancement and improvement.

One of the most significant consequences of inequality is its adverse impact on social mobility. When opportunities for upward mobility are limited or unevenly distributed, individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds face significant barriers to improving their socio-economic status. This lack of mobility not only affects individuals but also has broader implications for society as a whole. It hampers the overall progress and economic growth of a nation, as talent and potential remain untapped due to systemic barriers.

Moreover, inequality exacerbates social tensions and can lead to heightened levels of conflict and instability within nations. When a significant portion of the population feels marginalized and excluded from the benefits of development, it creates a fertile ground for social unrest and discontent. In extreme cases, this can escalate into political instability and social upheaval, with severe implications for peace and security.

Inequality also has adverse effects on health outcomes and access to quality healthcare. Individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds often face greater health risks and reduced access to essential healthcare services. The lack of resources and opportunities to maintain good health and well-being further perpetuates the cycle of inequality. This, in turn, leads to a less productive and healthy workforce, hindering economic growth and development.

Education is another area where inequality has a profound impact. Limited access to quality education perpetuates disparities and reinforces existing inequalities. When individuals are denied access to education or receive substandard education due to their socio-economic status, it limits their potential for personal and professional growth. Education is a powerful tool for social and economic empowerment, and unequal access to it perpetuates intergenerational cycles of disadvantage.

Furthermore, inequality has environmental implications. Disadvantaged communities often bear the brunt of environmental degradation and pollution. They have limited access to clean air, water, and sanitation, which further exacerbates health disparities. Additionally, inequality can lead to unequal exposure to the impacts of climate change, with marginalized communities being disproportionately affected by extreme weather events and natural disasters.

Understanding the impact of inequality is crucial in recognizing the urgency and significance of Goal 10 - Reduced Inequality. By comprehending the negative consequences of inequality on social cohesion, economic growth, and sustainable development, we can appreciate the importance of addressing this issue. Goal 10 seeks to rectify these disparities by promoting inclusive policies and initiatives that provide equal opportunities for all, regardless of their background or circumstances.

By reducing inequality, societies can foster social cohesion, where individuals feel valued and included, contributing to a more harmonious and prosperous world. Economic growth becomes more sustainable when it benefits a broader range of people, ensuring that progress is shared equitably. By breaking the cycles of poverty and exclusion, Goal 10 creates pathways for individuals to improve their lives, fostering social mobility and empowerment.

In conclusion, inequality undermines the fabric of societies, hindering social cohesion, economic growth, and sustainable development. It perpetuates cycles of poverty, limits access to education, healthcare, and basic services, and exacerbates social tensions. By understanding the impact of inequality, we realize the urgent need to address this issue. Goal 10 - Reduced Inequality plays a vital role in shaping a more inclusive and harmonious world, where everyone has equal opportunities to thrive and contribute to their fullest potential.

Tackling Income Inequality

Income inequality is a significant facet of overall inequality that demands attention and concerted efforts to promote a fair distribution of wealth and income. It is crucial for a well-functioning society to ensure that individuals have equal access to resources and opportunities, regardless of their socio-economic background. By addressing income inequality, policymakers can work towards creating a more inclusive and just society.

One of the key strategies to tackle income inequality is through implementing progressive taxation. Progressive taxation involves levying higher tax rates on individuals with higher incomes. This approach ensures that those who can afford to contribute more to society do so, enabling the government to allocate resources towards public goods and services that benefit everyone. Progressive taxation helps redistribute wealth, reduce income disparities, and create a more equitable society.

Ensuring living wages is another essential aspect of reducing income inequality. A living wage is the minimum income necessary for an individual or household to meet their basic needs, such as food, housing, healthcare, and education. By establishing policies that mandate employers to pay fair wages that meet or exceed the living wage, policymakers can help lift individuals and families out of poverty and reduce income inequality. This approach promotes economic stability, improves living standards, and empowers individuals to participate fully in the economy.

Promoting inclusive economic growth is also critical in addressing income inequality. It involves creating an economic environment that benefits all sections of society, including marginalized and disadvantaged groups. Policymakers can focus on implementing policies that foster entrepreneurship, encourage job creation, and support small and medium-sized enterprises. Additionally, investing in infrastructure development, particularly in underserved areas, can create opportunities for economic growth and reduce regional income disparities. By prioritizing inclusive economic growth, policymakers can ensure that the benefits of development are shared equitably, leading to a more balanced and fair society.

Investing in quality education and skill development programs is instrumental in empowering individuals to overcome economic barriers and access better opportunities. Education plays a crucial role in providing individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary for economic mobility. By improving access to quality education at all levels, policymakers can ensure that individuals from all backgrounds have an equal chance to succeed. Additionally, investing in vocational training and skill development programs equips individuals with the skills needed to thrive in the job market, enhancing their employability and earning potential. By promoting equal access to education and skills development, policymakers can help level the playing field and reduce income disparities.

Furthermore, addressing income inequality requires addressing systemic barriers and discrimination that limit opportunities for certain groups. Policymakers can work towards eliminating gender-based pay gaps, ensuring equal access to employment, and providing support for historically marginalized communities. By implementing policies and initiatives that promote diversity and inclusion in the workplace, policymakers can create an environment that fosters equal opportunities for all, regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, or other forms of identity. This approach contributes to a more equitable distribution of income and wealth.

Income inequality is a significant aspect of overall inequality that requires focused attention. Policymakers can play a crucial role in addressing income disparities by implementing progressive taxation, ensuring living wages, promoting inclusive economic growth, and investing in quality education and skill development programs. By adopting these strategies, societies can strive towards a more equitable distribution of wealth and income, creating opportunities for individuals to overcome economic barriers and access better opportunities. Ultimately, reducing income inequality contributes to a more just and inclusive society where everyone can thrive and contribute to their fullest potential.

Bridging Gender Gaps

Gender inequality continues to persist as a significant global challenge, and addressing this issue is a key focus of Goal 10 - Reduced Inequality. Empowering women and girls and bridging gender gaps is essential for creating a more equitable and inclusive society. By promoting equal access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities, societies can unlock the full potential of women and benefit from their valuable contributions in various spheres.

Equal access to education is a fundamental aspect of achieving gender equality. By ensuring that girls have the same opportunities as boys to receive quality education, societies can break the cycle of gender inequality and empower women to pursue their aspirations. Access to education equips women with knowledge and skills, enabling them to participate fully in social, economic, and political life. Additionally, investing in girls' education has a multiplier effect, leading to positive outcomes for families, communities, and future generations.

Addressing gender disparities in healthcare is another critical step towards achieving gender equality. Women and girls often face unique health challenges, and unequal access to healthcare exacerbates these disparities. By providing gender-responsive healthcare services, policymakers can ensure that women have access to reproductive health services, maternal care, and other essential healthcare interventions. By addressing gender-specific health needs and reducing barriers to healthcare access, societies can improve overall health outcomes and advance gender equality.

Equal employment opportunities and addressing discriminatory practices in the workforce are vital for achieving gender equality. Women continue to face barriers to entering certain sectors and occupations, as well as disparities in wages and career advancement. By promoting policies that eliminate gender-based discrimination and bias in hiring, promotion, and remuneration, societies can create more inclusive work environments. Additionally, providing support for work-life balance, such as affordable childcare and parental leave policies, helps women balance their caregiving responsibilities with their careers. This enables women to fully participate in the workforce and contributes to closing the gender pay gap and enhancing gender equality in economic participation.

Furthermore, engaging men and boys as allies in promoting gender equality is crucial. By challenging harmful stereotypes and norms that perpetuate gender inequality, societies can foster an environment that supports gender equality. Engaging men and boys in conversations and initiatives that promote gender equality helps to break down rigid gender roles and stereotypes, fostering a more inclusive and equitable society for all.

Achieving gender equality requires a multi-dimensional approach that involves collaboration between governments, civil society organizations, and the private sector. Policy frameworks and legislation that promote gender equality, such as laws against gender-based violence and discrimination, are crucial. Additionally, targeted interventions and programs that provide women with skills training, entrepreneurship opportunities, and access to financial resources can empower women economically and enhance their decision-making power.

Moreover, promoting women's leadership and participation in decision-making processes is essential. This includes increasing the representation of women in political and public positions, as well as promoting their participation in community and grassroots organizations. By amplifying women's voices and perspectives, societies can benefit from diverse ideas, priorities, and solutions.

Goal 10 - Reduced Inequality recognizes the importance of addressing gender inequality as a crucial component of achieving a more equitable and inclusive society. By promoting equal access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities, as well as addressing discriminatory practices and supporting work-life balance, societies can bridge gender gaps and empower women and girls. Ensuring equal opportunities for women to participate fully in all aspects of society enables societies to tap into their full potential and benefit from their invaluable contributions. Achieving gender equality is not only a matter of justice but also a pathway to sustainable development and social progress for all.

Combating Social Exclusion

Social exclusion is a deeply concerning issue that takes various forms, including discrimination based on race, ethnicity, religion, or disability. Goal 10 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development emphasizes the need for inclusive policies that promote diversity and prohibit discrimination in all its manifestations. It is imperative to foster an environment that embraces cultural differences, promotes tolerance, and respects the fundamental rights of every individual. By eliminating barriers and prejudices, societies can strive towards inclusivity, where everyone feels valued, respected, and can participate fully in all aspects of life.

Discrimination based on race and ethnicity is a pervasive form of social exclusion that marginalizes certain groups and perpetuates inequality. Goal 10 calls for the promotion of equal rights and opportunities for all, irrespective of their racial or ethnic background. This involves implementing policies that address systemic racism, promoting diversity and inclusion, and fostering a sense of belonging for all individuals, regardless of their racial or ethnic identity. By recognizing and appreciating the diverse backgrounds and cultures within societies, we can create a more inclusive and harmonious environment where everyone can thrive.

Religious discrimination is another form of social exclusion that undermines the principles of equality and freedom of religion. Goal 10 emphasizes the importance of promoting tolerance, understanding, and respect for diverse religious beliefs and practices. Inclusive policies and initiatives should ensure that individuals have the freedom to practice their religion without fear of discrimination or persecution. By fostering religious pluralism and promoting interfaith dialogue, societies can create an environment where different religious communities coexist peacefully, contributing to social cohesion and mutual understanding.

Addressing disability-based discrimination is essential for building inclusive societies. People with disabilities often face significant barriers to equal participation in various aspects of life, including education, employment, and access to public services. Goal 10 emphasizes the need for inclusive policies that promote the rights and well-being of persons with disabilities. This includes providing equal access to education, employment opportunities, and barrier-free infrastructure. By removing physical, attitudinal, and systemic barriers, societies can ensure that individuals with disabilities can fully participate and contribute to society.

Creating inclusive societies also involves fostering a culture of respect for human rights. Goal 10 emphasizes the importance of upholding and promoting the principles of equality, non-discrimination, and justice. It calls for the implementation of legislation and policies that protect individuals from discrimination based on any grounds, including race, ethnicity, religion, or disability. By ensuring that everyone has equal protection under the law and equal access to justice, societies can build a foundation for inclusivity and social cohesion.

Education and awareness play a crucial role in promoting inclusion and combating social exclusion. By integrating inclusive education into school curricula and promoting awareness campaigns, societies can challenge stereotypes, prejudices, and discriminatory attitudes. Education can empower individuals to recognize the value of diversity, foster empathy and understanding, and promote social inclusion from an early age.

Moreover, promoting diversity and inclusion in all spheres of society, including the workplace, is essential. Companies and organizations should adopt inclusive practices that promote diversity, equality, and non-discrimination. This includes implementing equal employment opportunities, diverse recruitment processes, and providing a supportive and inclusive work environment. By embracing diverse perspectives, experiences, and talents, organizations can foster innovation, creativity, and productivity.

Social exclusion manifests in various forms, including discrimination based on race, ethnicity, religion, or disability. Goal 10 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development calls for inclusive policies that promote diversity, prohibit discrimination, and foster inclusive societies. By embracing cultural differences, promoting tolerance, and respecting human rights, societies can eliminate barriers and prejudices. Creating an inclusive environment where everyone feels valued and can participate fully is not only a matter of justice and equality but also a catalyst for social progress, cohesion, and sustainable development.

Empowering Marginalized Communities

Marginalized communities, including those based on race, ethnicity, gender, socio-economic status, and other factors, often face significant challenges in accessing opportunities and resources. Goal 10 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recognizes the importance of empowering these communities and ensuring their inclusion in decision-making processes. By addressing the unique barriers they face and providing targeted support, societies can work towards leveling the playing field and enabling marginalized groups to overcome historical disadvantages.

One important approach to empower marginalized communities is through the implementation of affirmative action policies. Affirmative action aims to redress historical inequalities and create opportunities for individuals from marginalized backgrounds. These policies can include measures such as preferential hiring, quotas in education, and targeted support for entrepreneurship and economic development. By providing these opportunities, societies can help bridge the gap and create a more equitable and inclusive society.

In addition to affirmative action, strengthening social safety nets is crucial in supporting marginalized communities. Social safety nets encompass programs such as social assistance, healthcare, and access to basic services. By ensuring that marginalized individuals and communities have access to these essential services, societies can mitigate the impact of inequality and provide a foundation for social and economic well-being. Strengthening social safety nets can help lift individuals and communities out of poverty, reduce vulnerability, and promote social inclusion.

Promoting inclusive governance is another vital aspect of reducing inequality and empowering marginalized communities. Inclusive governance involves ensuring that marginalized groups have a voice in decision-making processes that affect their lives. It requires creating spaces for participation, consultation, and representation of marginalized communities in policy development, implementation, and monitoring. By including diverse perspectives, societies can make more informed and equitable decisions, and address the specific needs and concerns of marginalized communities.

Education plays a pivotal role in empowering marginalized communities and breaking the cycle of inequality. Goal 10 highlights the importance of providing equal access to quality education for all individuals, regardless of their background. By investing in education systems that are inclusive and culturally responsive, societies can create opportunities for marginalized communities to acquire knowledge, skills, and capacities necessary for social and economic mobility. It is crucial to address barriers to education, such as lack of infrastructure, discrimination, and gender-based biases, to ensure that marginalized individuals have equal opportunities to succeed.

Furthermore, addressing the root causes of marginalization and discrimination is essential. Societies must work towards eliminating systemic barriers, biases, and prejudices that perpetuate inequality. This requires promoting awareness, challenging stereotypes, and fostering a culture of inclusivity and respect. Creating spaces for dialogue and engagement between marginalized communities and broader society can help foster understanding, empathy, and solidarity.

Economic empowerment is a key factor in reducing inequality and empowering marginalized communities. This can be achieved through targeted economic development initiatives that promote entrepreneurship, job creation, and access to financial resources. By providing marginalized individuals and communities with the tools and resources they need to thrive economically, societies can help break the cycle of poverty and inequality.

Lastly, it is crucial to recognize and celebrate the strengths and contributions of marginalized communities. Promoting diversity and cultural appreciation can help combat stereotypes and create a more inclusive society. By valuing and respecting the unique perspectives, knowledge, and experiences of marginalized communities, societies can foster social cohesion and harness the potential of all individuals.

In conclusion, Goal 10 emphasizes the importance of empowering marginalized communities and reducing inequality. Through affirmative action policies, strengthening social safety nets, promoting inclusive governance, investing in education, addressing systemic barriers, and fostering economic empowerment, societies can work towards a more equitable and inclusive society. By ensuring that marginalized communities have equal access to opportunities and resources, societies can unlock their full potential and create a more just and prosperous future for all.

Investing in Sustainable Development

Reducing inequality is intricately connected to the principles of sustainable development. Goal 10 of the 2030 Agenda recognizes the significance of investing in infrastructure, innovation, and technology in marginalized areas to address the disparities between developed and developing regions. By focusing on sustainable practices and ensuring equal access to essential services, societies can create opportunities, bridge the gap, and foster inclusive and resilient communities.

One critical aspect of reducing inequality is improving infrastructure in marginalized areas. Access to reliable and sustainable infrastructure, such as transportation networks, water and sanitation systems, and energy services, is essential for economic growth, social development, and poverty reduction. By investing in the development of infrastructure in marginalized regions, societies can facilitate the movement of goods, services, and people, connecting communities and providing access to markets, education, healthcare, and other vital resources. This helps to create equal opportunities and enhance the quality of life for all individuals, regardless of their geographic location.

In particular, access to clean energy is crucial in reducing inequality and promoting sustainable development. Energy poverty disproportionately affects marginalized communities, hindering their access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. Goal 10 emphasizes the importance of expanding access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy sources, particularly in underserved areas. By investing in renewable energy solutions and improving energy efficiency, societies can not only reduce inequalities but also mitigate the environmental impact associated with conventional energy sources, contributing to a more sustainable future for all.

Sustainable practices and environmental conservation also play a vital role in reducing inequality and promoting inclusive development. Goal 10 recognizes that the pursuit of economic growth should be accompanied by responsible consumption and production patterns. By prioritizing environmental sustainability, societies can prevent further exacerbation of inequalities and ensure a better future for all. Sustainable agriculture, for example, promotes food security, reduces environmental degradation, and provides income-generating opportunities for small-scale farmers. Similarly, adopting sustainable forestry practices can protect ecosystems, preserve biodiversity, and support the livelihoods of indigenous and marginalized communities.

Moreover, the promotion of innovation and technology is crucial in reducing inequalities and advancing sustainable development. Goal 10 emphasizes the need to enhance the technological capabilities of marginalized regions and promote research and development to foster inclusive growth. By investing in innovation and technology, societies can bridge the digital divide, provide access to information and communication technologies, and empower marginalized communities to participate in the global economy. This helps create opportunities for education, entrepreneurship, and access to markets, contributing to the reduction of inequalities and the promotion of sustainable economic development.

Inclusive and sustainable urbanization is another important aspect of reducing inequality. Goal 10 recognizes the importance of creating cities and human settlements that are inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. By prioritizing affordable housing, accessible transportation, green spaces, and social infrastructure, societies can ensure that marginalized communities have equal access to urban opportunities and services. This helps prevent the concentration of wealth and resources in specific areas, promoting balanced development and reducing spatial inequalities.

Furthermore, the participation of marginalized communities in decision-making processes is crucial for sustainable development and reducing inequality. Goal 10 emphasizes the importance of promoting inclusive institutions and ensuring that marginalized voices are heard in policy formulation and implementation. By engaging marginalized communities in decision-making processes, societies can ensure that their specific needs, concerns, and aspirations are taken into account, contributing to more equitable and inclusive development outcomes.

In conclusion, reducing inequality is closely linked to sustainable development. Goal 10 highlights the importance of investing in infrastructure, innovation, and technology in marginalized areas to bridge the gap between developed and developing regions. By providing equal access to clean energy, improving transportation networks, promoting sustainable practices, and prioritizing environmental sustainability, societies can create equal opportunities and foster inclusive and resilient communities. By embracing the principles of sustainable development, societies can work towards a more equitable and sustainable future for all individuals, leaving no one behind.

Strengthening Global Partnerships

Achieving Goal 10, which aims to reduce inequality within and among countries, requires collaborative efforts on a global scale. Governments, civil society organizations, and the private sector all have important roles to play in implementing effective policies and initiatives that promote equality and inclusivity. By working together and fostering partnerships, we can combine resources, knowledge, and expertise to address the root causes of inequality and create lasting change.

One of the key aspects of achieving Goal 10 is strengthening international cooperation. Inequality is not confined to national boundaries; it is a global challenge that requires collective action. Governments need to collaborate and share best practices to develop comprehensive policies that address inequality at both the national and international levels. International organizations and forums provide platforms for dialogue and cooperation, enabling countries to learn from each other's experiences and develop joint strategies to tackle inequality effectively.

Promoting fair trade is another important component of reducing inequality. Global trade can play a significant role in creating economic opportunities and reducing poverty. However, unfair trade practices, such as tariff barriers, subsidies, and market access restrictions, can exacerbate inequalities and hinder the development of disadvantaged regions. Goal 10 emphasizes the need for fair and equitable trade rules that promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth. By addressing trade imbalances and ensuring a level playing field, countries can promote inclusive economic development and reduce inequality within and among nations.

Increasing development assistance to disadvantaged regions is a crucial step in reducing inequality. Official Development Assistance (ODA) plays a vital role in supporting developing countries in their efforts to address inequality and achieve sustainable development. Goal 10 calls for the fulfillment of ODA commitments and the provision of additional resources to countries most in need. By increasing financial assistance, technology transfer, and capacity-building support, the international community can help level the playing field and enable disadvantaged regions to overcome structural barriers and achieve equitable development.

Public-private partnerships are essential in driving progress towards Goal 10. The private sector has a significant role to play in promoting inclusive growth, creating jobs, and supporting sustainable development. By aligning business strategies with social and environmental objectives, companies can contribute to reducing inequality. Collaboration between the private sector, governments, and civil society organizations can lead to innovative solutions and investments in sectors that directly impact marginalized communities, such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure development. Through responsible business practices and investments, the private sector can help create equal opportunities and contribute to sustainable and inclusive development.

Civil society organizations also play a crucial role in advancing Goal 10. They serve as advocates for marginalized communities, holding governments and other stakeholders accountable for their commitments to reducing inequality. Civil society organizations work on the ground, engaging with communities, and providing valuable insights and perspectives that inform policy-making processes. Their expertise and grassroots connections can help ensure that policies and initiatives are inclusive, responsive, and address the specific needs of marginalized groups.

Furthermore, knowledge sharing and capacity-building initiatives are essential for achieving Goal 10. Governments, organizations, and academia need to collaborate in generating and disseminating research, data, and best practices on reducing inequality. This exchange of knowledge and expertise can inform policy decisions and enhance the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing inequality. Capacity-building programs can also empower individuals and organizations to address inequality effectively, equipping them with the skills and resources needed to implement sustainable solutions.

Achieving Goal 10 requires collaborative efforts on a global scale. Governments, civil society organizations, and the private sector must work together, sharing resources, knowledge, and expertise, to implement effective policies and initiatives. Strengthening international cooperation, promoting fair trade, increasing development assistance, fostering public-private partnerships, and supporting civil society organizations are crucial steps towards reducing inequality worldwide. By joining forces and leveraging collective strengths, we can make significant progress in creating a more equitable and inclusive world for all.

Conclusion

Goal 10 - Reduced Inequality, represents a bold and necessary vision for a fairer and more inclusive world. By addressing income inequality, bridging gender gaps, combating social exclusion, empowering marginalized communities, and investing in sustainable development, we can overcome barriers and create a society where everyone has equal opportunities to succeed. Achieving this goal requires the collective efforts of individuals, governments, and organizations worldwide. Let us strive together to break down the walls of inequality and build a brighter future for all.

#Reducing inequality for sustainable development #Achieving Goal 10: Strategies for reduced inequality #Inclusive policies to reduce inequality within countries #Promoting equal opportunities: Goal 10 and reduced inequality #Addressing income inequality through progressive taxation #Empowering marginalized communities for reduced inequality #Bridging the gender gap: Goal 10 and gender equality #Reducing discrimination: Goal 10 and social inclusion #Affirmative action for reducing inequality #Sustainable infrastructure for bridging inequality gaps #Clean energy access and reducing inequality #Innovation and technology: Tools for reducing inequality #Achieving fair trade for reduced global inequality #Partnerships for reduced inequality: Government #NGOs #and private sector collaboration #Increasing development assistance to address inequality #Public-private partnerships for inclusive growth and reduced inequality #Civil society's role in reducing inequality #Knowledge sharing for effective inequality reduction strategies #Capacity-building for reducing inequality: Empowering change-makers #Reducing inequality: A pathway to sustainable development #Tackling income disparities: Goal 10's impact on economic growth #Education as a tool for reducing inequality #Environmental sustainability and reduced inequality #Creating inclusive cities: Goal 10 and urban development #Breaking the cycle of poverty: Goal 10's role in reducing inequality #Inclusive governance for reduced inequality #Empowering women and girls for a more equal society #Promoting diversity and inclusion for reduced inequality

[serialunaliver]

kitten this is the last fucking time daddy is explaining to you that progressive taxation does not refer to a progressive political perspective but rather taxes that increase based on higher taxable income. and daddy wants you to know this misconception is very damaging to tax policy!

[eightyonekilograms]

There's some famous Tumblr post about how "you're not allowed to talk about taxes until you understand how progressive taxation and tax brackets work" (and in particular, how earning more money can never decrease your post-tax income, because brackets only tax money-after-X).

That post was clearly aimed at right-wingers, because they tend to be the ones who don't understand (or pretend not to understand) tax brackets, but I think we need a similar mantra for the left side of the aisle. You're not allowed to talk about taxes (and in particular, how they relate to billionaires) if you think donating to charity can give you huge tax breaks. That's not how it works.

[probablyasocialecologist]

The current economic system makes extractive mining cheaper and easier than urban mining. Extractive mining involves the purchase of cheap land, often in developing countries. That land gets dug up, pulverised and processed in a simple flow that is amenable to capital-intensive operations. Urban mining by contrast is often labour-intensive and requires a complex and state-enforced regulation of waste streams. Urban mining suffers from the refusal of governments to shift taxation from labour to “the use of non-renewable resources”, as Walter Stahel, an originator of the circular economy concept, recommended in 2006. Until robust regulation and taxation is introduced, all forms of circular economy risk unleashing rebound effects. So, throwing more materials onto the market lowers prices, which tends to expedite economic growth, raise energy consumption, and proliferate environmental harms. In short, there is nothing intrinsically “green” about urban mining or the circular economy. The progressive potential of all such engineering programmes is governed by the political-economic framework.

#mining #recycling #degrowth

[phoenixyfriend]

Ko-fi prompt from @kayasurin:

Please lay out, in the most simple, basic terms, what progressive taxes (I think that's the name for them) are and how they work so I can eventually win an argument, thanks!

Personally, I still think this cartoon at @thenib explains marginal taxes better than anything else I've seen.

This is the wikipedia image for progressive tax rates, comparing taxation in 1970 in three countries (UK, US, France) to the same countries in 2005. (article)

The above illustrates how, ideally, people will be paying a greater amount of their wealth to the state if they have more wealth than a person should have. The actual details of it are a bit more complicated, since it deals with wealth percentiles instead of straight income amounts, so we'll move on.

Let's imagine that the margin is $50k/year, because that is the livable wage pre-tax for wherever we set this. Under the $50k, you pay 20%. Anything past that $50, you pay 70%.

If you make $25k/year, you pay 20% on it, and that's the end of it.

If you make $50k/year, you pay 20% on it, and that's the end of it.

If you make $150k/year, then you pay 20% on the first $50k, and then 70% on the remaining $100k.

If you make a a million, you still only pay 20% on the first $50k, but then 70% on the remaining $950k.

On a moral level, the idea here is that everyone should pay taxes, but nobody should face an undue burden. If you make at least $50k, then you are left with at least $40k after taxes, no matter how much more you make, which should be enough to live off of without trouble. If you make more after that, good for you! You have to pay a higher tax on that portion, but not on the previous $50k, so you will still have that livable wage of $40k post-tax. In the context of our setting, any money you make that is more than $50k is, in theory, a surplus. Not just disposable income, but extra-disposable income, the kind where a person asks "okay, you are making so much money that a lot of your surplus must be coming from someone else not getting paid enough, so let's just get that from you now to make up for the difference."

Buuuuuut there's still a difference between someone who makes $55k, someone who makes $250k, and someone who makes a million a year.

So the above explanation does greatly oversimplify. Part of progressive tax rates is that it's not just "people under this high wage get this tax rate, and everyone above it gets this other tax rate." It's not just the two categories, but a set of steps.

Let's look at this chart from Wiztax.

If this chart stresses you out to look at, don't worry. I'll explain.

(I believe 11k is approximately where the official poverty line sits in NYC right now, and 44,725 is about a living wage for someone with roommates and no kids.)

If you take a look at the second line, $11k-44,725, it tells you that the amount you pay is $1,100 plus 12% of the amount over. That $1,100 is the 10% of under 11k from the first line, and then you pay 12% of the rest.

Next line down, $44,726-95,375 looks wild in comparison. Your flat base for everything 44,725 and under is $5,147! Which is...

1,100 + 0.12*(44,725-11,000)

You pay the tax rate for that specific margin all the way up. You pay 10% for the first 11k, 12% on the next 33,725, 22% of the next 50,650, and so on.

It's chunks, and steps, because our tax code does (sometimes, if we're lucky) understand that all this exists on a spectrum. You do not get taxed out of your nose if you make one cent above that $44,725. You just get taxed a bit higher for the next 50k.

Here is a truly horrible little illustration of how it works, if that's easier:

#id in alt text #id in alt #economics #marginal tax rates #ko fi prompts #capitalism #phoenix talks #ko fi #taxes #taxation #marginal tax

[odinsblog]

False Equivalence

Why does the mainstream media keep depicting lunatic-right Republicans and normal Democrats as equidistant from the center?

With the final passage of the debt ceiling deal, Democrats got off easier than one might have expected, given that it was a deal between a mainstream Democratic president and a Republican House in thrall to the lunatic far right. In drastic contrast to the scorched-earth budget bill initially passed by the Republican-controlled House, the cuts were about par for the course in a divided government; and they spare the country a repeat of this debt-hostage ordeal for two years.

However, much of the media played the agreement as a compromise between two equal extremes. The New York Times story about the House passage of the deal included this astonishing sentence: "With both far-right and hard-left lawmakers in revolt over the deal, it fell to a bipartisan coalition powered by Democrats to push the bill over the finish line, throwing their support behind the compromise in an effort to break the fiscal stalemate that had gripped Washington for weeks."

Think about that for a moment. There is no doubt that Matt Gaetz, Elise Stefanik, Lauren Boebert, Paul Gosar et al. are far-right by any definition, as white supremacists, Christian nationalists, election deniers, and nihilists on fiscal policy.

But no Democrats in the House can fairly be described as hard left. Those who voted against the deal included moderate liberals such as Joaquin Castro, mainstream progressives like Rosa DeLauro and Jan Schakowsky, as well as self-described democratic socialists including Cori Bush and AOC. But none of them are "hard left," which suggests anti-democratic, any more than Franklin Roosevelt was hard left.

The Times coverage reinforces a narrative of false equivalence that the media keeps repeating, with lazy catchphrases like "partisan bickering." It also plays into the hands of corrupt No Labels and Third Way types, who promote the idea that the best course for the republic is to split the difference between neofascists and a normal mainstream Democratic Party and president.

Big media, obsessed as it is with the appearance of fair and balanced coverage, took years to give itself permission to accurately describe Donald Trump with the impolite word "liar." But its treatment of the two parties as in any sense symmetrical is far more insidious than using euphemisms to characterize Trump’s lies.

Our friend Peter Dreier, whose observations inspired this post, points out that by any reasonable definition, "even the most left-oriented Democrats (AOC, Bush, Bowman, Raskin, Jayapal) are not extremists. They are shades of social democrats. They are pro-union, pro-choice, pro-affirmative action, pro-LGBT equality, pro-Green New Deal, pro-progressive taxation. But the most right-wing Republicans are extremists and reactionaries."

(continue reading)

#politics #false equivalencies #false narratives #media bias #both sides journalism #republicans #the media is complicit #false neutrality #third way #no labels #3rd way

[thetrashthatsmilesback]

Watcher, Capitalism, and the Petite (Petty) Bourgeois

So the whole Watcher controversy has revealed an interesting misunderstanding of what constitutes "the rich" or capitalist beliefs. The major theme that arose during the controversy was the sense that Shane in particular had gone against his previously stated leftist beliefs - that he had, for all these years, taken up a humorous aesthetic of anti-capitalism without actually believing in what he was saying. I believe that this is due to a breakdown in definitions as they become spread to the general public. Dissemination of information is a good thing, and I would never argue against it, but one problem which arises from concepts spreading to large groups without context is that often the actual meanings break down until they are vastly different from their original, academic denotation. This is, I believe, what happened with the phrase “eat the rich” and its current colloquial usage.

I want to preface this with the fact that nothing I am about to say applies exclusively to Watcher, or that the Watcher staff have done anything wrong or misrepresented themselves. I also don’t think that the Watcher fanbase is wrong at all – the situation just happened to spawn arguments both in defense of and critique of the Watcher team which indicated, in my opinion, that an understanding of “the rich” in a capitalist society is not well understood. Disclaimers out of the way, let’s get into this.

During the controversy, two major sides arose – those who had begun to see the Watcher crew (in particular Steven, Ryan, and Shane) as “the rich” or ruling class in a capitalist setting, and those who argued against this by arguing that as Watcher is a small business, and not the upper 1%, they are not included in the definition of “the rich” expressed by leftists. I want to focus in on the counter-argument that Watcher being a small business just trying to survive means that they are not considered “the rich.”

In Marxist theory, there is a small group called the “petite” or “petty bourgeoisie.” This group is defined as those who both own and contribute to the means of production – aka, small business owners. Marx himself wrote little about the petite bourgeoisie, predominantly referencing them in passing in his essays The Class Struggles in France, 1848-1850 and very briefly in The Communist Manifesto. He does happen to criticize this group in the little writing he did on it, “Marx derides what he sees as the petit-bourgeois self-delusion that, because it combines both employment and ownership of the means of production, it somehow represents the solution to the class struggle. This class was progressive in a limited sense, as witnessed by its claims at various times for co-operatives, credit institutions, and progressive taxation, as a consequence of felt oppression at the hands of the bourgeoisie. However, these were (in terms of the Marxist view of history) strictly limited demands, just as the ideological representatives of this class have been constrained by their own problems and solutions” (“Petite Bourgeoisie - Oxford Reference”).

Now, it is very important to note that team “Watcher is a small business” aren’t completely wrong in their positioning of Watcher’s attempt to raise more revenue as Not Evil Capitalism. Marx’s belief was that eventually the Petite Bourgeoisie would be pushed into the proletariat class. I also am not positive that Watcher is a classical small business – they very well could be a worker co-op. A worker co-op is a business where the workers have ownership of the company, and significant representation on the board of directors(“What Is A Worker Cooperative? – U.S. Federation of Worker Cooperatives”). While some criticism of worker co-ops from a communist or socialist view exist, they are generally seen as a more socialist approach to the typical small business model.

I couldn’t find direct confirmation that Watcher is a co-op. One point against them being one is the use of titles such as CEO and Owner, but these designations could simply be for tax and paperwork reasons. Watcher is an objectively small company, they have between 25 and 30 workers, and most people cite them currently having 27 workers, but in the past they have employed interns and I am unsure of if they currently have interns on board so I am going to stick to the range. It would be incredibly easy to have a worker co-op with 25-30 people, you wouldn’t even need voted representatives; everyone could just be on the board and contribute to decisions. I figured the next best approach would be to see what the roles on Watcher’s shows are – if Steven, Shane, and Ryan contribute significantly rather than just showing up and looking pretty on camera, then there is a good chance they might be functioning as a worker co-op more than a traditional business or small business.

To do this, I decided to look at Watcher’s largest show for each co-owner. This means Ghost Files, Mystery Files, Puppet History, and Steven’s food series. These numbers broke down as follows:

Ghost Files: Ryan is listed as a Creator on all Ghost Files videos. Ghost Files Debriefs do not have writers, so that role will not be held against them on those videos. Ryan and Shane were listed as a Host and an Executive Producer on all videos, but neither ever held a Writer, Editor, or Sound Mixing role.

Mystery Files: Ryan and Shane were listed as a Host and an Executive Producer on all videos, but neither ever held a Writer, Editor, or Sound Mixing role.

Puppet History: Shane is listed as a Creator on all Puppet History videos. He is listed as a Host on all videos, an Executive Producer on all videos, Writer on 4 videos, and never held an Editor or Sound Mixing role.

Steven’s Food Series: Steven is listed as a Host and an Executive Producer on all videos, but neither ever held an Editor, or Sound Mixing role. This show does not require a writer so this will not be held against him.

*Do take these numbers with a grain of salt, I wrote this while in class so its possible that I missed something.*

Looking at those numbers, the main three do predominantly just film, but I don’t want to devalue the work that goes into being on camera. They are still generating capital by acting, I simply wanted to clear up confusion I had due to seeing people say they edited every Ghost Files video. From what I can see, they don’t do the editing, but as executive producers they likely have to review every video before it goes out. I also still can’t fully come to a conclusion on if the company can be considered a worker co-op, but I believe it is a standard small business – aka, the petite bourgeoisie.

All of that leads to the final point – the way that people only began to view the three lead Watcher members/founding members as “the rich” after the announcement of the streaming platform shows the way that leftist theory has become divorced from some of its meaning. I saw several people arguing “you guys can’t recognize the rich”/”you guys would attack doctors and lawyers under the guise of eating the rich,” and yes its true that doctors who work in hospitals are proletariat, but if a doctor opens a private practice or a lawyer opens a private firm, does that render them more bourgeoisie or more proletariat? At what point do the petite bourgeoisie become a part of those who we disavow? I don’t actually have answers to these questions, and I’m sure people much smarter than me or better versed in economics have written on this (one source I found that seemed good while I was skimming it despite its age is this one https://www.jstor.org/stable/2083291?seq=3 ). I didn’t make this point to argue one point over the other on whether Watcher counts as “the rich,” but more to focus on the way that term gets used. The argument could be made that we could have started questioning Shane’s anti-capitalist beliefs the moment he helped start a company, but we didn’t. We only started to criticize him on the basis of hypocrisy after the announcement and its out of touch comments. This raises so many questions about how we use the term “the rich” now – does it refer to anyone we dislike who is financially stable? Has the term become completely divorced from its original meaning? Or were we being hypocrites all along? Has Watcher Entertainment always been incongruent with Shane’s implied political beliefs? Is there a certain point at which the petite bourgeoisie become a part of the financial aristocracy? Or is that term only relegated to the industrial bourgeoisie, is it reserved exclusively for those in financial positions that no artisan could ever hope to reach?

Is it possible that both arguments are correct regarding the Watcher boys, and all other members of small business ownership and management positions? That they are both “the rich” but not a part of the proper bourgeoisie?

I don’t know. I find it fascinating though.

#watcher #ghoul boys #watcher entertainment #ryan bergara #steven lim #shane madej #watcher tv #we are watcher #this is really my distracted musings #its probably not very coherent #like i said #i am in class #meta #i guess???

[familyabolisher]

At times in the writing of wine history, wine itself has been treated as a historical actor. This is the case in many of the sweeping histories of wine, such as Hugh Johnson’s original Vintage: The Story of Wine, Paul Lukacs’s recent Inventing Wine, John Varriano’s Wine: A Cultural History, or Marc Millon’s Wine: A Global History. These lucid and entertaining histories, written by great narrators with serious wine expertise, follow a similar narrative arc. Wine is the central protagonist, the potable Zelig, popping up in different historical moments in different parts of the world. The story begins in the Fertile Crescent, where Wine is born, or in the ancient Mediterranean, where Wine enters a boisterous adolescence in the symposia and bacchanalia of the ancient Greeks. The reader is invited to pause and appreciate the wine-themed mosaic and shards of amphorae. The story then skips a few centuries and a few hundred miles, to medieval Europe (we are left to wonder what Wine has done in between), where Wine joins forces with powerful and institutionalized Christianity and canny monks create a patchwork of orderly clos on the Côte d’Or: bless them! Wine remains in France, or perhaps summers in Germany, and Bordeaux emerges in the seventeenth century, eventually finding its way to Britain (we are treated to a Samuel Johnson quote, or Pepys). Port and sherry have their seafaring adventures. The nineteenth century opens with Champagne surviving war, producing widows and conquering Russian markets; France produces Pasteur, who produces better wine, a triumph of science and the Enlightenment; wine is enjoying its golden years. Then, three-quarters of the way through this drama, tragedy strikes, in the form of the vine disease phylloxera. Wine is dealt a staggering blow and its very survival is threatened. Fortunately, a new world of scientists, mavericks, and neoliberal entrepreneurs emerge: capital is found, the plucky New World steps in to help, and new vines are grafted. Wine is saved! This cannot be criticized as being a Eurocentric narrative, because the tale concludes in California, or Uruguay, or China. Undeniably, at the conclusion of this story there is incredible momentum and optimism. Global wine production is the highest it has ever been, consumption of wine is high, and wine is (relatively) cheap. Were he a wine historian, Francis Fukuyama would declare it the end of wine history.

This hagiography of Wine is a great read: a mouth-watering tale of high drama, blind monks, and supple tannins. And it is not necessarily inaccurate. But it is, on the other hand, what British historians have called a Whiggish narrative: one that presumes continual progress, culminating in the current era, which is assumed to be the best ever. This Whiggishness may overlook some of the current difficulties in the market, or shrug off past problems in the wine industry, since all ended well. Geographically and chronologically it is uneven, such that the producers studied here generally do not merit inclusion until they have become major global actors. This type of narrative structure is what gives the false impression that South Africa produced a great wine called Constantia in the eighteenth century, and then produced nothing again until 1994. The place of Wine as the embattled protagonist who overcomes many hardships (vine diseases, consumer apathy, high taxation) and emerges triumphant and affordable in the late twentieth century, is also what is known in Marxist terms as “commodity fetishism.” As Bruce Robbins has argued, in the new commodity histories, “each commodity takes its turn as the star of capitalism.” The commodity itself, rather than the social and economic relationships that led to its production, becomes the driving force of the narrative.

Jennifer Regan-Lefebvre, Imperial Wine: How the Empire Made Wine's New World

#currently reading