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#Rubina George
dreamersdrivel · 1 year
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Upcoming January 2023 Releases
Upcoming January 2023 Releases
The Thunderstone Theft: A Cinderella Story by Eliza Prokopovits Amazon ~ GoodreadsJanuary 10, 2023193 pages The Minister of the Treasuries has been brutally stabbed. Unfortunately for Miss Ella Highmoore’s godfather, the murder happened right on his doorstep, and now he’s the primary suspect. Ella knows her godfather is innocent, and she resolves to solve the crime and clear his name. A chance…
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dreamingofmarauders · 8 months
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My Fics on Wattpad
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Since I don't really have anything to post on here yet, I thought why not promote my stories from Wattpad on here, so here we are! If you are interested in any of the stories below, I have linked them so please do consider checking them out as it would mean a lot to me! <33
𝘽𝙖𝙘𝙠 𝙏𝙤 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙈𝙖𝙧𝙖𝙪𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨
Fred and George steal Hermione's Time-Turner to pester her, but a fight between Rubina Black and Fred Weasley causes the Time-Turner to shatter, landing the troublesome three in the past, specifically during the rise of the First Wizarding War.
What will happen when this trio teams up with four pranksters at Hogwarts, known as the Marauders? And, will Rubina decide to save her loved ones from the horrible fate that awaits them?
(This is a spin-off to my two other stories "Destiny's Game" & "Fate's Game" but you can read this without reading the others)
𝕭𝖑𝖔𝖔𝖉 𝕿𝖗𝖆𝖎𝖙𝖔𝖗'𝖘 𝕯𝖆𝖚𝖌𝖍𝖙𝖊𝖗
Carina Marlene Black, a sweet and innocent girl, is raised in a orphanage. One day, she is reunited with her father, known in the Wizarding World as the notorious mass-murderer, Sirius Black.
Life can only look up for Carina now, right?
Wrong.
Her father directs his attention onto one person. His godson, Harry Potter. While poor Carina is neglected by everyone she thought of as family. Well, everyone except for a certain, Draco Malfoy.
𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐲'𝐬 𝐆𝐚𝐦𝐞┃𝙎𝙞𝙧𝙞𝙪𝙨 𝘽𝙡𝙖𝙘𝙠
𝐈𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐅𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚 𝐏𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐥𝐢𝐤𝐞𝐬 𝐒𝐢𝐫𝐢𝐮𝐬 𝐁𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬, 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐞𝐞𝐬 𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝐉𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐏𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫'𝐬 𝐭𝐰𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫, 𝐮𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐫 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐨 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐧 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐧𝐞…
*.·:·.✧ ✦ ✧.·:·.*
Fiona Potter has never liked Sirius Black but the young Black always loved to annoy her. Over the years, things remain the same between the two, the constant teasing from one end to receiving frustrated replies from the other. After an unexpected end to her fifth year, Fiona Potter heads into her sixth year at Hogwarts thinking it would be just like any other. Unbeknownst to her, Destiny has other plans for her and a certain Marauder named Sirius Black.
"𝐈'𝐦 𝐲𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐲𝐨𝐮'𝐫𝐞 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐞."
(Prequel to "Fate's Game" but can be read as a standalone)
𝐅𝐚𝐭𝐞'𝐬 𝐆𝐚𝐦𝐞┃𝙁𝙧𝙚𝙙 𝙒𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙡𝙚𝙮
Rubina Aurora Black will be attending Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry for her third year of education after being home schooled for the first two years. At Hogwarts, she befriends the pranksters of the school, bringing the mischief and pranks to a whole new level within the castle.
But not everything is fun and games.
Old secrets that were meant to be buried away seem to be reappearing, causing Rubina to raise suspicions. She also finds herself bonding too closely with a certain ginger haired twin.
Amidst all this, what will Rubina Black do?
(Sequel to "Destiny's Game" but can be read as standalone)
𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐭'𝐬 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐫𝐞┃𝙎𝙞𝙧𝙞𝙪𝙨 𝘽𝙡𝙖𝙘𝙠
He placed his hands on either side, pinning her to the wall. "It's you, isn't it?"
She gulped, "I'm not sure what you mean."
He threw his head back and laughed, "Oh darling," He said, gazing into her eyes once more, "you know exactly what I'm talking about."
Her breathing was becoming fast, "I-I don't know what you're going on about, Black, so let me go." She tried to push him away but Sirius didn't budge. Instead, he smirked, bringing his face dangerously close to hers.
"Your grey eyes are like Firewhiskey, an addiction. Ring a bell?" Her eyes widened for a moment, as she felt her heart picking up speed by the second, and his breath on her face sent shivers down her spine. She closed her eyes for a moment.
"Sirius…" She barely whispered out.
*.·:·.✧ ✦ ✧.·:·.*
𝙄𝙣 𝙬𝙝𝙞𝙘𝙝 𝙎𝙞𝙧𝙞𝙪𝙨 𝘽𝙡𝙖𝙘𝙠 𝙧𝙚𝙘𝙚𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙨 𝙡𝙚𝙩𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙖 𝙨𝙚𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙩 𝙖𝙙𝙢𝙞𝙧𝙚𝙧, 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙝𝙞𝙨 𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙤𝙨𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙞𝙨 𝙗𝙚𝙜𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙝𝙞𝙢 𝙩𝙤 𝙪𝙣𝙘𝙤𝙫𝙚𝙧 𝙖𝙨 𝙩𝙤 𝙬𝙝𝙤 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙢𝙮𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙬𝙧𝙞𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙗𝙚𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙡𝙚𝙩𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙨…
If you do end up going to check one of these out, I hope you enjoy and thank you so much! <33
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muznew · 1 year
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Best New House: May 2023 by Beatport
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- DATA CREATED: 28/04/2023 - QUALITY: MP3/320 kbps - GENRE: House Tracklist GIDEÖN - Fridays Lewy, Matrefakt - Summer Breeze R 417, Unker - Passed Out Locky, Mad.Again - Sunset Dreamin' HNQO - Frdm Mace - Powerhouse DJ Deeon - Slippery Jeremias Santiago - Latin Stallion Digitalism - 4th Floor Greta Levska - Radio Gretaaa St. David - Set You Free Sofia Rubina, Boomclap - There's No Other Love - Instrumental Mix Darius Syrossian, George Smeddles - Moontime - Ruze Remix Honey Dijon, Cor.Ece - Stand feat. Cor.Ece - Club Mix Le Rubrique, Phonk D - Tribute To Miami Click Click - RAW CUTZ #10 Download FileCat Read the full article
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djmusicbest · 1 year
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Best New House: May 2023 by Beatport
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- DATA CREATED: 28/04/2023 - QUALITY: MP3/320 kbps - GENRE: House Tracklist GIDEÖN - Fridays Lewy, Matrefakt - Summer Breeze R 417, Unker - Passed Out Locky, Mad.Again - Sunset Dreamin' HNQO - Frdm Mace - Powerhouse DJ Deeon - Slippery Jeremias Santiago - Latin Stallion Digitalism - 4th Floor Greta Levska - Radio Gretaaa St. David - Set You Free Sofia Rubina, Boomclap - There's No Other Love - Instrumental Mix Darius Syrossian, George Smeddles - Moontime - Ruze Remix Honey Dijon, Cor.Ece - Stand feat. Cor.Ece - Club Mix Le Rubrique, Phonk D - Tribute To Miami Click Click - RAW CUTZ #10 Download FileCat Read the full article
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dear-indies · 3 years
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good evening do you know any caucasian (Georgians , circassians , Armenians , azeris , ossetians , Kurds , yazidis ) facelaims who are 20-32 years old ? please and thank you in advance
Women:
Elena Satine (1987) Georgian.
Helly Luv (1988) Iraqi Kurdish.
Esin Varan (1988) Armenian, Turkish, Greek, Ashkenazi Jewish.
Helena Ganjalyan (1988) Armenian / Polish.
Parwaz Hussein (1989) Kurdish.
Sazan Barzani (1989) Kurdish.
Hannah Stocking (1992) Greek, Armenian, Hungarian, Ukrainian.
Jenna Thiam (1990) 25% Armenian 25% Belgian 25% Senegalese 12.5% English 12.5% French.
Kristy Garett / Kristy Goretskaya (1990) Georgian.
Sofia Nizharadze (1990) Georgian.
Eva Khachatryan (1990) Armenian.
Sophie Villy (1990) Georgian / Ukrainian, Polish.
Nina Vee (1990) Armenian, Greek.
Stephanie Tency (1990) Indonesian, Armenian, German, unspecified other.
Tina Dalakishvili (1991) Georgian.
Narine Dovlatyan (1991) Armenian.
Ani Khachikyan (1991) Armenian.
Tamo Vashalomidze (1991) Georgian.
Ani Yeranyan (1991) Armenian.
Foteini Aristakesyan (1991) Armenian, Greek.
Anna Grigoryan (1991) Armenian.
Aleksandra Paichadze (1991) Georgian.
Mizgin (1991) Kurdish.
Janet Kerdikoshvili (1991) Georgian.
Moran Mazor (1991) Georgian Jewish.
Karina Pasian (1991) Armenian, Dominican Republic.
Roza Gergerî (1991 or 1992) Kurdish.
Lara Yan (1993) Georgian / Armenian.
Asmik Shiroyan (1993) Armenian.
Emilia Ares (1993) Armenian.
Sona Rubenyan (1993) Armenian.
Vian Sulaimani (1993) Kurdish.
Ana Zubashvili (1993) Georgian.
Shené Aziz Ako (1993 or 1994) Kurdish.
Sarina Cross (1994) Lebanese, Armenian.
Natalee Linez (1994) Armenian, Peruvian, Spanish, Italian, Ashkenazi Jewish.
Athena Manoukian (1994) Armenian.
Shene Eziz Eko (1994) Kurdish.
Dilan Gwyn (1994) Kurdish, possibly Armenian, Circassian, Greek, Turkish.
Sezgi Sena Akay (1995) Circassian.
Mariam Kakhelishvili (1995) Georgian.
Mariam Chachkhiani (1995) Georgian.
Nina Sublatti (1995) Georgian.
Mariam Khorguashvili (1995) Georgian.
Rubina Dyan (1996) Armenian.
Brianna Gurdzhyan (1995) Mexican, Spanish / Armenian, Syrian, Russian.
Natia Todua (1996) Georgian.
Lika Salmanyan (1996) Armenian.
Nutsa Buzaladze (1997) Georgian.
Dahlia Lou / Dahlia Khan / Esfir Khan (1997) Naskapi, Ojibwe, Oglala Lakota Sioux, Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux, Sihasapa Lakota Sioux, Yankton Dakota Sioux, Nakoda Sioux, Jicarilla Apache, Iranian, Armenian, and Russian - autistic, bisexual, and a practicing Muslim.
Erna Mir / Erna Mirzoyan (1998) Armenian.
Tako Natsvlishvili (1998) Georgian.
Dalita Avanesian (1999) Armenian.
Kesaria Abramidze (?) Georgian - trans woman.
Aida Torosyan (?) Armenian.
Male:
Seth Rollins (1986) Armenian / German, Irish.
Alec Utgoff (1986) Ossetian / Russian, German.
Gor Hakobyan (1988) Armenian.
Yuri Sardarov (1988) Armenain / Georgian.
David Lemieux (1988) Armenian / French.
Oto Nemsadze (1989) Georgian.
Cosmo Jarvis (1989) Armenian / English.
Hovig Demirjian (1989) Armenian.
Davit Gharibyan (1990) Armenian.
Felix Ryan (1990) Armenian.
Vic Bagratuni (1990) Armenian.
Fiuk (1990) Brazilian [Armenian, possibly other].
Davit Gharibyan (1990) Armenian,
George Finn (1990) Georgian.
Firat Ayverdi (1990) Kurdish.
Ben Avetisyan (1991) Armenian,
Devi Khajishvili (1991) Georgian / Iranian, Spanish, Russian, Ukrainian.
Adam G. Sevani (1992) Armenian, Italian.
Gor Yepremyan (1992) Armenian.
Davit Aghajanyan (1992) Armenian,
Mehmet Korhan (1992) Kurdish, Turkish.
Hazhar Saleh (1992) Kurdish, Persian.
Ronî Artîn (1992 or 1993) Kurdish.
Samvel Tadevosian (1993) Armenian.
Thomas Karaoglan (1993) Armenian.
Raffi Boghosyan (1993) Armenian.
Luca Chikovani (1994) Georgian.
Maxim Baldry (1996) Georgian, Russian / English, distant German.
Yuri Melikov (1997) Armenian / Cypriot, Russian.
Vedat Akarsu (1997 or 1998) Kurdish.
Vladimir Arzumanyan (1998) Armenian.
Non-binary:
None found, please send in suggestions!
I’m glad you found my last fc help useful as I’m assuming this is the same person? Regardless, here are some suggestions and bolded are those with resources at time of posting! Most of these are from @tasksweekly’s masterlists! 
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peppermintstranger · 6 years
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Hey Peppermint, I was wondering if you could give me any people who could pass off as Scarlet Robinson's sister, mom, and dad? Thanks for your help!
Hello there!
Sister: Lilou L,Sana Soegaard Belal, Alia Shawkat, Nadine Kangranyaman, Saana Mirzaie, Rubina Dyan.
Mother: Shohreh Aghdashloo, Catherine Bell, Melika Foroutan, Rosie Malek-Yonan.
Father: Armin Amiri, George Clooney, Javier Bardem, Colin Firth.
Hope it helps c:
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britishasians · 4 years
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Brown Girls Do It Too wins main prize at British Podcast Awards
Brown Girls Do It Too wins main prize at British Podcast Awards
Deep, Down & Desi: Brown Girls Do It Too has won the main prize at the British Podcast Awards.
The series sees Poppy Jay, Rubina Pabani and Roya Eslami discuss issues around relationships and sex.
The show was named podcast of the year in a virtual ceremony on Saturday, with the award being presented by last year’s winner George The Poet.
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George The Poet picked up the main award last year (Ian…
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osobypostacieludzie · 5 years
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Irv Rubin ( Irving David "Irv" Rubin ) - przewodniczący Żydowskiej Ligi Obrony (JDL) od 1985 do 2002 r. Zginął w tajemniczych okolicznościach w więzieniu, gdy czekał na proces. Rubin urodził się w Montrealu, Quebec. Wraz z rodzicami i siostrą przeprowadził się do dzielnicy Granada Hills w Kalifornii, na przedmieściach Los Angeles, gdzie mieszka duża liczba ludności żydowskiej. Został obywatelem USA i służył jako sierżant w Siłach Powietrznych Stanów Zjednoczonych. Rubin był zagorzałym zwolennikiem prawa do posiadania i noszenia broni. W 1978 r. Rubin zaoferował nagrodę w wysokości 500 dolarów każdemu, kto zranił lub zabił członka amerykańskiej partii nazistowskiej. Oskarżony o nagabywanie zarzutów o morderstwo, został uniewinniony w 1981 r. Rubin stał się następcą założyciela JDL Rabiego Meira Kahane, po tym, jak Kahane przeniósł się do Izraela w 1985 r. i utworzył Partię Kach, która została ostatecznie zakazana przez rząd izraelski jako "rasistowska". W 1985 r. poinformowano, że Rubin powiedział o zamachu bombowym na dom historyka i negującego Holokaust dr George Ashley, "Szkoda, że ​​pan Ashley nie został wysadzony w powietrze" i "podziwiam tych, którzy podjęli takie działania, myślę, że ci ludzie mają sprawiedliwe miejsce na świecie". Umiarkowani Żydzi również go krytykowali. Rob Eshman, redaktor naczelny Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles, zauważył: "W systemie słonecznym żydowskiego życia, Irv Rubin jest Plutonem" i stwierdził: "Tutaj w Los Angeles, od lat Rubin został eskortowany z daleka więcej wydarzeń żydowskich, niż kiedykolwiek został zaproszony". W 1985 r. Alex Odeh, lokalny przewodniczący pro-palestyńskiej amerykańsko-arabskiej komisji antydyskryminacyjnej (ADC) został zabity przez bombę, otwierając drzwi do jego biura w Santa Ana w Kalifornii. Rubin był podejrzany i dalej antagonizował swoich przeciwników mówiąc, że "Odeh dostał to, na co zasłużył". Jednak JDL nalegał, że atak został popełniony przez innych. FBI nie było w stanie udowodnić swoich pierwotnych zarzutów.  Zbrodnia pozostaje nierozwiązana. Śledztwo w sprawie Rubin kierował agent specjalny FBI Mary Hogan, ten sam agent, który podpisał oświadczenie, w którym oskarżył Rubina o plan zniszczenia własności rządowej i innych celów w 2001 r. Przed dołączeniem do Partii Libertariańskiej w 2000 r. Irv Rubin był aktywnym Republikaninem i służył jako strona na Narodowym Konwencie Narodowym z 1964 r., w którym Barry Goldwater był nominowany do ubiegania się o prezydenturę. Wstąpienie Irva Rubina do Partii Libertariańskiej zostało powitane z szokiem przez wielu członków z powodu zarzutów o terroryzm zarówno przeciwko JDL, jak i Rubinowi. Członkostwo wymaga zastawu, aby nie "inicjować siły". W czerwcu 2001 r. Rubin oznajmił, że rozważa ubieganie się o gubernatora Kalifornii w sprawie libertariańskiego mandatu, odnawiając kontrowersje wśród libertarian. Aby spróbować zakłóceń wydarzeń, Rubin regularnie uczestniczył w wiecach organizowanych przez KKK i Aryan Nations. Często pomagał niektórym z jego zwolenników. Podczas pozwu cywilnego wniesionego przez SPLC przeciwko założycielowi Narodów Aryjskich i pastorowi Richardowi Butlerowi, który odbył się w Coeur d 'Alene w stanie Idaho, w 2000 r. Rubin pozostał na co najmniej 4 dni i czuwał podczas postępowania. Często wypowiadał się przeciwko Butlerowi i jego zwolennikom, którzy również sprawowali czuwanie. Podczas swojego życia Rubin wykonał szereg telewizyjnych występów. Obejmują one ożywioną debatę z 1988 roku na temat Crossfire z czarnym nacjonalistą Stevem Cokely, wkrótce po kontrowersyjnym wykładzie, które Cokely podał, w którym wyraził przekonanie, że żydowscy lekarze zaszczepili czarne dzieci wirusem HIV. Wideo na YouTube, pojawiające się w filmie dokumentalnym historii nazizmu Ameryka: tajna historia na YouTubie i pamiętny 22 października 1997 r. Pojawienie się na Jerry Springer Show, gdzie on i jego ochroniarze walczyli z członkami Ku Klux Klanu po tym, jak zaatakował członka KKK, który wyśmiewał go, usuwając jego kaptur ujawnić jarmułkę.  "Klanfrontation" na YouTube. Jednym z bardziej znanych debat Rubina był Klansman i założyciel White Aryan Resistance Tom Metzger na kanale KDOC Channel 56 Wally George na Hot Seat. Debata została przerwana po tym, jak Rubin rzucił w twarz Metzgera kubek wody. Bezpieczeństwa interweniował i wezwano policję Anaheim. 12 grudnia 2001 r. Irv Rubin, przewodniczący JDL i Earl Krugel, członek organizacji, zostali oskarżeni o spisek mający na celu zbombardowanie własności prywatnej i rządowej. Obaj zostali złapani w aktach planowania zamachów bombowych na meczet Króla Fahda w Culver City w Kalifornii, a także w biurze amerykańskiego reprezentanta Darrell Issy, który jest pochodzenia libańskiego i czeskiego. Obaj zostali aresztowani w ramach operacji żądła po tym, jak informator FBI o imieniu Danny Gillis dostarczył materiały wybuchowe do domu Krugela w Los Angeles JDL twierdzi, że Danny Gillis zawarł umowę z FBI, by zneutralizować JDL poprzez infiltrację organizacji i zorganizowanie kryminalnych oskarżeń o jej przywództwo. Jednak według Jewish Journal of Los Angeles Gillis był byłym członkiem JDL, który wstąpił do organizacji z powodu konfliktów z białymi skinheadami. W dniu 4 lutego 2003 r. Earl Krugel, pierwszy porucznik Rubina, przyznał się do zarzutów spiskowych wynikających z spisku. Ten zarzut został później wycofany przez sędziego przewodniczącego i został oskarżony o dodatkowe przestępstwa, które, jeśli zostaną skazane, mogą skutkować 55-letnim pozbawieniem wolności w federalnym zakładzie karnym. Okazja została przywrócona na nowo pod koniec września 2005 r., a 62-letni Krugel został skazany na 20 lat więzienia federalnego, po tym, jak pierwotne porozumienie w sprawie zarzutu oparte na jego ujawnieniu nazwisk osób zaangażowanych w fabułę bomby Alexa Odeha zostało wycofane. W dniu 4 listopada 2005 r. został zabity przez więźnia po przeniesieniu do federalnego więzienia w Phoenix. Inny więzień uderzył Krugela w głowę od tyłu z cementowym blokiem. W listopadzie 2002 r., kiedy więziono go w Areszcie Śledczym w Los Angeles w oczekiwaniu na proces, gardło Rubina zostało rozcięte, a następnie spadł z balkonu o wysokości od 18 do 20 stóp. Wcześniej groził samobójstwem. Obrażenia od upadku spowodowały jego śmierć w szpitalu hrabstwa Los Angeles kilka dni później. Niektórzy uważają okoliczności związane z jego śmiercią za podejrzane, a żona Rubina zażądała śledztwa. Ale obrońca Mark Werksman powiedział, że Rubin był przygnębiony od miesięcy, tracąc 40 funtów, i że presja nadchodzącej próby "mogła go wypchnąć na szczyt". Rodzina Rubin wszczęła bezprawny pozew śmierci przeciwko rządowi.
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mantaypeli · 7 years
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Libertad (Freiheit)
Quizá haya tantas películas en Libertad (Freiheit) como mujeres esconde Nora, su protagonista. El segundo filme del realizador alemán Jan Speckenbach es una alegoría sobre Europa. Europa es una zorra y está matando a su juventud.  Europa es Saturno, hoy celebra su aniversario. Europa no tiene memoria, pero hoy tampoco olvidará.Los responsables de estos versos son el grupo gallego Triángulo de…
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armeniaitn · 4 years
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Armenia Society News Digest for Wednesday, August 26, 2020
Here is the Daily Digest of society news for Armenia for Wednesday, August 26, 2020. The notable articles are the following:
Der Matossian’s Book on First Republic of Armenia Published
The First Republic of Armenia book cover
Fresno-An edited volume by Bedross Der Matossian, with a preface by Richard G. Hovannisian, titled The First Republic of Armenia (1918-1920) on its Centenary: Politics, Gender, and Diplomacy has just been published.
The book is the second in the newly launched Society for Armenian Studies (SAS) Publication Series published as part of the Armenian Series of The Press at California State University, Fresno. Subvention for the publication of the book was provided by the Armenian Communities Department of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. The volume is dedicated to Richard G. Hovannisian for his outstanding contribution to the field of Armenian Studies over the past half century.
The First Republic of Armenia (1918-1920) was born from the ashes of the Armenian Genocide and war. In one of the most critical periods of modern Armenian history, the Republic was able to face a multitude of external and internal challenges. The Republic of Armenia was significant as the first independent Armenian state since the collapse of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in 1375. This edited volume provides a multifaceted and interdisciplinary approach to studying the fascinating history of the Republic. Through an analysis of the politics, gender, and diplomacy of the period, the volume enriches our understanding of the short-lived Republic, which played a crucial role in guaranteeing the perseverance of Armenian identity, and ultimately laying the foundation for the modern Republic of Armenia.
“It was a profound honor to work on this project. This peer-reviewed edited volume discusses aspects of the First Republic that have not been hitherto dealt with. The reader will see the extent to which the leadership of the First Republic worked diligently in the most difficult circumstances in order to save the Armenian nation from the ashes of Genocide. Indeed, without the First Republic, statehood today would be a page pertaining to past history,” said editor Der Matossian. “I would like to thank Barlow Der Mugrdechian, the general editor of the Armenian Series of the Press at California State University, Fresno, for his unconditional support in realizing the project.”
Bedross Der Matossian
The list of contributors in the order of their contribution are Bedross Der Matossian, “Introduction”; Richard G. Hovannisian, “The Republic of Armenia: A Contextual Overview”; Houri Berberian, “From Nationalist-Socialist to National Socialist? The Shifting Politics of Abraham Giulkhandanian”; Ari Şekeryan, “Rethinking the Establishment of the First Republic of Armenia: Reactions of the Ottoman-Turkish and Armenian Press in Istanbul (May-October 1918)”; Seda D. Ohanian, “The Role of Women in the Social and Political Life of the Republic of Armenia (1918-1920)”; Rubina Peroomian, “The Subversive Activities of Armenian Bolsheviks: A Critical Factor in Yerevan-Moscow Negotiations (1918-1920)”; Vartan Matiossian, “The Recognition of the First Republic of Armenia in South America (1918-1920)”; Jakub Osiecki, “The Visit of Rev. Antoine Delpuch to the South Caucasus in 1919: An Attempt to Establish Diplomatic Relations Between the Holy See and Yerevan?”; Garabet K. Moumdjian, “Domestic Politics in the Republic of Armenia, 1918-1920: A Flip or a Flop,”; and George Bournoutian, “The Unrealistic Territorial Demands of the Armenian Republic 1919-1920.”
The volume also includes rare images from the period.
“This excellent book, edited by Bedross Der Matossian, is a welcome addition to the scholarship on the history of the Republic of Armenia. Particularly valuable are the informative essays on a number of key topics in the nascent Republic’s convoluted history. Students and scholars alike will benefit from this impressive volume,” said Simon Payaslian of Boston University.
“The formation of the first Armenian Republic in May 1918 marked the rebirth of Armenian statehood, almost five and a half centuries after the downfall of the Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia (1375). Despite the importance of this development, academic research and publications dealing with the Republic have been extremely limited, with Richard G. Hovannisian’s massive multi-volume oeuvre constituting their indisputable core, along with Armenian Revolutionary Federation leader Simon Vratsian’s earlier Hayasdani Hanrabedutiun. In this context, this volume is a welcome addition to the existing literature as some of its essays start addressing fresh themes while others shed a new interpretative light on important facets of the Republic’s history,” said Stephan H. Astourian, University of California, Berkeley.
This volume was inspired by a 2018 conference titled “Innovative Approaches to the History of the First Republic of Armenia, 1918-1920,” organized by the Society for Armenian Studies and the Armenian Communities Department of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.
Bedross Der Matossian is an Associate Professor of Middle East History at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln. He is the President of the Society for Armenian Studies (SAS) and the author of the award-winning book Shattered Dreams of Revolution: From Liberty to Violence in the Late Ottoman Empire (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2014); coeditor of Routledge Handbook on Jerusalem (Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018); and the co-editor, with Barlow Der Mugrdechian, of Western Armenian in the 21st Century: Challenges and New Approaches (2018).
The First Armenian Republic (1918-1920) on its Centenary: Politics, Gender and Diplomacy; edited by Bedross Der Matossian (9 x 6, 256 pp. $20.00 paper, ISBN: 978-0-912201-67-2), Volume 10 (SAS Conference Series 2) in the Armenian Series of The Press at California State University, Fresno. In English. General Editor of the Armenian Series: Barlow Der Mugrdechian.
Copies of The First Republic of Armenia (1918-1920) on its Centenary: Politics, Gender, and Diplomacy are available for purchase from The Armenian Prelacy, the National Association for Armenian Studies & Research (NAASR) Bookstore and Abril Bookstore.
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UCLA Promise Armenian Institute to Host First Distinguished Lecture Series
Taner Akcam (left) and A. Dirk Moses
LOS ANGELES— The UCLA Promise Armenian Institute, in collaboration with the National Association for Armenian Studies and Research (NAASR), the Ararat-Eskijian Museum, the UCLA Richard Hovannisian Endowed Chair in Modern Armenian History, and the UCLA Center for Near Eastern Studies, will present the first in its Distinguished Lecture Series, “When Was the Decision Made to Annihilate the Armenians?,” to be delivered by Professor Taner Akçam of Clark University. The webinar will take place on Monday, September 14 at 11 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time (2 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time) via the Zoom platform. Professor A. Dirk Moses of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill will serve as the discussant for this lecture.
Registration for this webinar is required and free. Once registered, the participant will receive a unique link to the Zoom webinar.
Telegram from one of the main architects of the Armenian Genocide
In this presentation, Professor Akçam will introduce some newly unearthed documents from the Ottoman archives in Istanbul that indicate that the first decision to exterminate Armenians was taken on December 1, 1914, well before most scholars in the field ever suggested. In these documents, the Turkish term for extermination [imha] is openly used by local governors who were directly involved in the decision-making process to exterminate the Armenians. Akçam will also introduce a letter dated March 3, 1915, written by Bahaettin Şakir, the head of Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa (aka the Special Organization) and one of the main architects of the Armenian Genocide. This letter conveys that the Central Committee of Union and Progress had already decided to exterminate the Armenians, giving the government wide authority to implement this plan. The scholarly world has long ignored or declined to cite this letter due to allegations that it was fake. Drawing on newly available documents, Akçam will show the authenticity of this letter and argue that the question of the decision(s) for the extermination of Armenians and the role of governors should be revisited.
Taner Akçam is the Kaloosdian and Mugar Chair in Modern Armenian History and Genocide in the Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies at Clark University. Akçam is widely recognized as one of the first Turkish scholars to write extensively on the Ottoman-Turkish Genocide of the Armenians in the early twentieth century. His latest book is Killing Orders: Talat Pasha’s Telegrams and the Armenian Genocide (Palgrave 2018). He is the founder of Krikor Guerguerian Online Archive.
A. Dirk Moses is the Frank Porter Graham Distinguished Professor of Global Human Rights History at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, arriving in July 2020. Raised in Brisbane, Australia, he was educated at the Universities of Queensland (B.A. 1987), St. Andrews (M.Phil. 1990), Notre Dame (M.A. 1994), and University of California, Berkeley (Ph.D. 2000). His first book, German Intellectuals and the Nazi Past (2007), was awarded the H-Sozu-Kult ‘’Historical Book of the Year’’ prize for contemporary history. Moses has also written extensively about genocide, memory, and global history. Prof. Moses’s latest book, The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression is in press with Cambridge University Press.
The Promise Armenian Institute (PAI) was established at UCLA in late 2019 as a hub for world-class research and teaching on Armenian Studies and for coordinating Interdisciplinary Research and Public Impact Programs across UCLA, and with the Republic of Armenia and the Armenian Diaspora.
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Two Lebanese-Armenian families move to Artsakh
Two Lebanese Armenian families have settled in Artsakk, Chief Adviser to the President of Artsakh, Ambassador at Large Rudik Hyusnunts told a meeting dedicated to assistance programs to Lebanese-Armenians.
“All conditions have been created for their accommodation,” Hyusnunys told a working meeting chaired by President Arayik Harutyunyan.
According to him, in addition to the 25 million AMD assistance provided from the state budget reserve fund, more than 17 million AMD has been collected on the extra-budgetary account of the Government of Artsakh, and various initiatives are being implemented to increase it.
President Arayik Harutyunyan stressed that although it is extremely important to preserve the integrity of the Armenian community in Lebanon, to which the Artsakh government contributes to the best of its ability, Artsakh is ready to welcome and provide housing to all our compatriots who wish to move.
The President said jobs and other social guarantees will also be ensured.
President Harutynyan announced last week that the Government would provide 25 million AMD (about $51,000) to the Armenian community of Lebanon from its reserve funds.
Earlier this month Artsakh sent humanitarian aid to Lebanon.
Read original article here.
Funeral Notice: Chake Tchakian
Chake Tchakian
CHAKE TCHAKIAN
It is with great sorrow that we announce the passing of our beloved wife, mother, grandmother, aunt and relative Chake Tchakian, who passed away on Tuesday, August 18, 2020, due to cardiovascular disease.
Funeral services followed by interment will take place on Monday, August 31, 3 p.m. at Hollywood Hills Forest Lawn Mortuary Park.
She is survived by her։ Husband, Krekor Tchakian Daughter, Seta and Harout Iknadossian and children, Kevin and Lara Son, Dr. Garo and Lida Tchakian and sons, Alex and Gregory Daughter, Houri and Dikran Berberian and children, Gary and Christine Niece, Hermine and Mado Janjanian and son, Armen(Canada) Niece, Arpie and Ghazaros Khatchikian and daughters, Lara, Sarine and Talar (Lebanon) Nephew, Avedis and Emma Hajinian and children, Taline and Sevak (San Francisco) In-laws, Araxi Memarian and daughter, Ani In-laws, Garbis and Vart Berberbian Relative, Rebecca Tchakian and children, Stephen and Jojo (Canada)
And the entire Tchakian, Iknadossian, Berberian, Janjanian, Khatchikian, Hajinian and Ruptchian families, relatives and friends
In lieu of flowers, donations may be made to Ferrahian Armenian School.
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Armenia joins International Religious Freedom Alliance's statement on COVID-19
Armenia has joined the Statement of the International Religious Freedom Alliance on  COVID-19 pandemic and religious minorities.
The statement reads, in part: “the crisis facing the international community is of global proportions, and any measures enacted in response to COVID-19 should not be used as a justification to silence, target, or harass any members of civil society, including human rights defenders, journalists, and media workers.” 
“Even during pandemics, states are accountable for the obligations and commitments they have made to respect human rights, like freedom of religion or belief, that take on heightened importance in a time of national crisis and that encourage active efforts to control the pandemic,” it says.
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Armenia joins International Religious Freedom Alliance's Statement on COVID-19 and religious …
“The crisis facing the international community is of global proportions, and any measures enacted in response to COVID-19 should not be used as a …
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Armenia provides over two tons of medical supplies to Aleppo hospitals
On August 24, 2020, in cooperation with the Consulate General of Armenia in Aleppo, the medical team of the Armenian Humanitarian Mission delivered more than two tons of medical supplies to Aleppo medical facilities.
The health officials thanked the Armenian doctors for the medical supplies provided, as well as the “Armenian Nursing Home”, “Pharmacy”, “Bethel” social medical centers, and a number of other medical institutions for daily support.
According to them, Armenian and Syrian doctors are making joint efforts to help the injured. The director of the hospital also thanked the Armenian authorities and healthcare bodies for their assistance and support from the very first days.
The Armenian Humanitarian Mission, in cooperation with the Syrian Relief Cross, provided necessary supplies and food to the students of the National Shelter Orphanage belonging to the Armenian community in Aleppo.
Read original article here.
PM: Corruption in Armenia shall either be impossible or so low that such issue will not be on public …
“The vision of a society free of corruption is enshrined in the program of the government of the Republic of Armenia. Strategically, what is important for …
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Los Angeles, Paris, Doha, Tehran: More flights to/from Armenia announced
The Civil Aviation Committee of Armenia has published the schedule of the upcoming charter flights to/from Armenia.
Belavia will carry out daily flights on Minsk-Yerevan-Minsk route until September 1 (arrival at 02:45, departure at 03:35).
On August 26 Red Wings will offer a flight from Moscow to Yerevan (arrival at 20:30).
On August 27 Nord Star will operate a Moscow-Yerevan-Moscow flight (arrival at 15:50, departure at 17:10).
On August 27, September 3, 10, 17 and 24 Aeroflot will operate Moscow-Yerevan-Moscow flights (arrival at 13:45, departure at 14:45).
On August 28 SKYUP airline will carry out a Kyiv-Yerevan-Kyiv charter flight (arrival at 03:30, departure at 04:30).
On August 28 Nord Star will operate a Moscow-Yerevan-Moscow flight (arrival at 12:50, departure at 14:10).
On August 28 Aircompany Armenia will operate a Yerevan-Sochi-Yerevan flight (departure at 16:00, arrival at 19:30).
On August 28, September 4 and 11 Air France will carry out flights on Paris-Yerevan-Paris route (arrival at 17:15, departure at 05:50).
On August 28 and September 4 Tahan airline will operate a Tehran-Yerevan-Tehran flight (arrival at 02:30, departure at 04:30).
On August 29, September 5, 12, 19 and 26 Aeroflot will carry out Moscow-Yerevan-Moscow flights (arrival at 21:30, departure at 22:35).
On August 29 Icelandair will operate a flight from Los Angeles to Yerevan (arrival at 11:35).
On August 29 Nord Star will carry out a Moscow-Yerevan-Moscow flight (arrival at 17:45, departure at 19:05).
On August 29 Icelandair will offer a flight from Los Angeles to Yerevan (arrival at 11:35).
On August 30 Nord Star will carry out a Moscow-Yerevan-Moscow flight (arrival at 14:50, departure at 16:10).
On August 30 Qatar Airways will operate a Doha-Yerevan-Doha flight (arrival at 00:50, departure at 03:00).
On August 31 Nord Star will carry out a Moscow-Yerevan-Moscow flight (arrival at 14:50, departure at 16:10).
On September 1 Armenia Airways will operate a Yerevan-Tehran-Yerevan flight (departure at 08:30, arrival at 12:30).
On September 4, 7 and 11 SKYUP airline will carry out flights on Kyiv-Yerevan-Kyiv route (arrival at 21:40, departure at 22:40).
For details on all charter flights it’s necessary to contact the air companies.
According to the Armenian government decision of August 12, non-citizens will be allowed to Armenia. They can choose to self-isolate for 14 days or take a PCR test and leave the self-isolation, if the result is negative.
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Videos from Azerbaijan "testify to violation of Armenian officer's rights"
August 25, 2020 – 11:09 AMT
PanARMENIAN.Net – Footage published by Azerbaijani soldiers testify to the gross violations of the rights of Armenian officer Gurgen Alaverdyan and the hatred towards him, Armenia’s Human Rights Defender Arman Tatoyan said Monday, August 24 evening.
Alaverdyan went missing after he left his post to inspect the checkpoint during bad weather on August 22, according to Defense Ministry spokeswoman Shushan Stepanyan. The Azerbaijani side reported that the Armenian officer was taken prisoner after a failed sabotage, but Stepanyan has refuted the claims as disinformation.
Tatoyan said he has appealed to international human rights organizations, noting the gross violations of Alaverdyan’s rights and the international humanitarian law.
In particular, Tatoyan said, the videos reveal that Alaverdyan is handcuffed and surrounded by Azerbaijani servicemen. He appears to be wearing a winter hat, which completely conceals his eyes.
The Azeri soldiers are also seen insulting the dignity of the Armenian officer, displaying sarcastic behavior and demonstratively humiliating his honor all the time, the Human Right Defender added.
The videos are flooded with obvious hatred towards Alaverdyan for being Armenian, Tatoyan added.
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Armenia: Covid-19 infections grow by 111 as 426 recover
August 25, 2020 – 11:02 AMT
PanARMENIAN.Net – The number of confirmed coronavirus cases in Armenia grew by 111 to reach 42,936 on Tuesday, August 25 morning, according to information provided by the Health Ministry.
Fresh figures also revealed that 426 more people have recovered, four patients have died from Covid-19, while four others carrying the virus have died from other causes in the past 24 hours.
A total of 1299 tests have been performed in the pat day, the National Center For Disease Control and Prevention said.
So far, 36,475 people have recovered, 858 have died from the coronavirus in the country, while 260 others carrying the virus have died from other causes.
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Israeli historian Stefan Ihrig to speak on “the Armenian Genocide and the 20th Century”
Massis Post – Dr. Stefan Ihrig will give an online talk entitled “The Armenian Genocide and the 20th Century” on Sunday, August 30, 2020, at 5:00 p.m. (Eastern U.S. time). The talk is co-sponsored by the Ararat-Eskijian Museum, the National Association for Armenian Studies and Research (NAASR), and the Society for Armenian Studies (SAS).
The Armenian Genocide has long been side-lined in the histories of Europe and the world. This poses a whole series of problems for how we understand the past. In this talk, Stefan Ihrig will show how and why the Armenian Genocide was a central event for 20th century world history.
Understanding the wider contexts and implications of the Armenian Genocide is key to understanding the dark 20th century. This talk will also underline why the much-needed re-evaluation of its role in and for history should not and cannot be a partisan issue. It will also discuss why recognition of the genocide is simply not enough. Recognition is only the first step in reconstructing a new history of the last century.
Stefan Ihrig is a professor of history at the University of Haifa and director of the Haifa Center for German and European Studies. For his last book, Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler (Harvard Univ. Press, 2016), he received the 2017 Sonia Aronian Book Prize for Excellence in Armenian Studies from the National Association for Armenian Studies and Research. He is also the author of Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination (Harvard Univ. Press, 2014).
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Armenia confirms 111 more coronavirus cases
Society | August 25, 2020 13:40. Pashinyan: Corruption must be impossible in Armenia · Society | August 25, 2020 10:44. Armenia confirms 111 more … Read original article here.
Covid-19: Armenia reports 111 new cases, 426 recoveries
Armenia has reported 111 new cases of coronavirus, bringing the total to 42,936.
The results of 1,188 tests have been negative.
According to the data of the National Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 426 patients have recovered, bringing the total to 36,049.
Four patients have died in the past 24 hours. The death toll has reached 858, another 260 patients with coronavirus have died because of other diseases.
The number of active cases is 5,343.
Read original article here.
Aeroflot to start Los Angeles-Moscow-Yerevan charter flights
Aeroflot will organizes Los Angeles-Moscow-Yerevan charter flights from August 28, the Armenian Consulate General in Los Angeles informs.
Los Angeles-Moscow-Yerevan flights will take place once a week, on Fridays.
The return flights on Yerevan-Moscow-Los Angeles route will start on August 27 with a weekly frequency.
Flights can be used only by passengers leaving for the Republic of Armenia or the USA (Armenian nationals and foreign citizens).
In the case of steady passenger flow, flights could become regular.
Read original article here.
Today on Twitter
These are some of the tweets about Armenia from some of the Twitter accounts we follow. Get in touch with us via Twitter if you want to be part of this Twitter list. We retweet occasionally.
Armenia @armenia·
12h
#Autumn is slowly #hugging Armenia . What about the weather in your #country? #tuesdayvibes : poxoc
Zohrab Mnatsakanyan@ZMnatsakanyan·
24 Aug
I share grief and express deepest condolences to families and friends who lost their loved ones in a tragic road accident in brotherly #Georgia. Wishing speedy recovery to the injured. #Armenia stands in full solidarity with the people and Gov of #Georgia @DZalkaliani @MFAgovge
Ararat Mirzoyan@AraratMirzoyan·
21 Aug
My speech at Fifth World Virtual Conference of Speakers of #Parliament #5WCSP of the @IPUparliament on the theme of Combating Terrorism and Violent Extremism
JAMnews@JAMnewsCaucasus·
37m
Giorgi was living in Europe when he had to come back home to #Georgia due to the pandemic. Now he’s started a new life back at home: he’s settled in a village in the mountains, growing unique strains of grapes, whose wine has taken over market: https://ift.tt/2EsrYTd
MFA of Armenia@MFAofArmenia·
24 Aug
Щиро вітаємо #Україну з #Днем Незалежності!Упевнені, що співробітництво між - зміцнюватиметься і різнобічно розширюватиметься на благо наших дружніх народів. @MFA_Ukraine @DmytroKuleba
Artsakh Parliament@Artsakh_Parl·
12 Aug
The law «On Making Amendments to the Law “On the State Budget '20 of the #Artsakh Republic"» was adopted with 26 votes in favor & 6 against. The SB revenues will make 126bln 49mln 399.2th AMD, expenditures-135bln 650mln 717.7th AMD, the deficit-9bln 601mln 318.5th.
4
AOMF@AOMFrancophonie·
20 Aug
[Arménie ] @OmbudsArmenia a visité l’établissement pénitentiaire de #Kosh : des entretiens privés avec des personnes privées de liberté, ainsi qu’avec des personnes en grève de la faim ont eu lieu https://ift.tt/34Lxz23
USC Armenian Studies@ArmenianStudies·
24 Aug
#PODCAST: What's the connection btwn #artificialintelligence, #psychology, & #language? Dr. K talks to Karen Khachikyan of @ExpperTech about Robin the #Robot's emotional & linguistic capacities in helping hospitalized children overcome stress. Listen: https://apple.co/3lewhlE
ArtsakhPress Agency@ArtsakhPress·
11h
Minister of #Education, #Science and #Culture met with a group of #Artsakh students studying in #Armenia https://ift.tt/2Er8dvr
Arayik Harutyunyan | Artsakh President@Pres_Artsakh·
13h
Discussed programs to support our compatriots in Lebanon. 17 mln AMD accumulated via fundraiser are added to previous 25 mln of budget allocation. And though resilience of Arm community in Lebanon is important, we’re ready to accommodate the families who wish to come to Artsakh.
Published February 15, 2020 at 01:41PM. Read full article at Stem Cells in the News Portal.
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Stay strapped or get clapped George Washington skull shirt
Stay strapped or get clapped George Washington skull shirt
Rubina Ferreira did the PM really say that Rubina or are you just guessing and Stay strapped or get clapped George Washington skull shirt. Majority voted for the Tories you now have got what you voted for Cummings is calling all the shots and Boris is his puppetRubina Ferreira yes it’s exactly what we voted for. Roll on the licence abolition I couldn’t wait for the license abolition, I just…
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There is also the term extras that are used as minor characters with few roles in the film. This differs from the main actors, who have larger and more roles. As an actor and actress, good acting talent must be required that corresponds to the subject of the film in which he plays the leading role. In certain scenes, the role of the actor can be replaced by a stunt man or a stunt man. The existence of a stuntman is important to replace the actors who play difficult and extreme scenes that are usually found in action-action films. Movies can also be used to deliver certain messages from the filmmaker. Some industries also use film to convey and represent their symbols and culture. Filmmaking is also a form of expression, thoughts, ideas, concepts, feelings and moods of a person that are visualized in the film. The film itself is mostly fictional, though some are based on actual stories or on a true story. There are also documentaries with original and real images or biographical films that tell the story of a character. There are many other popular genre films, from action films, horror films, comedy films, romantic films, fantasy films, thriller films, drama films, science fiction films, crime films, documentaries and others. This is some information about the definition of film or film. The information has been cited from various sources and references. Hope it can be useful. ❍❍❍ TV FILM ❍❍❍The first television shows were experimental, sporadic programs that from the 1930s could only be seen at a very short distance from the mast. TV events such as the 1936 Summer Olympics in Germany, the crowning of King George VI. In Britain in 19340 and the famous launch of David Sarnoff at the 1939 New York World’s Fair in the United States, the medium grew, but World War II brought development to a halt after the war. The 19440 World MOVIE inspired many Americans to buy their first television, and in 1948 the popular Texaco Star Theater radio moved to become the first weekly television variety show that hosted Milton Berle and earned the name “Mr Television” demonstrated The medium was a stable, modern form of entertainment that could attract advertisers. The first national live television broadcast in the United States took place on September 4, 1951, when President Harry Truman’s speech at the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference in San Francisco on AT & T’s transcontinental cable and microwave relay system was broadcasting to broadcasters in local markets has been. The first national color show (the 1954 Rose Parade tournament) in the United States took place on January 1, 1954. For the next ten years, most network broadcasts and almost all local broadcasts continued to be broadcast in black and white. A color transition was announced for autumn 1965, in which more than half of all network prime time programs were broadcast in color. The first all-color peak season came just a year later. In 19402, the last holdout of daytime network shows was converted to the first full color network season. ❍❍❍ formats and genres ❍❍❍ See also: List of genres § Film and television formats and genres TV shows are more diverse than most other media due to the variety of formats and genres that can be presented. A show can be fictional (as in comedies and dramas) or non-fictional (as in documentary, news, and reality television). It can be current (as in the case of a local news program and some television films) or historical (as in the case of many documentaries and fictional films). They can be educational or educational in the first place, or entertaining, as is the case with situation comedies and game shows. [Citation required] A drama program usually consists of a series of actors who play characters in a historical or contemporary setting. The program follows their lives and adventures. Before the 1980s, shows (with the exception of soap opera series) generally remained static without storylines, and the main characters and premise barely changed. [Citation required] If the characters’ lives changed a bit during the episode, it was usually reversed in the end. For this reason, the episodes can be broadcast in any order. [Citation required] Since the 1980s, many FILMS have had a progressive change in the plot, characters, or both. For example, Hill Street Blues and St. Elsewhere were two of the first American prime time drama television films to have this kind of dramatic structure [4] [better source required], while the later MOVIE Babylon 5 further illustrated such a structure had a predetermined story about the planned five season run. [Citation required] In ((2020)), it was reported that television became a larger part of the revenue of large media companies than the film. Some also noticed the quality improvement of some television programs. In ((2020)), Oscar-winning film director Steven Soderbergh declared the ambiguity and complexity of character and narrative: “I think these qualities are now being seen on television and people who want to see stories with such qualities are watching TV.
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