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a-dinosaur-a-day · 4 years

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Lagerpeton

By Tas

Etymology: Rabbit Reptile

First Described By: Romer, 1971

Classification: Biota, Archaea, Proteoarchaeota, Asgardarchaeota, Eukaryota, Neokaryota, Scotokaryota Opimoda, Podiata, Amorphea, Obazoa, Opisthokonta, Holozoa, Filozoa, Choanozoa, Animalia, Eumetazoa, Parahoxozoa, Bilateria, Nephrozoa, Deuterostomia, Chordata, Olfactores, Vertebrata, Craniata, Gnathostomata, Eugnathostomata, Osteichthyes, Sarcopterygii, Rhipidistia, Tetrapodomorpha, Eotetrapodiformes, Elpistostegalia, Stegocephalia, Tetrapoda, Reptiliomorpha, Amniota, Sauropsida, Eureptilia, Romeriida, Diapsida, Neodiapsida, Sauria, Archosauromorpha, Crocopoda, Archosauriformes, Eucrocopoda, Crurotarsi, Archosauria, Avemetarsalia, Ornithodira, Dinosauromorpha, Lagerpetidae

Referred Species: L. chanarensis

Status: Extinct

Time and Place: About 235 to 234 million years ago, in the Carnian of the Late Triassic

Lagerpeton is known from the Chañares Formation in La Rioja, Argentina

Physical Description: Lagerpeton was named as the Rabbit Reptile, and for good reason - in a lot of ways, it represents a decent attempt by reptiles in trying to do the whole hoppy-hop thing. You might think that it resembles Scleromochlus in that way, and you’d be right! Scleromochlus and Lagerpeton are close cousins, but one is on the line towards Pterosaurs - Scleromochlus - and the other is on the line towards dinosaurs - Lagerpeton. So, hopping around was an early feature that all Ornithodirans (Dinosaurs, Pterosaurs, and those closest to them) shared. Lagerpeton itself was about 70 centimeters in length, with most of that length represented as tail; it was slender and lithe, built for moving quickly through its environment. It had a small head, a long neck, and a thin body. While it had long legs, it also had somewhat long arms, and while it may have been able to walk on all fours it also would have been able to walk on two legs alone. It was digitigrade, walking only on its toes, making it an even faster animal. Its back was angled to help it in hopping and running through its environment, and its small pelvis gave it more force during hip extension while jumping. In addition to all of this, it basically only really rested its weight on two toes - giving it even more hopping ability! As a small early bird-line reptile, it would have been covered in primitive feathers all over its body (protofeathers), though what form they took we do not know.

By Scott Reid

Diet: As an early dinosaur relative, it’s more likely than not that Lagerpeton was an omnivore, though this is uncertain as its head and teeth are not known at this time.

Behavior: Lagerpeton would have been a very skittish animal, being so small in an environment of so many kinds of animals - and as such, that hopping and fast movement ability would have aided it in escaping and moving around its environment, avoiding predators and reaching new sources of food (and, potentially, chasing after smaller food itself). Lagerpeton may have also been somewhat social, moving in small groups, potentially families, to escape the predators and chase after prey together, given its common nature in its environment. As an archosaur, Lagerpeton was more likely than not to take care of its young, though we don’t know how or to what extent. The feathers it had would have been primarily thermoregulatory, and as such, they would have helped it maintain a constant body temperature - making it a very active, lithe animal.

By José Carlos Cortés

Ecosystem: Lagerpeton lived in the Chañares environment, a diverse and fascinating environment coming right after the transition from the Middle to Late Triassic epochs. Given that the first true dinosaurs are probably from the start of the Late Triassic, this makes it a hotbed for understanding the environments that the earliest dinosaurs evolved in. Since Lagerpeton is a close dinosaur relative, this helps contextualize its place within its evolutionary history. This environment was a floodplain, filled with lakes that would regularly flood depending on the season. There were many seed ferns, ferns, conifers, and horsetails. Many different animals lived here with Lagerpeton, including other Dinosauromorphs like the Silesaurid Lewisuchus/Pseudolagosuchus and the Dinosauriform Marasuchus/Lagosuchus. There were crocodilian relatives as well, such as the early suchian Gracilisuchus and the Rauisuchid Luperosuchus. There were also quite a few Proterochampsids, such as Tarjadia, Tropidosuchus, Gualosuchus, and Chanaresuchus. Synapsids also put in a good show, with the Dicynodonts Jachaleria and Dinodontosaurus, as well as Cynodonts like Probainognathus and Chiniquodon, and the herbivorous Massetognathus. Luperosuchus would have definitely been a predator Lagerpeton would have wanted to get away from - fast!

By Ripley Cook

Other: Lagerpeton is one of our earliest derived Dinosauromorphs, showing some of the earliest distinctions the dinosaur-line had compared to other archosaurs. Lagerpeton was already digitigrade - an important feature of Dinosaurs - as shown by its tracks, called Prorotodactylus. These tracks also showcase that dinosaur relatives were around as early as the Early Triassic - and that their evolution, and the rapid diversification of archosauromorphs in general, was a direct result of the end-Permian extinction.

~ By Meig Dickson

Sources Under the Cut

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Irmis, R. B., S. J. Nesbitt, K. Padian, N. D. Smith, A. H. Turner, D. T. Woody, and A. Downs. 2007. A Late Triassic dinosauromorph assemblage from New Mexico and the rise of dinosaurs. Science 317:358-361.

Jenkins, F. A. 1970. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. VII. The postcranial skeleton of the traversodontid Massetognathus pascuali (Therapsida, Cyondontia). Breviora 352: 1 - 28.

Langer, M. C., S. J. Nesbitt, J. S. Bittencourt, R. B. Irmis. 2013. Non-dinosaurian Dinosauromorphs. Geological Society London, Special Publications. 379 (1): 157 - 186.

Marsh, A. D. 2018. A new record of Dromomeron romeri Irmis et al., 2007 (Lagerpetidae) from the Chinle Formation of Arizona, U.S.A. PaleoBios 35:1-8.

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Martz, J. W., and B. J. Small. 2019. Non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs from the Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic) of the Eagle Basin, northern Colorado: Dromomeron romeri (Lagerpetidae) and a new taxon, Kwanasaurus williamparkeri (Silesauridae). PeerJ 7:e7551:1-71.

Nesbitt, S. J., R. B. Irmis, W. G. Parker, N. D. Smith, A. H. Turner and T. Rowe. 2009. Hindlimb osteology and distribution of basal dinosauromorphs from the Late Triassic of North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29(2):498-516.

Nesbitt, S. J. 2011. The early evolution of archosaurs: relationships and the origin of major clades. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 353:1-292.

Perez Loinaze, V. S., E. I. Vera, L. E. Fiorelli, J. B. Desojo. 2018. Palaeobotany and palynology of coprolites from the Late Triassic Chañares Formation of Argentina: implications for vegetation provinces and the diet of dicynodonts. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 502: 31 - 51.

Rogers, R. R., A. B. Arcucci, F. Abdala, P. C. Sereno, C. A. Forster, C. L. May. 2001. Paleoenvironment and taphonomy of the Chañares Formation tetrapod assemblage (Middle Triassic), northwestern Argentina: spectacular preservation in volcanogenic concretions. Palaios 16: 461 - 481.

Romer, A. S. 1966. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. I. Introduction. Breviora 247: 1 - 14.

Romer, A. S. 1966. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. II. Sketch of the geology of the Rio-Chañares-Rio Gualo Region. Breviora 252: 1 - 20.

Romer, A. S. 1967. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. III. Two new gomphodonts, Massetognathus pascuali and M. teruggii. Breviora 264: 1 - 25.

Romer, A. S. 1968. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. IV. The dicynodont fauna. Breviora 295: 1 - 25.

Romer, A. S. 1969. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. V. A new chiniquodontid cynodont, Probelesodon lewisi - cynodont ancestry. Breviora 333: 1 - 24.

Romer, A. S. 1970. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. VI. A chiniquodont cynodont with an incipient squamosal-dentary jaw articulation. Breviora 344: 1 - 18.

Romer, A. S. 1971. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. VIII. A fragmentary skull of a large thecodont, Luperosuchus fractus. Breviora 373: 1 - 8.

Romer, A. S. 1971. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. IX: The Chanares Formation. Breviora 377: 1 - 8.

Romer, A. S. 1971. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. X. Two new but incompletely known long-limbed pseudosuchians. Breviora 378:1-10.

Romer, A. S. 1971. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XI. Two new long-snouted thecodonts, Chanaresuchus and Gualosuchus. Breviora 379: 1 - 22.

Romer, A. S. 1972. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XII. The post cranial skeleton of the thecodont Chanaresuchus. Breviora 385: 1 - 21.

Romer, A. S. 1972. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XIII. A fragmentary skull of a large thecodont, Luperosuchus fractus. Breviora 389: 1 - 8.

Romer, A. S. 1972. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. Lewisuchus admixtus, gen. et sp. Nov., a further thecodont from the Chañares beds. Breviora 390: 1 - 13.

Romer, A. S. 1972. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XV. Further remains of the thecodonts Lagerpeton and Lagosuchus. Breviora 394: 1 - 7.

Romer, A. S. 1972. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XVI. Thecodont classification. Breviora 395:1-24.

Romer, A. S. 1972. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XVII. The Chañares gomphodonts. Breviora 396: 1 - 9.

Romer, A. S. 1973. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XVIII. Probelesodon minor, a new species of carnivorous cynodont; family Probainognathidae nov. Breviora 401: 1 - 4.

Romer, A. S., and A. D. Lewis. 1973. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XIX. Postcranial materials of the cynodonts Probelesodon and Probainognathus. Breviora 407: 1 - 26.

Romer, A. S. 1973. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XX. Summary. Breviora 413: 1 - 20.

Sereno, P. C., and A. B. Arcucci. 1994. Dinosaurian precursors from the Middle Triassic of Argentina: Marasuchus lilloensis, gen. nov. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14(1):53-73.

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forbidden-sorcery · 3 years

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Deus ex machina, or “God from the machine” is one of the dominant themes within the narratives of this culture. This has two meanings. First, that this culture’s God and its machinery is one and the same thing. Second, that this culture believes that God is going to save this culture from ruin, maintaining its predestined teleological-Historical destination. Deus ex machina is best known for being a poor quality approach in theatre and film. In the sense being used here, it is a poor quality form of social ontology, whose theatricality is becoming increasingly obvious. Feral iconoclasm is the force of destroying the theatre of deus ex machina, that at the same time creates something living. This culture will not be saved. There will be no salvation. God is dead. But life can grow from its destruction.

Julian Langer - Feral Iconoclasm

#Julian Langer

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geopolicraticus · 4 years

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The Role of Science in Enlightenment Universalism

A Commentary on Susanne K. Langer on Scientific Civilization

When I wrote about Jacob Bronowski on scientific civilization I noted that the book in which Bronowski mentioned scientific civilization was about the history of science, not about civilization, but Susanne K. Langer’s 1961 essay “Scientific Civilization and Cultural Crisis” is a discussion of civilization that takes up the idea of scientific civilization in an explicit way:

“Science is the source and the pacemaker of this modern civilization which is sweeping away a whole world of cultural values. It is with good reason that we are meeting here to discuss the role of science in civilization; I would like to carry the issue a little further, and talk about the effect of this scientific civilization on human culture throughout the contemporary world. For it is not only in countries on which it has impinged suddenly and dramatically, but also in the countries of its origin—in Europe and America—that the technological revolution, with its entirely new mental and material standards, has deeply disturbed local and even national cultures.”

I have previously mentioned this essay by Langer in David Hume and Scientific Civilization, but at that time my ideas about scientific civilization were ill-formed and not yet clear. Now I am much better prepared to appreciate Langer’s essay. Many of the observations that Langer made in 1961 were to become commonplace decades later, so the essay is quite prescient, and there is quite a bit of it I can endorse, but there is also quite a bit that was equally prescient but with which I differ.

While Langer does not reference Oswald Spengler, there are Spenglerian aspects of the distinction she makes between culture and civilization. For Spengler, culture is the expression of a people in their youth, and it is only when culture becomes decadent that culture passes over into civilization, which is by definition the decadent phase of culture. Thus Spengler wrote:

“In this work, for the first time the two words, hitherto used to express an indefinite, more or less ethical, distinction, are used in a periodic sense, to express a strict and necessary organic succession. The Civilization is the inevitable destiny of the Culture, and in this principle we obtain the viewpoint from which the deepest and gravest problems of historical morphology become capable of solution.” (The Decline of the West, p. 31)

For Spengler, then, sequence culture–civilization is an invariant coupling of two periodizations that are found whenever a culture survives for a period of time sufficient to become a civilization. Langer does not go quite this far, but she does distinguish culture and civilization, and notes that, “Like every process of fruition, civilization strains and drains the life which engenders and supports it…” and, “Finally, civilization as a whole descends like an iron grid to crush the heritage of feeling and faith and the beauty of life. Civilization… is like an outline tracing of the culture that begot it. As long as an outline lies on the painting from which it is made it takes special attention to abstract it; but moved away it appears as a stark and empty form, and imposed on another painting it makes for confusion.”

As in Spengler, cultures precede civilizations, and civilization represents a kind of falling away from the heights of culture. This characterization of civilization as a kind of template that is imposed upon circumstances not necessarily fully in agreement with the model occurs in the context of a discussion of the possibility of transplanting civilizations, which Langer presents as simple matter-of-fact.

I emphatically agree with Langer that civilizations can be transplanted, and with the Age of Discovery we saw Iberian civilization transplanted into Mesoamerica and South America, while northern European civilization was transplanted into North America. But the transplanting of civilization involves the uprooting of the transplanted civilization, and when an uprooted civilization is transplanted into foreign soil, and tended by those who did not initially build it, it becomes something else over time. Langer implicitly recognizes this in saying that civilization appears as a stark and empty form when imposed on an unfamiliar context. Eventually that stark and empty form is filled in, but it is filled with different details than those that filled it in its native clime.

Extending the organic metaphor as applied to social institutions further than most have taken it, Nikolay Danilevsky made a distinction between transplanting civilization and grafting civilization in his Russia and Europe: The Slavic World’s Political and Cultural Relations with the Germanic-Roman West (“Danilevsky” is also transliterated as “Danilevskii”; I previously discussed Danilevsky in newsletter 54). Danilevsky was a Slavophile and a Pan-Slavist who was concerned with the distinctness of the Slavic peoples, and their place in history. Danilevsky’s account of transplanted and grafted civilizations is quietly savage in his implied view of colonialism, and he anticipated Langer’s characterization of civilization as a template. Of the transplantation of civilization by means of colonies he wrote:

“If there ever were to be a universal civilization, then for its sake we would have to hope it used this means of dissemination everywhere, so that there would no longer be any other peoples besides those who produced this universal civilization, just as, for example, for the sake of agriculture it would be highly desirable for there to no longer be any weeds. And just as if for the farmer, if you will, all means of destroying weeds are permitted, so the disseminators of the one universal civilization would be permitted to destroy other peoples, which are only more or less hindrance to it. Since the ones who produced this universal civilization in its purest form could both preserve and spread it across the face of the earth, that would be the simplest, most direct and certain method of making progress. This method has been used successfully more than once in America and other places. But if this seems too radical, it would at least make sense to strip the peoples and states outside the universal cultural type of the power to oppose it, that is, their political independence (whether by means of cannons or opium—as they say, by hook or by crook), and over time to make them servants of the highest goals, an ethnographic element soft as wax or clay, without resistance taking any form seen fit to impose upon it.” (Russia and Europe, chapter 5, p. 82)

While aspects of Danilevsky’s views on colonialism sound contemporary, his recognition of the role of cultural-historical types (at the beginning of Chapter 5) in the constitution of civilization, which are essentially ethnic groups and their traditions, is decidedly unmodern—or perhaps I should say that it is an unspoken undercurrent, which remains largely unspoken because a careful and explicit consideration of the underlying presuppositions would raise uncomfortable questions in light of our modern presuppositions. Better to let sleeping dogs lie.

While for Danilevsky, Europe has arrogated to itself to the role of universal civilization, in Langer’s essay we find an explicit recognition of a nascent scientific civilization as a universal civilization, though scientific civilization grew out of European civilization. Langer views science as the first truly cosmopolitan human enterprise, taking science to fully exemplify Enlightenment universalism, and moreover to exemplify this universalism while trafficking exclusively in empirically verifiable knowledge. Langer makes this point of view fully explicit, but elsewhere this is a widely held view that is entertained implicitly more often than it is explicitly stated. One must go quite far afield to find anyone who maintains the contrary and states their views explicitly, and one of the rare examples of this is to be found in Danilevsky.

I have visited a related controversy previously in Perverse Rationality, in which I asked, “If western civilization were to fail, and humanity’s only fully scientific and technological civilizations were to be found in Japan and China, would these civilizations be able to carry on the vision of science and technology to be found in the western imagination in its modern aspirations? Would science and technology, cut off from the root that brought them to maturity, be able to continue to develop? And if they did continue to develop, would they develop in distinctively Japanese or Chinese ways?” Danilevsky would have asserted without hesitation that Japanese or Chinese science would be distinctively Japanese and Chinese, just as he argued that Slavic science is a distinctive scientific tradition, so that very different futures would follow depending on whether Slavic science or European science were to be the leading power in a scientific civilization. In other words, for Danilevsky, scientific civilization is not universal and cosmopolitan, but rather a scientific civilization would be a product of the cultural-historical type from which it grew.

Recall that the Slavophiles rejected the kind of modernization pursued by Peter the Great, who looked to western European models of the Enlightenment, science, and rationalism as a model for Russia—one might even say, a template to be imposed upon the Russian people. Danilevsky would have none of this. He wrote: “…not only does the universally human not exist in reality, but to wish for it means to be satisfied with the generic level, colorless unoriginality, or simply a nonexistent, incomplete form.” (Russia and Europe, pp. 101-102) For Danilevsky, the Slavic peoples and the European peoples (whom he called Germanic-Roman) were distinct cultural-historical types, and, according to his third law of cultural-historical types: “The principles of civilization for one cultural-historical type are not transferable to the peoples of another type.” (Russia and Europe, p. 76)

To what extent is the development of science predicated upon Enlightenment universalism, and to what extent is Enlightenment universalism itself not universal at all, but a distinctive feature of the European cultural-historical type? For quite some time I have been taking notes toward writing something about the distinction that needs to be made between science and the Enlightenment (what follows, then, will have to appear in lieu of a more ambitious exposition); the two are often conflated, but they are conflated for good reason: the great men of the Enlightenment saw themselves not as formulating a new ideology, but as severing themselves from the past and using the resources of science to guide themselves into the future. Both science as a social institution and the Enlightenment as a cultural movement have their own presuppositions, and while many of these presuppositions coincide, and some of them overlap, there is also a remnant that is disjoint, and it is one of the fundamental confusions of Enlightenment thought to believe itself to be a spokesman and advocate of science, whereas in fact the Enlightenment is selective about the science it chooses to advance. This was equally true in traditional civilizations, which were highly selective in the forms and institutions of knowledge cultivated under their authority; the difference is that, after the scientific revolution, science became a much more powerful force, and hence a force that could not be neglected, nor passed over in silence.

There is a similar confusion between science and the Enlightenment on the part of scientists. The institutional expression of science today in western nation-states is primarily that of the culture of universities, where much pure scientific research is undertaken. Scientists today, in so far as they are part of the milieu of the contemporary university, are part of the culture of universities, which shape the growth of knowledge. In the same way that the culture of the university dictates what kind of scientific research is pursued and what kind of research is nipped in the bud (or never even proposed, because the potential researchers fully understand the fruitlessness of proposing research that contradicts the public ideological position of the university), the culture of geographical regions and of the nation-states that dominate cultural regions (as India dominates south Asia and China dominates east Asia) dictates what kind of science will be pursued in local educational institutions.

Scientists largely see themselves engaged in the kind of universal project of knowledge described by Langer, and not as representatives of a cultural-historical type, as described by Danilevsky—except that the milieu of the world-class research university has become its own cultural-historical type, and the cultural-historical type of the university is largely based upon Enlightenment presuppositions. The ongoing vigor of the Enlightenment project is evident through the many forms and permutations that the Enlightenment has exhibited since its appearance, and it is far from being played out at present. The dialectic of the Enlightenment will continue to animate western political institutions, and as the Enlightenment comes to be better understood and more clearly defined, the counter-Enlightenment, already present early in the Enlightenment in figures like Comte de Maistre (himself part of the western tradition, unlike Danilevsky), will be more clearly defined, and will grow in stature as a rival to the Enlightenment. The better the Enlightenment is known, the better its alternatives will be known, and it will not be until the Enlightenment engages with the counter-Enlightenment critique that the dialectic of western history can move forward.

It is a different position to maintain that history moves forward only on the basis of an exclusive embrace of the Enlightenment project, so that no engagement with the counter-Enlightenment is necessary, or even desirable. Indeed, if one fully adopts the Enlightenment perspective, one sees the sacrifices necessary to achieve the historical goals of the Enlightenment as no sacrifice at all, but a joyous liberation from an oppressive past. We find this, but less directly connected to science, in Herbert Marcuse’s Eros and Civilization, where the Enlightenment development of civilization has liberation from oppressive tradition as its telos.

Langer does not go this far. She is not insensitive to the losses entailed by scientific universalism; her essay on scientific civilization begins by recounting these losses and allowing them their full measure. In looking forward to a future scientific civilization, she acknowledges the feelings of emptiness and anomie that are often the result of the loss of tradition:

“Our technological civilization… seems to overtake and overwhelm us as though it were something foreign coming in upon us; it makes all our traditional institutions seem inadequate, so we tend to abandon them. State religion, marriage, paternal authority, deference to the aged, piety toward the dead, holiness and rank and royalty—all these ancient values have lost their inviolable status and need to be defended against the iconolastic ‘modern spirit.’ Sometimes, for all the defenses that the older generation can put up for them, a younger generation sweeps them away as relics of a superstitious, slavish, uncivilized past. But with them it sweeps away its own social symbols and the materials of its own world orientation; then personal life suddenly feels empty, and the civilization that shatters its spiritual comforts in the name of practical improvements seems to have come upon it like a superimposed power from outside.”

Presumably, the losses, while lamented, will ultimately be justified by the gains when a truly scientific civilization takes shape. And Langer does see a scientific civilization taking place. She unambiguously positions science as a universal force that is transforming the world along universalist lines, and she forecasts a world culture that will eventually emerge from science itself to create a scientific civilization:

“This is, I think, an inevitable transition which really marks one of the great crises in human history—the final emergence of world society from the long ages of self-sufficient cultural groups. For science, which is certainly the keynote of our era, is international. It is a human achievement, not a national one. The civilization which is sweeping the whole world, though it is expressed mainly in commerce and new kinds of industry, is a product of science. We are in a socially anomolous state between a world populated by societies with tribal religions and interests, and a world of global industrial organization, populated by a society with global interests but no symbols to express them, no religion to support the individual in this vast new theatre of life.”

The tribalism that Langer sees being displaced by universal science is exactly what Danilevsky called cultural-historical types, and which he viewed as the basis of civilization. While Langer’s vision of a universal science that is the possession of all will sound very familiar, perhaps even comforting, to those to whom the Enlightenment project comes naturally, and for whom likely remains unquestioned, Danilevsky’s denial of the universality of science will sound strange, perhaps incoherent. Here is Langer’s take on the universality of science:

“…scientific thinking is the only one of our great and prevailing activities which is universal in fact as well as in principle. We already claim the universality of art, and gradually come to appreciate other people's art, but it still starts by being exotic and often remains so even if we know and love it, Science is not native or exotic; it belongs to humanity and is the same wherever it is found.”

Most of us will recognize these ideas. Most of us (those of us who are westerners) will not so easily recognize Danilevsky’s contrary view. Danilevsky cites three arguments for the universality of science (p. 108), 1. Science is singular, i.e., there is one and only one science, 2. Science is cumulative, and can be taken up and put aside by different peoples as they please, but the cumulative results are indifferent to this process, and to who develops what parts of science, and 3. Science can be formulated in any language, and therefore presumes no particular audience. He grants the strength of these arguments, but disputes all of them.

Danilevsky’s argument is subtle and detailed, taking up the whole of Chapter 6 of Russia and Europe, so there is much more to it than I can summarize here. He considers all the special sciences in their turn and makes his case for each of them. His remarks on Linnaeus and Enlightenment science are particularly telling, and I hope to return to this exposition in another context. To the three arguments he cites for the universality of science, Danilevsky opposes three arguments for the national character of science:

“1) the preference shown by different peoples for different branches of knowledge; 2) the natural one-sidedness of each people’s distinctive abilities and worldview that cause it to see reality from a unique point of view; 3) a certain admixture of objective truth with individual, subjective peculiarities that (like all other moral qualities and traits) are not randomly distributed among all peoples, but grouped by nationality and, taken collectively, constitute what we call the national character.” (p. 112)

Danilevsky develops each of these points in detail, and does not hesitate to apply this view even to mathematics. We think of mathematics (and, to a lesser extent, logic) as the purest exemplification of pure science, completely devoid of the subjective admixture of which Danilevsky writes, but it is in mathematics more than in any other discipline that the infinite development of science is most obvious, and it is in the infinite extrapolation of science that Danilevsky’s argument unfolds most powerfully:

“…a one-sided perspective, or an admixture of falsehood, is inherent in everything human, and constitutes precisely the realm of the national within science… It is true that in the course of time, from the variety of national perspectives (and more importantly, through that variety) these admixtures are refined and eliminated, leaving the pure noble metal of truth. However the role of nationality (that is, of certain individual peculiarities, grouped by nationalities) in science is not reduced or weakened by this, since science opens newer and newer horizons which require the same work, it cannot produce anything except by means of admixing the individual, and thus also national, traits to the reflections of reality in the mirror of our consciousness.” (p. 110)

If science always opens new horizons of knowledge, where the purity of knowledge without admixture is not yet possible, then science—especially the most advanced science, pushing the furthest edge of knowledge into the unknown—must always reflect the peculiarities of the individuals and the ethnic community in which that science unfolds.

Science is, in principle, infinitistic, and Danilevsky implicitly recognizes the infinitistic nature of science in his argument for the continued admixture of pure and impure knowledge at the point of scientific advancement. The infinite possibilities of science means that science could be independently practiced by two distinct populations and have very little overlap, although in practice the scientific knowledge most useful and most interesting to human beings will be that science which is directly relevant to human concerns, but these human concerns will also vary with cultural-historical types. To employ the method of isolation in order to make this point clearly, we can posit the existence of two scientific civilizations, each of which takes a different branch of science to emphasize according to its own peculiar perspective, while deemphasizing precisely the branch of science that the other emphasizes according to its peculiar perspective. These two scientific civilizations could develop in parallel and yet look little like each other.

I think it is clear that Langer would have categorically rejected this conclusion, but how is the argument against Danilevsky to be made? In western thought, the preferred way to dismiss these difficulties about science (which are also difficulties for scientific civilization) has been to make a distinction between genuine science and ideological corruptions that masquerade as science, or to make a distinction between science acceptable within a given ideological framework, and other science that lies outside this ideological framework, but which, as science, is perfectly sound, but which is beyond the pale because it is ideologically unpalatable. Science outside the Overton window is still science, however much we would like to pretend that it is not, though we can at least preen ourselves on our virtue for having forsaken ideologically unpalatable science.

Since the ideological framework concerned in this connection is, of course, the ideology of the Enlightenment, how are we to know—other than through the intensity of our faith in the Enlightenment—that counter-Enlightenment science is an ideological corruption of science, rather than Enlightenment ideology itself being the ideological corruption of science? Is there any objective measure, that is to say, is there any scientific measure, by which we can determine the more corrupt ideology? If we maintain the is/ought distinction, there is, and there can be no, scientific measure of corruption. We can make a moral judgment regarding the ideology we prefer, and we can defend this judgment with moral reasoning, but science must remain silent on this point.

Churchill would not have warned us of “…a new dark age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science” if he had not seen that science, while in principle universal, is not universal in practice. Science in practice is informed by the culture that practices the science in question. The science of a new dark age might consist of all of the experiments that we cannot do, or do not do, for ethical reasons. Take, for example, the utilitarian thought experiment of a doctor with five patients in need of organs, and one healthy patient in his waiting room: is he morally justified in harvesting the organs of the one healthy patient in order to save the lives of the other five, who would die without the organs? (This is a variation on the theme of the trolley problem.) Even familiar moral theories like utilitarianism can have monstrous implications, from which we distance ourselves by the virtuous expedients of inconsistency, dishonesty, and hypocrisy.

We could posit a scientific civilization that was the mirror image of Enlightenment scientific civilization, revaluing and overturning all the moral judgments of the Enlightenment and replacing them with their opposite numbers, so that science forbidden within the Enlightenment project was affirmed by this mirror image of the Enlightenment, while science celebrated by the Enlightenment project was rejected by this mirror image. I am not suggesting that this would be an adequate basis for a scientific civilization, but we cannot exclude this possibility, even if we reject it on moral grounds.

There are, then, ways of arguing Langer’s Enlightenment universalism with respect to scientific civilization—by way of distinguishing the theoretical and practical reality of science, or by distinguishing morally acceptable and morally unacceptable science—but is this the best way to apply Langer’s insights on the problems of civilization, and upon the problems of scientific civilization in particular?

Langer was particularly known for her philosophical treatment of feeling (cf. her books Philosophy in a New Key:A Study in the Symbolism of Reason, Rite, and Art and Feeling and Form: A Theory of Art Developed from Philosophy in a New Key), and she leads her essay on scientific civilization with a sketch of her views on feeling:

“…every human life has an undercurrent of feeling that is peculiar to it. Each individual expresses this continuous pattern of feeling in what we call his ‘personality’, reflected in behavior, speech, voice, and even physical bearing (stance and walk) as his individual style. On a larger scale, every human society has its undercurrent of feeling which is not individual, but general. Every person shares in it to some degree, and develops his own life of feeling within the frame of the style prevailing in his country and his time.”

This is something Danilevsky might have written, had he lived in the twentieth century instead of the nineteenth century. This undercurrent of feeling, whether individual or social, is not universal, but is roughly shared within what Danilevsky called cultural-historical types. If we challenge Langer’s commitment to Enlightenment universalism, and to a model of science based on Enlightenment universalism, I think we find a far better fit of her thought with Danilevsky’s cultural-historical types and with his observations of science being practiced within a particular cultural-historical milieu, which gives to the science in question a distinctive cast.

If there are multiple permutations of science, as its develops within the traditions of terrestrial civilization, and therefore multiple permutations of nascent scientific civilizations, we may have to sacrifice some of the presuppositions of the Enlightenment in order to acknowledge this, but it also means that we need not necessarily surrender utterly to the annihilation of all traditional cultures in the face of the scientific juggernaut that will eventually result in scientific civilization.

And if we allow ourselves a moment of optimism, in which human beings enter upon a grand future of exploration and expansion into the cosmos, this exploration and expansion would grow outward in every direction—like a big bang of the human spirit. In such a thrilling scenario, far from seeing traditional cultures swept away by modernity and science, we would see distinct scientific civilizations moving outward, each in a distinctive direction and in a distinctive way. Because the science human beings would be pursuing is infinitistic, each distinctive scientific tradition could grow without limit, and since it is at the point at which new knowledge is generated is the point at which knowledge is most distinctive to a given cultural-historical type, the further this expansion is perpetuated, the more we will affirm our human, all-too-human traditions.

#Susanne K. Langer #civilization #scientific civilization #science #Enlightenment #nikolay danilevsky #Oswald Spengler

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theaurorfileshq · 4 years

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– The Haunted House of Cherry Street

CASE LEVEL: One

POINTS REQUIRED: Forty-Five

OVERVIEW:

Cherry Street is a residential street located on Port Steward’s northernmost side. It is well known for its impressive victorian homes, well groomed lawns, and high property tax. In the midst of these beautifully maintained homes though, is one that seems as if it hasn’t been touched in decades. “The Saunterton House” as it’s called by local residents, has in fact been abandoned for quite some time. After the death of Winifred Saunterton in 1959, the house would fall into disrepair, as Winifred’s only child left it to rot. Residents of Cherry Street have for decades pleaded for the local town council to do something about the house, which they saw as the one blemish on their otherwise picturesque neighborhood. It would take almost forty years for their prayers to be answered, after Winifred’s son passed, and ownership of the home went to his daughter, Arabella. Arabella, seeking to liquidate her father’s assets in order to pay off some of her debts, immediately went to a local real-estate agency to help her sell the home as it stood.

With Cherry Street being such a popular neighborhood, the agency thought they’d be able to sell the property quickly to someone wishing to renovate. These hopes were soon dashed however, after reports of a haunting began to spring up regarding the home. One day after the “For Sale” sign was posted in the yard, neighbors reported earsplitting wails and loud banging erupting from the home. Local aurors were called in to investigate the source of the noise, but found themselves unable to gain entry. Each door seemed frozen in place, with no amount of force being able to open them, and the boards covering each window were in a similar condition. Seemingly out of their depth, the local aurors have now asked the Central Squad to step in to help determine the cause of this bizarre and new reported haunting.

PERSONS OF INTEREST:

Arabella Saunterton: The current owner of the home in question, Arabella has never entered the home herself and has lived the majority of her life in California. It had been her desire to sell the home through the real estate agency, without having to go all the way to Port Steward to do so. Given current events, she’s recently come into town, and is now staying at a local motel while the house is investigated.

Darcy Carlyle: The real estate agent assigned to The Saunterton Home, Darcy claims she’d been able to enter the home prior to her posting the “For Sale” sign. During her initial walk through, she claims she saw nothing amiss with the property, and that it “seemed like any other old house”. She has attempted to gain access to the home since then, but like the local aurors, has been unable to.

The Zuniga Family: The closest neighbors to the Saunterton Home, the family of four have been living next to the house for the last fifteen years. They claim they never once heard anything out of the ordinary coming out of the home, and were quite excited to see someone finally sell it. It was the first night after the “For Sale” sign was posted when the family claims to have heard the strange noises come out of the home.

CHIEF’S NOTES:

Are we sure this isn’t some kind of trick just to get the house to sell for more?

- Chief Ben Eames

That’s actually not that implausible of a theory, but I still think we need to investigate this further before jumping to conclusions. If this is a haunting we’ll have to figure out how to help the spirit pass on, but no matter what it is, we really need to help this neighborhood find some peace and quiet.

- Deputy Chief Langer

CASE STATUS: CLOSED

#casex

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tenroseforeverandever · 4 years

Text

The Perfect Blend Chapter 3

Characters: Tenth Doctor (aka James Noble); Rose Tyler; Clara Oswald; Amy Pond; Jeanne Poisson; Donna Noble; Sylvia Noble; Wilfred Mott; Mickey Smith; Martha Jones; Clyde Langer

Tags: Human AU; fake relationship AU; coffee shop AU; stalkerish!Reinette; hurt/comfort; angst; romance; fluff; Christmas; New Year; New Year’s kiss

Story Summary:

Trying to escape from an predatory ex-girlfriend who will not accept their break-up, James Noble (aka The Doctor) finds himself in a coffee shop where he meets a barista (aka Rose Tyler) who makes him the perfect cup of tea and lends a sympathetic ear to his tale of woe.

Chapter Summary: James and Gramps discuss James’ Christmas announcement; and on New Year’s Eve, Clara and Mickey are concerned that Rose is mooning.

Chapter Notes: Sorry for the wait. Real life is messing with me, right now. I hope the next chapter won’t take quite as long.

As always, a big hug of thanks to @rose--nebula and mrsbertucci, for taking precious time out of their lives to beta my work. As always, all mistakes are mine.

Read also at: AO3; Tsp; FF

THE PERFECT BLEND - CHAPTER 3

CHRISTMAS DAY

James trudged up the darkened hillside at the back of the house, carrying a large flask full of tea in one hand and an old car blanket under the opposite arm. He took a long, clean breath of fresh air, relieved to have been able to slip away and leave the hubbub and bickering behind him. Despite the (rather deceptive, he thought) sense of freedom, he was feeling self-conscious, and he hesitated as he approached the old lean-to at the top of the hill.

“You don’t really have a date for the gala, do you son?” Gramps’ voice emanated from the rickety little shelter. “C’mon out from behind there, James. I know it’s you. I’d know those footsteps anywhere. Yours and Donna’s both.”

James couldn’t help the fond smile that crossed his face. “I brought some hot tea,” he came around the corner of the lean-to to the familiar sight of Gramps sitting on his tattered, old lawn chair, the box for the new telescope opened before him, “and I thought you might like some help putting your new toy together."

“Well, yes, as a matter of fact both would be very much appreciated.”

James spread the blanket on the ground and knelt on it. He handed the flask to Gramps, pulled the telescope box toward him, and unpacked all the bits in front of him, organizing them and piecing them together.

“I don’t think I’d get through that lot without your help. Thank-you, son.”

“Oh, it’s no trouble. You know how I love tinkering with things. And it’s a brilliant evening for stargazing, even if it’s a bit cold. I should have this in working order in no time.” James turned his eyes to the stars and sighed. “It’s always so peaceful up here.”

“Tonight, especially so, I’ll wager.” Gramps took a long sip of tea. “After that bombshell you dropped on that lot.”

James snorted. “Dropped it on myself, if I’m being honest. You were right, I don’t really have a date for the gala. I never planned on taking a date at all. I was just looking forward to meeting with some of my colleagues out of the office and… they’ve asked me to put together a little firework display to bring in the New Year, so I can’t just back out. The Uni wants something spectacular, something special this year. This gala is all about fundraising for the new Medical Sciences wing, after all.”

“Blimey! Pyrotechnics?” Gramps gawped at him. “You’re not creating that yourself, are you? Surely there are all sorts of regulations about that sort of thing.”

“Weeell…” James ran a hand through his hair, “actually, its digital pyrotechnics. I’ve developed a holographic interface to create some 3D fireworks indoors.”

“I have to admit, I’m a bit relieved to hear that.”

“Oh, there are still plenty of ways for it to go wrong, and if I have to spend the evening fending off her… But don’t worry, it won’t be like the blender… I swear,” he added at the sight of his grandad’s dubious expression. “Besides, I’m collaborating with a bunch of people from Computer Sciences and we’ve already had a few test runs, but I’d like to give it a bit more pizazz. A few tweaks to make it ultra-realistic.

Gramps sighed. “You know the old saying? If it ain’t broke...”

“Oh, ye of little faith.”

“Well, I would never have guessed you knew much about that sort of thing. You’ve never actually studied computer graphics, have you? Never mind something so grand as all that holographic stuff.”

“Nah,” he sniffed a bit boastfully, “but it isn’t really a big leap from the programming I’m doing for my bionics research… Weeell, not that big. Weeell… I’m a quick study.”

“My clever boy! But the question is, if you can’t back out of the gala altogether, what are you going to do about the fireworks currently going off back down there?” He waved an arm in the direction of the house.

James groaned in response. “All the studying in the world won’t help me with that... Oh, here, Gramps, have a look! Your telescope’s ready to go.”

“Oh, blimey, will you take a look at that beauty.” Gramps marvelled at the telescope, rubbing his hands together. “You shouldn’t have spent all that money, though…”

“C’mon… have a look. There’s Saturn.” James pointed to the sky. “Something easy, first, to get the hang of it. Then the universe is yours to explore.”

They took turns, well into the night, peering through the telescope, sipping hot tea and discussing possible solutions for James’ “French dilemma”, as they’d come to refer to Jeanne.

James reminded himself he had nearly a week before the gala. He was clever and not too bad looking, if he did say so himself, even if he was a “skinny beanpole” by Donna’s assertions. Surely, he wouldn’t have any problem finding a suitable date by New Year’s Eve, someone who would convince Jeanne, once and for all, that he had moved on.

NEW YEAR’S EVE

The bell jingled above the door, and Rose looked up from where she was clearing a table to greet the latest customer. It was New Year’s Eve and the shop had been busy over the lunch hour as people dropped in to grab a coffee and a bite to eat before heading home to prepare for the evening’s festivities. No matter how busy, she always made a point of trying to welcome everyone with a bright smile whenever she could. It was just good customer service, building loyalty, welcoming her guests. Goodness knew her little shop needed all the help it could get to stave off the competition of the big chain coffeehouses.

But perhaps she’d been trying a little harder than usual over the last week or so, her chest filling with a faint, fluttering hope that, when she looked up at the sound of the bell, it would be to the sight of tousled brown hair and sad, earnest eyes and a request for the best cuppa in London.

But it never was.

And that wisp of hope would fade, drifting away on Rose’s soft sigh, her heart emptying a little more every time.

A wistful smile playing over her lips, she brought the used dishes to the counter. As she passed Clara, who was serving the latest customer, her friend arched her brow at her. Rose ignored the shrewd look and handed the dishes through the passthrough to the young dishwasher who took them from her with an overblown sigh.

“You can go home soon, Clyde. Just do this last load for me, yeah? Then a quick mop of the floor and wipe down those counters, and it’ll be all spic and span, ready for the New Year.”

“You sure, Miss Tyler?”

“Yeah, course. The lunch rush is over. Everyone’s heading home now. I can take care of anything else that comes up.”

“Thanks, Miss Tyler!”

Rose turned back to the service counter where Clara was completing an order of a Peppermint Hot Chocolate with a flourish of whipped cream and candy cane crumbs. She called out the customer’s name, handed them their chocolate, then spun to face Rose. “You’re mooning.”

Rose fixed her with narrowed eyes, shaking her head in a teasing warning. “I am not!” Then, latching on to a perfect way to change the subject, her eyes shot to the clock. “Hey, shouldn’t you be heading out by now?”

“Don’t worry. I’m just about to go. The baking’s all set to go for tomorrow.” She grinned. “Besides, I’m not meeting Jenny at the salon for another hour. We’re both going to get our hair and nails done, then we’re going out to bring in the New Year in style.” She winked at Rose.

Rose couldn’t help but feel a bit melancholy. As much as she loved her shop, she sometimes wished she was going out to celebrate, too. But she tried to sound upbeat, for Clara’s sake. “Ooooh, sounds like fun!”

“See, Rose,” Clara offered her perkiest know-it-all smile, “this is one advantage of same-sex relationships. There’s so much extra stuff you can do together. You should seriously consider it. You’re a catch! Better that than mooning after boys.”

(So much for the change of subject…)

“I am not mooning! It’s just a quiet afternoon, yeah. It’s just the letdown after the lunch rush. And, though I know we’ve had this discussion before, I’ll remind you again: I’m not like you. My options remain limited to…” she blew her breath past her lips, and rolled her eyes, “…boys. Such as they are.”

“I suppose… but you have been mooning… for nearly two bloody weeks, ever since that Doctor bloke dropped in.” She waggled her eyebrows.

“Shut up!” Rose’s cheeks burned and she forced herself to maintain eye contact with Clara. “I have not.”

“Pu-lease!” Clara chirped over her shoulder as she disappeared into the little staff room. She reappeared a few minutes later, tying the belt of her coat around her waist.

“I’m not mooning,” Rose insisted, failing to hide the slightly petulant tone from her voice.

“Oh, relax,” Clara scoffed gently, as the bell above the door rang again, “I’m just taking the mick.”

“Hey, did someone mention my name?” the familiar voice sounded from the doorway and both girls turned to greet Mickey Smith with wide smiles.

“Only in jest,” Clara quipped.

Mickey stuck out his tongue at her. “See if I ever cover a shift for you again!”

Everyone laughed and Rose piped up, “Oh, you can’t stay away. Not when you get to spend New Year’s Eve with me.”

“You’re right, there, babe.” Mickey gave Rose a soft, friendly peck on the cheek as he walked past her to the staff room. “Although,” he called out through the door, “Martha might have something to say about that.”

Mickey was Rose’s oldest and closest friend. She had known him literally all her life. He was a few years older than her, and they had grown up on Powell Estate together. They’d even dated a few years back but had quickly realized they were destined only to be the best of friends. Being lovers hadn’t worked for them, much to Rose’s mum’s chagrin. Jackie Tyler had chided Rose about getting airs and graces, thinking herself above dating a mechanic. It had taken a firm word from Mickey to get her to listen to reason, although she still lamented from time to time that Rose would end up an old maid.

That had been years ago, and now Mickey was dating a young surgeon, Martha Jones, who worked at the local hospital. They had met when she had brought her car to him to be repaired and had hit it off right away. A year later, he’d asked her to marry him. Rose, who had rapidly befriended Martha, was thrilled for them both.

Mickey often came to Pete’s Coffee Dimension, after work at the garage, to help out and to make sure Rose, Clara, and the other employees had time for a dinner break. He often stayed the evening, chatting, when Martha was working a night shift. Tonight, he was covering Clara’s shift, so she could have the evening off with Jenny. Martha was on call at the hospital and would be dropping by later, if she was free, to ring in the New Year with her fiancé and Rose.

“Right then, I’m off,” Clara announced, “now that you’re here to help hold down the fort, Micks. But I should warn you,” she grinned, gesturing toward Rose with a jab of her thumb, “this one is mooning…”

“Oh, what’s this then? Mooning? You’re going to be a right misery all night, ain’t ya?”

Rose snapped her arms over her chest. “You,” she fixed Clara with a fierce glare, “are going to be late. And for the record,” she turned her glare on Mickey, “I am not mooning! End of story.”

“All right, all right!” he held his hands up defensively. “You’re not mooning. Blimey! Don’t kill me. Not a great way to start the New Year, yeah?”

“’M not gonna kill ya.” Rose drew Mickey in for a hug, then turned to Clara, pulling her in for a hug too. “Happy New Year, you. Thanks for looking out for me, both of you. Now off you go, Clara. Wish Jenny a happy New Year for us, yeah?”

“Definitely! Happy New Year!” Clara cheered, giving Rose and Mickey a last big squeeze and calling through the passthrough to Clyde before heading toward the door. “Give my love to Martha.” She gave a parting wave and backed out onto the street, the bell tinkling behind her.

The shop remained quiet, a few customers straggling in through the afternoon. Clyde had long since left and Martha had texted to say she would be by shortly. Rose glanced up at the clock: just gone three.

“So, babe,” Mickey fixed Rose with narrowed eyes, “I have to agree with Clara: you’re not quite yourself. Deny it all you like, you are mooning. Not after some bloke, is it?”

Rose groaned.

“It is!”

“Look, I’m just feeling a little, I dunno…” she shrugged, “…not exactly sad, but jus’…”

“Mooning.”

She smiled. “It would just be nice to have someone special to share the holidays with, ya know? To dress up and go out somewhere nice. I love the shop, I mean… it’s my life, my dream. But it would be good to get out once in a while.” She leaned back against the counter and laid her head on Mickey’s shoulder, as he wrapped a comforting arm around her.

“You’ll find someone.”

“Yeah, maybe. No one as good as you, though.”

“You kidding me? I was a rubbish boyfriend… at least to you. I hope I’m doin’ okay with Mar.”

“She thinks you’re bloody wonderful. But us,” she nudged him with an elbow, “we were just never good together like that. To me, you’ve always been a lovely friend, a big brother, yeah. Always there when I need you. But sometimes, I just feel like I want someone to be a bit more than a friend. I’m just afraid…”

“That you’ll end up with another–”

“Yeah, Jimmy Stone…”

Mickey growled, “If I ever get my hands on that tosser… how he treated you…”

“Enough,” she shoved him a little, knocking him off balance, “you’ll scare away all the customers, looking all aggressive-like.”

“Like there are so many of those…”

She frowned at him, unimpressed.

“Fine…” He grudgingly relaxed, and Rose snuggled against him again. After a few quiet moments, he spoke again, “So tell me about this bloke?”

“What bloke?”

“The one that you’re mooning over. You can’t lie to me, babe, I know there’s someone…”

“Not really…”

“C’mon! Give.”

“There’s nothing to tell you. I hardly know him. It was just… a feeling… he seemed sweet. That’s all. But I’ve only ever seen him the once.”

“And…”

Rose shrugged. “He was nice, but waaaay out of my league. Working on his third Ph.D.”

“An older man! Shit, Rose!”

“No, no! He looks like he’s only a couple of years older than me,” Rose giggled. “I don’t think he’s even thirty. He’s just really clever. Says he’s a genius. Like I said, out of my league. Not that it matters. He’s only come in the once.”

“Wait a minute! This isn’t that… erm… what was it… Doctor-bloke who went gaga over your cup of tea, was it?”

Rose flushed, biting her thumb.

“It him, isn’t it? Clara told me about him. Said you thought he was a bit fit.”

“It was none of Clara’s business! Nothing happened. I don’t even know his proper name and he doesn’t know mine. So, it don’t matter, yeah.”

“Well, he’s an idiot if he didn’t bother to come back and get it, that’s all I can say. Not worth all the mooning.”

Rose opened her mouth to say something more, but at that moment the bell jingling heralded another customer entering the shop.

About an hour later, Mickey huffed to himself as he wiped down the tables. Martha had arrived a little while ago, given him a quick peck on the cheek, and then she and Rose had disappeared into the kitchen ostensibly to get a start on a thorough New Year’s cleaning… but Mickey knew what really was going on was a good old gossip. Either way, it left him as the front man, taking care of the customers who occasionally wandered into the shop.

The bell chimed above the door. Mickey gave the table he was tending to one last wipe and looked up to greet the man who burst into the shop on a cold blast of wintery air from the street. “’Lo,” Mickey said, “Happy New Year, mate! What can I get you? Something to go?”

The man looked frantic. Even his hair looked frantic. He dragged a hand through it, making it stand up even more on end. “No… erm… no thanks. For here, please. I think I’d like to stay here for a bit.” He loosened the black bow tie at his neck, leaving the ends to dangle, and unfastened the top button of his shirt. “Blimey, that’s a bit better. Always feel trapped in a tux… unluckiest suit in the world. Never liked ‘em… Nothing good ever came from wearing a tux.” This time, he ran both hands through his hair.

“Yeah, mate, I get it. I don’t like a monkey suit much either. Look, take a seat and I’ll bring you a menu, but to be honest, you look like you need something a bit stronger than a posh coffee.”

Mickey left to grab a menu from the stand at the front of the service counter and returned to the man, who had seated himself at a table by the window. His legs were jittering with nervous energy. He took the menu from Mickey and glanced over it with glazed eyes.

“I don’t know why I’m here,” he looked up from the menu. “Just putting off the inevitable. My life is over after tonight.”

“Mate, you have a brand-new year coming up! New opportunities. How bad can it be, yeah?”

“You don’t understand. If I don’t show up with a date to the Uni Gala… she’ll…” he spat out the word, “she’ll… Fuck! I’m doomed.” He slumped over the table.

“I’m sorry, man. Wish I could help.”

“No,” the man straightened up, “I’m sorry.” He looked down at the menu again. “I’ll have… hmmm… I’ll have… You know what I need… I need a cup of tea. It did wonders the last time I was here.”

“I can do that! Nothing like a good cuppa, yeah? Oh, blimey, my best friend, Rose (she own’s this place!); well, her mum is known for making the best cuppa, and taught Rose everything she knows. But,” Mickey added conspiratorially, “I honestly think Rose makes it even better. But don’t tell her mum I said so… she’d flay me alive.”

“Rose?” The man’s expression relaxed as he muttered the name, a small smile toying with his lips. “Her name is Rose…”

This man was a bit odd, Mickey thought. Not a bad sort, just a bit odd. “Can I get your name for the order then?”

“Oh, right!” He broke out of his daze. “My name, of course. The Doctor.”

“The Doctor…” Mickey repeated slowly. The name was so familiar, but he just couldn’t put his finger on it.

“Yup! That’s me! Just ‘The Doctor’. It’s easier that way. My real name’s quite common.”

“The Doctor…” Mickey mulled the name around in his mind again, and suddenly all the pieces fell into place. “Wait! You’re the Doctor! The Doctor who was in here a few days before Christmas. You ordered a cup of tea, yeah?”

The Doctor quirked a suspicious left eyebrow at Mickey. “Yeeess… a brilliant cup of tea. What about it?”

“Oh, mate! You said need a date for tonight?” Mickey had never considered himself to be much of a matchmaker. If he was being honest, it would never normally have crossed his mind. He was much more of a live-and-let-live sort of bloke. But this time, it was Rose’s happiness at stake, and when it came to ensuring Rose’s happiness, there were no holds barred.

“Erm… yes… yeah… but, it’s too late. I’m never going to find a date at this time. I told you, I’m doomed.”

“Nah, not tonight, you’re not. Mate, I think I may just have the answer to all of your problems!”

#ten x rose #ficandchips #human au #fake dating #coffee shop #stalkerish ex #romance #hurt/comfort #fluff #angst #christmas #new year #new year's kiss #tenroseforeverandever's fic

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peijia-blog · 5 years

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Week 6: Digital Citizenship 2: Activism and Protest

About?

Digital citizenship is one way of describing the appropriate or intended use of technology. For the purpose of this unit and considering social networks; digital citizenship controls the distribution of online material posted to an online network, website and blog (Young people and social networking services: A Childnet International Research Report, 2008).

Activism: only a hashtags?

Activism consists efforts to promote an activities and this action may be performed on a day-to-day basis in a wide variety of ways. Activists utilise social network affordances to encourage the promotion of their campaigns. For example, digital activism has began organizing their protests on Twitter using the hashtag in response such as #BlackLivesMatter, #MeToo, #MAGA has ignite the extensive discussion about the effectiveness and feasible of the use of social media as the purpose in the engagement of political and social activism (Anderson, Toor, Rainie & Smith, 2018) The New York conclude this action of protesting as "a social uprising".

Protest: for the rights?

It’s proven that social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter often leads to poloptical participation, especially when it comes to protest behavior. Undoubtedly, people often use social media as a platform to facilitate the exchange of information which is coordinate with the protest activities. Therefore, social media platform can take as many form and its act as a catalyst to shape both disruptive and non disruptive participation from individual statements to mass demonstrations (Josh et al., 2018) A protest consider an expression of bearing witness on behalf of an express cause by words or actions with regard to particular events, policies or situations.The online efforts of protesters show that the power of social media as a tool for political change is staggering.The social media platform plays a role in create an opportunity to made the content visible and create attention to the publics through online platform. As a results, people have the courage to lead them to the streets and overthrow the authoritarian regime.

Does Social Media Provide Useful Information to Protestors?

Social Media is an important commuication tools in spreading, and exchange information with just a click in a short period of time.Therefore, the ease of Internet access allows the protestors to maintain contract with the rest of the world in order to evoke protest in a country for certain purpose. Indeed, the use of social media conveys the message from one another and unite the whole people together to oppose certain policies that are unfavourable to the people, such as oil price hikes, abuse of internal security laws, deviations in education policies, marginalization of the community, police's inability to maintain community security, community disasters, etc. Policies and measures related to combating and exploiting the public interest (Morozov, 2011).

As a conclusion, it is believed that the use of social media sites is vital in accomplishing polotical goals, such as attain attention of politicians on the issues. On the other hand, the purpose of social activism and protest are important to create sustained movements for social change for the citizens to voice out their thoughts through a series of actions.

References

Anderson, M, Toor, S, Rainie, L & Smith, A. 2018, Activism in the social media age., viewed on 13 April 2019, <https://www.pewinternet.org/2018/07/11/public-attitudes-toward-political-engagement-on-social-media/>

Josh, J, Bonneau, R, Langer, M, Tucker, J et al., 2018, ‘How Social Media Faciliatates Political Protest: Information, Motivation, and Social Networks’, Advances in Political Psychology, vol.39, no. 85 - 90., viewed on 14 April 2019, <https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John_Jost/publication/323146225_How_Social_Media_Facilitates_Political_Protest_Information_Motivation_and_Social_Networks_Social_Media_and_Political_Protest/links/5a85aaf60f7e9b1a954820d8/How-Social-Media-Facilitates-Political-Protest-Information-Motivation-and-Social-Networks-Social-Media-and-Political-Protest.pdf?origin=publication_detail>

Morozov, E 2011, Whither Internet control? Journal of Democracy, 22, 63–74.

‘Young People and Social Networking Services: A Childnet International Report’, 2008, Facet Publishing, viewed on 15 April 2019, <https://www.digizen.org/socialnetworking/downloads/Young_People_and_Social_Networking_Services_full_report.pdf>

#mda20009 #digital communities #social media

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stemjute15 · 2 years

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Black Bear Diner Restaurant Menus

India is a real paradise for food lovers, including road meals fanatics! Check out our assortment of Indian avenue meals recipes, appetizers, and sharable bites, from samosas to pakoras to sweets like kulfi and gulab jamun. Eat your peas and carrots with satisfaction in this flavorful soup, excellent for any time of the 12 months. Toasting the orzo beforehand creates a nutty taste that pairs perfectly with rooster and veggies. Before choosing a canned soup, you must examine the vitamin label and ingredient record, especially when you have any allergic reactions or are trying to adhere to any special food regimen. It's also a good suggestion to pay attention to serving instructions and packaging—some soup is perfect for taking up the road or making ready in a dorm room. Our PowerBowls are a mix of leafy greens, grains, more veggies, protein and taste boosters to tie every thing together. All PowerBowls come preassembled with sauces separated and simply need to be blended in! I added mushrooms as a end result of I love them. Going to chop and freeze the leftover roasted veggies to use in turkey meatloaf. Absolutely the most effective - provides rich flavors to recipes. Originally I made it to brine a turkey - definitely worth the work. However, I'd suggest only roasting the vegetables within the oven for about half of an hour. The veggies would have been burned if I would have cooked them for over an hour as the recipe listed. All served with ranch dressing, two House Salads and two sides. All served with honey mustard sauce, two House Salads and two sides. The Spruce Eats writer Alyssa Langer is a registered dietitian and foodie, at all times curious in regards to the next meals or ingredient craze and hungry to learn and try extra. She is a large fan of canned soup and loves discovering creative methods to dress up these budget-friendly pantry staples. She taste-tested all of the profitable soups on this listing. Appetizer Catering Packages For The Greater Orlando, Florida Area Here’s an cute method to dress up mints or some other candy in slightly tulle and jewels. It’s a superb catering thought for a birthday party or brand it to your corporate colors. While we’re with reference to ice, a floral ice bucket is an ideal concept for maintaining drinks cold or even seafood. Just ensure it’s contained for when it starts to soften. The holidays deliver up lots of childhood recollections this time of yr, so be certain to serve nostalgic drinks like kids cereal themed cocktails or boozy scorching candies. Indulge within the more reasonably priced Thanksgiving fare. Green bean casseroles, sweet potato sundaes, and apple pies give your event some holiday taste on an on an everyday basis budget. Use affordable components like candy potatoes and complete grains for the base. Four cheeses are baked with artichoke hearts and seasonings. Sliced almonds, cheddar cheese, bacon, green onions, and mayo. The cheapest meals to cater is any rice or noodle-based cultural delicacies. Event Catering Company Bristol It consists of salads, snacks, one-dish meals, elaborate meals, and desserts. Best resolution − Shift chilled cucumber soup to summer-time menus and herald a brand new hot soup or a variant of one of many current soups that may potentially rule the guests’ taste buds. The display items may be carved, baked, or assembled; manufactured from edible or non-edible substances in accordance with the laid requirements. Authentic Indian meals is usually served in copper or brass bowls and plates or you possibly can have it on fresh banana leaves or Patravali , which assist to avoid wasting efforts of cleaning and disposing. Over the past several years, numerous food and beverages have been developed utilizing native crops, meats, fruits, and vegetables, and attempting completely different recipes with them. This method of development contributed within the authenticity of the meals and beverages to a great extent. Food and drinks form an integral part of the human culture. Ever since human tradition began evolving, meals and beverages preparation additionally went on finding new ways. Today, every country flaunts a special line of meals and drinks ready in genuine culinary methods. In European restaurants, they usually keep salt, sugar, and pepper as basic condiments. This set up is required for catering to large groups of people. Buffet table setting can be carried out in numerous ways relying upon the scale and form of the place, the menu, and the variety of visitors. Here are a couple of cheap catering ideas that will nonetheless make an impression at your event. You don’t need to serve noticeably low-cost food gadgets or compromise on style. Sometimes the key is presenting meals in a way that makes the item go additional so it really works nicely for your budget however looks anything but low-cost. Chafer griddles are excellent for preserving already cooked meals items, similar to pancakes, grilled meats, Reubens, and stir fry vegetables hot whereas being served. This kind of chafer is open, so the smells and sounds of scorching will assist entice clients. 11 Kinds Of Particular Events That Can Be Professionally Catered The lemon-fig topping lends a subtly candy notice to the savory goat cheese filling. Prepare the compote up to two days prematurely, and store it in the fridge. Prepare the fig jam for this savory-meets-sweet appetizer up to three days in advance, and store within the fridge. Inspire Occasion is a synonym of high quality and respect. Many happy shoppers come to us year after yr because they know that we work with professionalism and excellence. Our catering will all the time be progressive and with the most effective food and repair. Visit our website or give us a call to talk to considered one of our planners. Catering is a way to make clients feel joyful and appreciated. Food and beverage are probably certainly one of your largest areas of expense as an occasion planner, and it’s also one that’s the most difficult. With expectations rising each year it’s essential that your event catering surprises and delights, in addition to nourishing your visitors. Start the night time off proper with a gooey marriage of basic cheese puffs and savory French onion soup. Our Chefs will work intently with you to customize a singular menu that’s perfect for the event, designed around your personal preferences, fashion, venue and finances. 4 Different Varieties Of Catering Companies Explained Our menus vary in different style palettes & styles of food, and we always accommodate all of our customer's needs. LRE Catering is a full-service catering, planning, and design firm that serves the complete Bay Area. For over 10 of those years, LRE Catering has solely used 100% natural produce, sustainable seafood, and all-natural meat from small, native farms. From venue selection to menu customization, LRE handles all the details of the marriage event. David Alan Caterers was started in 1986 by David Alan, with a vision to in the future beNew Jersey's #1 Caterer. Over the last 35+ years, David Alan Caterers has stuffed quite a few particular occasions all through New Jersey and New York with impeccable food & service. We offer our catering providers to bothsocial&corporateclients with exceptional culinary options that can both fulfill and exceed your catering expectations. Chef Shane’s offers convenient and reasonably priced catering services to the Destin and South Walton areas. We cater specialty margarita bars and can also provide full bar service for private occasions, corporate occasions and outings, charity events, and virtually any sort of get together. We are licensed and insured for the State of Illinois and operate out of downtown Park Ridge. When you work with Catering by The Christy in offering off-premise catering at your occasion, we convey over twenty years of high quality restaurant service to your event. We understand the most effective ways to transport and prepare meals that is recent and in a position to eat at your venue, and we satisfaction ourselves on high quality customer support you come to count on. Often a more well-liked option as a result of price level and coordinating the event, on-premise catering entails catering carried out within the kitchen and food preparation areas of a venue. 10 Wedding Catering Ideas To Allure Your Friends In 2021 Like dropping a New York loft in sunny California, Ambient brings you the best of each worlds with out the excessive price ticket. Designed by a photographer, Ambient has over 10,000 sq. ft of hardwood flooring, large industrial windows, a massive cyc-wall, and roll-in entry. Perfect for Events, photograph shoots, video, you name it. The cash spent on pointless objects could be used for the honeymoon or go in path of the downpayment on a home. If you “need” alcohol to get pleasure from a wedding, please don’t come at all. I as quickly as attended a marriage where the couple had one of their engagement photos framed after which eliminated the glass so we could sign the paper matte inside the body. Whether you are launching a store, product, or other fabulous occasion, our catering services are one of the best that you can find within the Maryland space. Making an influence is what you will notice whenever you utilize our corporate catering providers. 外燴 in Maryland know that they can rely on T&M Catering to create the finest foods and environment attainable for the events that they're planning. We are a professional caterer that loves what we do and it exhibits. When you want us, we are there for you as a end result of we would like you to have one of the best experience as possible. In 2009, the Vance family set out to mix their love for the outdoors and a great problem by restoring 20 acres of historic land outdoors of Highlands, North Carolina- a spot close to the family’s coronary heart. This means, you can rest assured that visitors will really feel extra warm and fuzzy as they watch you trade vows—and cry into their mugs. Not only is this presentation—whether the meals is on a stick, toothpick, or skewer—unfussy and incredibly manageable for visitors, it’ll additionally delight them and hold their outfits pristine. Celebrate beneath the Sonoran Stars atop the open air Vigas Patio, situated instantly exterior the Vigas Room, off the main foyer. Soft lighting and superbly manicured gardens create the best ambiance for a night outdoors. This versatile ballroom contains a spacious brick terrace with spectacular views throughout the Tucson valley to Mount Wrightson. Catering Ideas In 2021 To Host Profitable And Truly Memorable In If you wish to save even more cash, consider hosting an alcohol-free marriage ceremony reception and serve mocktails or punch instead. Many native catering companies in Pittsburgh, and throughout the nation, sometimes only provide conventional American or European meals for his or her customers’ event catering wants. And while we additionally provide these alternatives, that doesn’t imply you can’t venture outdoors of your consolation zone. There are many different cuisines that your friends would equally love. Rice and noodle-based cuisines like Mexican, Indian, and Thai have increasingly turn into extra in style through the years. This option just isn't only tasty and filling but additionally budget-friendly. Don’t be shocked if you hear a lot of “awwws” out of your attendees. Everyone loves a chocolate mint after a meal but what about this extra pure idea? It makes a nice accompaniment to other desserts, may be added to tea or a hot beverage or simply popped in the guest’s mouth. An artisanal drink is one thing that is unique to the event, and the trick is to use interesting and ideally local components. Artisanal drinks are a perfect approach to showcase a little bit of what makes your occasion destination special from a culinary perspective. An various to local components is local talent. That is great for me to know as a end result of I am going to attempt to help my sister discover a good caterer for her marriage ceremony. Hopefully now you have all the instruments you want to have LOTS of gatherings this year… on a budget. Remember, even the most affordable and easiest meals can make for an unforgettable celebration with somewhat creativity and a lot of love. Food truck catering can embody a full sized truck or trailer, but also meals carts or tent/table set ups. The primary profit is the meals is ready to order right in entrance of your guests. All you must do is have a spot to have the meals picked up by your eaters. Breakfast and lunch may be quick and straightforward if you’re looking to have an environment friendly meal. For my potato bar, I ready the toppings forward of time, stacked them within the fridge, then pulled them out when it was time to start the party. Challenges And Solutions Of The Catering Trade A POS software program on your espresso store, restaurant, or bakery might help you make simple menu modifications, scale back costs, and control your finances. Maximizing profit and remaining conscious of what's trending within the restaurant business are each important in planning success in your restaurant. Customer tendencies will trigger eating places to make adjustments to take care of their customer base. In the previous, these developments have included selecting certain suppliers, certain cleanliness practices, or even working as a "no-reservation" location. The event catering business will most definitely have a robust comeback post-pandemic. Until then, we're in a renaissance—this is an opportunity for everyone in our business to create new ideas and bring innovation into everything we do. It might very nicely be the best transformation time of recent day. Many shoppers are opting for long, farmhouse fashion seating which frequently units the scene for household style eating. Clients who select food stations typically resolve to have friends mingle at cocktail tables with no formal seating. The most essential element to launching your restaurant is the menu. Once prospects select their items, it’s just a matter of blending and matching elements you’ve already deliberate out. Apply to be a associate restaurant and get your catering enterprise in front of hungry households in your space. For a splash of optimistic publicity, think about donating meals to a local nonprofit or giving again to the neighborhood. Massachusetts-based catering company M&J’s Taste of Home put its stimulus verify in path of an admirable trigger.

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familyband33 · 2 years

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Artistic Foods Catering

All served with ranch dressing, two House Salads and two sides. All served with honey mustard sauce, two House Salads and two sides. The Spruce Eats writer Alyssa Langer is a registered dietitian and foodie, at all times curious about the next food or ingredient craze and hungry to study and take a glance at more. She is a big fan of canned soup and loves finding inventive methods to decorate up these budget-friendly pantry staples. She taste-tested all the profitable soups on this list. Please order a Gluten Free roll and sides if Gluten Sensitive. Hand-breaded crispy rooster tenders with honey BBQ sauce. Wrapped up with lettuce, tomatoes, Monterey Jack and cheddar cheeses. Your selection of crispy or Southwest seasoned, baked shrimp, contemporary pico de gallo and chipotle sauce in heat flour tortillas. I added mushrooms because I love them. Going to chop and freeze the leftover roasted veggies to make use of in turkey meatloaf. Absolutely one of the best - adds wealthy flavors to recipes. Originally I made it to brine a turkey - worth the work. However, I'd recommend only roasting the greens within the oven for about 1/2 an hour. The veggies would have been burned if I would have cooked them for over an hour as the recipe listed. Appetizers Menu And how do you ensure it also caters to dietary restrictions and COVID-19 guidelines? Here are the most important things you should consider when planning the proper fall menu with Caviar & Banana Catering and Events. The first step to designing the final word marriage ceremony menu is consulting your finances. Check out a few of the coolest food truck concepts round. Although they’re fairly sufficient to take a seat near your cake pops, they are for a very completely different course. These transportable pops are awfully delish although. Everything appears more lovely in ribbons and sandwiches are not any exception. They’re simple to grab, and the ribbon helps to maintain all the contents within the bread as people take their alternatives from the display. Dress them up by serving them open-faced, with bread on the underside and all the fixings on prime. Offer tiny cups of various sauces on the aspect on your visitors. Hearty and wholesome, these sliced sweet potatoes are a nutritious various to a bruschetta hors d’oeuvre. Here they're served with a topping of cream cheese, ramson cream, goat cheese, cress, and cranberries. The picket blocks are simple to hold round or stand on takes. Chafing dishes and warming plates are so 1980. They can distract from your stunning unfold but who desires chilly meals that was hot? Instead, try this option with bricks constructed over warming tiles to hide the burners. Catering ideas for big groups could be a challenge because of extreme wait times and food that appeared higher five minutes in the past. The Position Of Food And Beverage In Conferences And Occasions Of course, don’t overlook to offer a vegetarian alternative saved separate from the meat. Cheese cubes are a staple at most occasions, and inevitably, if the pile is high enough, some runaway cheese hits the ground and get ground into the carpet. You can keep that from occurring by opting to a a lot more orderly display like this cheese star. With each dip guests will certainly get a novel style and love every chew. Instead of utilizing a traditional flaky crust on your quiche and your friends end up sporting the crumbs, you must use a extra substantial crust like that of a biscuit. 外燴 come in all colours of the rainbow thanks to somewhat assist from their chocolate attire. The multi-height cookie “spoons” which might be suspended from the ceiling may be picked by attendees so they can pair it with their favourite pudding. You may experiment with different flavors and even ask attendees to embellish the spoons as part of a participatory occasion activity. An artisanal drink is one thing that is distinctive to the event, and the trick is to use fascinating and ideally local elements. Artisanal drinks are a perfect method to showcase a little bit of what makes your event destination particular from a culinary perspective. If the meals preparation and serving equipment utilized in F&B Services aren't clean, then they become primary source of food contamination. It is a serving cart used for serving in addition to storing. It has wheels which allow it to move easily across the kitchen. It is also used in elite food and beverage outlets for serving the friends. You can choose on number of cabinets and sections, and burners. Sheila's Catering Co We loved the meals + it was really a big day. It was so nice to fulfill you and little doubt we’ll have you ever again for an additional big day. I LOVE this recipe, Creamy Sweet Cheese-y Pasta with stunning colorful snappy candy peas. Served chilly or at room temperature, the right addition to any celebration, large get together, family function, Church Social or PotLuck. EASY to make, finest when made well upfront . Plus makes a Vegetarian main dish option when needed. Petite and virtually too cute to eat, these miniature cupcakes are infused with the candy taste of summer time's juiciest fruit. Spanish flatbreads, or tortas, are a tapas staple. Make these with thin sandwich round halves and a 1 1/4-inch circular cutter. Our favorite Japanese breakfast deal with is after all those mile-high fluffy pancakes, made even more attractive when miniaturized and skewered with contemporary fruit. According to breakfast science, food tastes higher when it’s bite-sized. Researchers at Cornell University found that smaller snacks satisfy hunger simply as much as giant parts. No surprise mini variations are so darn rewarding. This is why I set out to make mini churros—because a girl can solely tote around a giant stick of fried dough for so long. Mini churros are right up there with sliders, tater tots, and mini pancakes. You can do the identical for lemonade or other beverages, together with wine. Grain bowls are layered bowls of veggies, grains, sauce, and protein. To accommodate vegetarians and vegans, use high-protein grains like quinoa, farro and barley. Guests can match and blend options according to taste. Check out a variety of the coolest food truck concepts around. Catering Company North London Learned correct cooking methods, sanitation, meals security, and how to successfully prep meals. Cultivate wonderful long-term relationships with clients, maintaining ongoing communication and facilitating options to deal with concerns. Here are examples of duties from real caterer resumes representing typical duties they're more probably to carry out in their roles. They supervise all of the issues associated to a patrons dining expertise, like high quality control, workers management, well being and safety laws. Noon O Kabab offers the finest and most authentic Persian Food in the Chicagoland space. We have a variety of catering packages from company lunches and casual events to formal weddings, we promise to make your event festive and much more special. In addition to those massive ticket gadgets, there is the price of reusableoperating suppliessuch as cutlery, glassware, china, and linen in full-service eating places. It is obvious that the food and beverage sector should remain aware of consumers’ needs and wishes. This is made evident by the emergence of health-concious eating in North America during the last two decades. The influence of books corresponding to Fast Food Nation and documentaries such as Super Size Mehave created mainstream consciousness about what goes into our meals and our bodies. As many developed nations, together with Canada, wrestle with health-care considerations together with hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, food operators are taking note and developing new health-conscious menus. In broad phrases, BC’s Occupiers Liability Act covers the responsibilities of the occupier of a property to ensure the protection of holiday makers. Additional local well being bylaws set standards of operation for health and safety underneath the direction of the medical officers of well being. Public well being inspectors often go to food and beverage operations to judge compliance. Given that almost all operations have each a service side and production aspect , the primary prices incurred throughout these actions often determine the feasibility or success of the operation. This is very true as the main product (e.g., food and drink) is perishable; ordering the correct amount requires ability and expertise. 10 Things Your Wedding Friends Don't Care About It seemed to be a terrifying matter for me personally, nevertheless , noticing the very specialized technique you handled that made me to weep over joy. I am happy on your service and thus have excessive hopes you acknowledge what a tremendous job your are undertaking coaching men and women by way of your webblog. With that, we hope to help alleviate a variety of the stress of wedding planning by serving to you not sweat the small stuff. The Irish American Heritage Center is a hidden gem conveniently situated on the city’s northwest aspect in a renovated, turn-of-the-century building that sprawls throughout a full metropolis block. Up to a hundred and sixty guests can be accommodated with seating each on the principle flooring and loft. Thanks to your team for creating an exquisite evening. I love going to see relations and see they’ve kept favour bins and presents from my marriage ceremony. My grandma & aunts liked the cake & my gown, they’ll always remember the best cake they ever had & seeing me in my beautiful costume. We made a finances and stuck to it & I at all times love the details at weddings. Do what makes you happy – your guests will like it all as they love you. As a wedding guest, I must agree with maintaining the ceremony brief. Allow me to add, I also don’t take care of the “write your own vows” thing. I Disagree ENTIRELY. All of the major points listed are part of the overall experience. Nothing says we didn’t prepare to have you be part of our big day than skimping. I agree with this list with the caveat that some things, particularly the primary dance, are for the couple not the friends. The Common Wedding Catering Value Copyright 2022 Nolands Catering, LLC. All rights reserved. I love to do seasonal shows and we can do something that looks superb but has a lower meals price, like sushi. At Overlook Hospital, a model new administrative policy has really helped catering become extra profitable. © 2022 Discovery or its subsidiaries and associates. Daytime bashes are breezy and often budget-friendly. Guests can match and blend options in accordance with taste. These cute wraps are actually created from sliced bread and never pitas but they are additionally fantastically displayed. Plus, it’s a well known proven fact that food tastes better on a stick. Rustic themes are very fashionable proper now and this one’s a magnificence. Cheeseburgers could seem casual but not when you add some presentation to it. If Parks and Recreation is to be trusted, they're an plain favorite. The key to bringing out the luxe with cheeseburgers is the miniature possibility. Instead of huge, sloppy burgers, these miniature cheeseburgers are clear, transportable and practical. Decorate with some high-end components for somewhat added pizzazz, or simply serve the tried and examined version that everyone knows and loves. Catering Trade An government summary not only acts because the introduction to your marketing strategy but in addition a abstract of the entire concept. Your restaurant marketing strategy is what's going to map out how you plan on turning a revenue from your small business as well as where your restaurant fits into the saturated market and how you plan on standing out. Read on for every little thing you should know about writing a restaurant business plan together with samples and tips. Fine-dining institutions are on the highest finish of the upscale restaurant class and charge the very best prices. Fast meals retailers are take-away or take-out suppliers that promise fast service. Such fast meals shops often come with a "drive-through" service that lets customers order and choose up meals from their automobiles. Others have indoor or outside seating areas the place prospects can eat on-site. The boom in IT services has allowed customers to order food from their homes by way of their smartphone apps in recent times. If your restaurant features food from a sure heritage with traditional holidays, announce new dishes main up to the day. "Our model continues to prioritize adaptability and remain a modern concept that gives scrumptious, nourishing food at an affordable price." It makes modeling forecast scenarios easier too, so you have a clearer sense of how totally different choices will affect your sales trajectory. When you’re first starting out, you will likely be a very small operation and that makes it particularly essential to ascertain your niche within the marketplace.

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