Our lungs develop during all three trimesters of pregnancy, so for babies born prematurely, the lungs may not have had enough time to form correctly. As a result, they may be susceptible to disease. This is particularly true for the alveoli – tiny sacs at the end of the branches in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. It‘s difficult to study how alveoli form in developing foetuses, so researchers have devised a new way to understand more about the steps involved in alveoli maturation and help find ways to better treat conditions. Creating an organoid – a ‘mini developing lung’ grown in the lab, now enables tracking of how and when alveoli form and the genes and proteins influencing the process to be pinpointed. As if you were moving through them, this video shows an example of what these organoids look like and the structures they mimic (branches and alveoli in various colours).
Written by Sophie Arthur
Video from work by Kyungtae Lim and colleagues
Wellcome Trust, CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Video originally published with a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Published in Cell Stem Cell, December 2022
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During cereal endosperm development, the triploid primary endosperm nucleus undergoes a series of mitotic divisions without cytokinesis, and the nuclei migrate to the periphery of the central cell, which also contains a large central vacuole (Figure 21.26, see parts A-D). As in the Arabidopsis coenocyte, each of nuclei is surrounded by radially arranged microtubules (see Figure 21.26E). Anticlinal walls form initially between adjacent nuclei, resulting in the tubelike alveolar cells, with the open end pointing toward the central vacuole (see Figure 21.26F). (...) The innermost layer of daughter cells remains alveolar in structure, and continues to divide periclinally until cellularization is complete (see Figure 21.26G and H). The most important source of starchy endosperm cells is the interior cells of the cell files that are present at the completion of endosperm cellularization (see Figure 21.26H).
"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.
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Alveoli are found in which organ of the human body?
Alveoli, which comes from a Latin word meaning "little cavity", are located in the lungs. These air sacs, of which there are millions, are where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide. The oxygen breathed in passes through the alveoli and into the blood, which is then carried to the many bodily tissues. Carbon dioxide travels in the blood from the tissues and passes through the alveoli to be breathed out.
As well as processing the oxygen and carbon dioxide, alveoli contain immune cells called 'alveolar macrophages', which clean up any unwanted particles that are breathed in, including bacteria. The alveoli also contain a fluid called 'surfactant', which helps maintain the shape of the air sacs and keep them open so that oxygen and carbon dioxide can pass through.
Certain medical conditions known as alveolar lung diseases can directly affect the alveoli. Pneumonia, for instance, causes inflammation in the alveoli and fills them with pus, which makes breathing difficult. Tuberculosis can block the alveoli through the growth of nodules in the lung tissue. Excess fluid in the lungs may lead to a pulmonary edema. If the fluid collects in the alveoli, it can cause respiratory failure because the blood does not receive enough oxygen.
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Strongly associated with smoking and pollution, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) causes serious breathing difficulties, linked to changes in the airways of the lungs. The third leading cause of death worldwide, COPD has historically been more prevalent in men, but this is likely due to higher rates of smoking. In fact, recent work suggests women may be at greater risk, in part because of their inherently smaller airways. Examining lung CT scans (pictured, for a representative non-smoking male, left, and female, right) from nearly 10000 volunteers, both smokers and non-smokers, revealed that women have narrower airways, with thinner walls, even when accounting for body size. Changes in airway properties, such as the same degree of narrowing, thus have worse impacts on breathing capability and survival in women than men. As in other areas of medicine, growing consideration of the specifics of women’s bodies should lead to better prevention and treatment.
Written by Emmanuelle Briolat
Image from the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA)
Research by Surya P. Bhatt et al from the multi centre COPDGene Cohort
Image copyright held by the RSNA
Research published in Radiology, August 2022
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Several stages in the development of the endosperm coenocyte of Arabidopsis are shown in Figure 21.24. (...) Cellularization of the coenocyte endosperm in Arabidopsis begins in the micropylar endosperm region and progresses to the chalazal region (see Figure 21.24, parts E-G).
"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.
Summary: After the defeat of Demise, the dragons of the realm find a very sick Chosen Hero on their doorstep with no explanation and have to scramble to deal with it.
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Chapter 3: We finally get Link’s POV, or at least try to, kid is only half coherent at this point
Link felt so cold. He felt disconnected, like his spirit had been ripped from his body and sent to another silent realm. He didn’t know what was going on anymore. He remembered Demise. He remembered Zelda, remembered her screams of pain, remembered his rage at the Demon King, remembered thunder and lightning and pain. But he swore he remembered winning too. Didn’t he win? Or did he die? Was this it, did he truly and utterly fail everyone?
Was he too late?
Was Zelda ok? If he’d lost, did that mean she was gone too? If he’d died, shouldn’t she be here, then? Was this hell? It had to be. It had to be hell if Zelda wasn’t here.
Where was he? What happened? He vaguely remembered fighting. He vaguely remembered… something.
Arms around him. Laughter. Tears. Feathers. Clouds. And then nothing.
His mind was spinning in circles. He remembered things and then he didn’t. He shivered and then he couldn’t. Nothing made sense.
Screaming. He remembered screaming. Zelda’s screaming. Was she ok?
Someone said his name. He swore he heard someone say his name. By all that was holy, he hurt so much all of a sudden. He felt a groan escape his throat, scraping its way out and making him cough. Something stung on his forehead, like a thousand tiny needles prickling his skin. He hissed.
What happened? Where was he? What was going on?
Wind. He felt wind. Was he flying? Was he in Skyloft? Was he dead? Was he alive?
Scared. He was scared. Where’s Zelda?! He tried to hiss as hands that he couldn’t see touched him.
He suddenly felt so cold. He wished he could see. The best he got were vague images, the afterglow of memories. Demise. Lightning. Zelda. Falling. Fighting. Hurting. Zelda. Loftwing. Skyloft. Bed. Gaepora. Eagus. Owlan. Pipit. Groose. Zelda.
A gentle hush. Whispers. Something on his forehead again.
His right arm hurt all of a sudden. His hand twitched uncontrollably. His stomach lurched. He felt himself throwing up, but he couldn’t move, and he started to choke on it, making him feel even sicker. And then it faded, and he was numb again.
Warm water, hot tears, pain, pain, everything hurt.
He struggled to move, struggled to breathe. He felt like he was floating in an ocean of darkness, freezing and alone. He couldn’t feel his body, he felt so numb, but occasionally fire would sear through him, wrenching a cry out of him.
By the goddesses he just wanted this to end. Just let me die.
But wasn’t he already dead? Or was he dying? He didn’t know.
Where was he? What happened? He was so cold.
Something different. Something soft. Something fluffy. And then a grip, steady and strong but gentle. And then wind, so much wind, like he was free falling from the sky. He wanted to reach his arms out, he wanted to see something, to feel the freedom that came with the fall, but he just felt numb.
He couldn’t move. He felt so heavy and weightless all at the same time, like he was swimming but the water was crushing him.
Huffing. Booming voices. Cold, cold, by the goddesses that was cold.
Fabric. Warmth. Weightlessness. Heat. Thick air, suffocating, he couldn’t breathe—
Link opened his eyes. Everywhere was bright. His head was killing him. His body felt so sore, so heavy, so completely and utterly spent. Bubbling sounds came from around him. The air was… swimming? What was happening?
“Good morning, hero.”
He tiredly rolled his eyes upward to follow the deep voice. The air felt so thick he could barely breathe. His mouth hung open as he gasped, but he couldn’t will himself to breathe any faster, and he just sat there with his slow breaths like a fish out of water.
Water. He was sitting in water. What?
He couldn’t make himself squint through the air, so his head slipped (or fell, really) back to his chest and he looked at the water. It was bubbling. Weird.
Wait. Bubbling? Was someone cooking him?!
His breathing finally quickened, adrenaline shooting through him like ice.
“It’s ok, little one. You’re safe.”
Safe? He was safe? What was happening?!
The adrenaline vanished, and he was left feeling even more exhausted than before. His body sagged heavily, and he couldn’t move a single muscle. His eyes started to close.
“You’ll be ready for Lanayru now.”
Lanayru…? What…?
Link couldn’t hold onto coherent thought anymore, and he fell back into the darkness.
Today was a nice-enough day, I'm currently finishing off my Biology Paper 3 revision since that's the first science test I have and it's... going. I'm getting a bit distracted and I keep trying to look at my phone to find an excuse to not work but I've turned off my notifications and that coupled with the fact that my social life is non-existent, has been kinda helpful. Imma pomodoro my way through the next few hours so🤞 that works