hammerhead flatworms (Bipaliinae) are in my estimation among the most beautiful terrestrial animals, often sporting bright colors and striking patterns that advertise their toxicity.
bipaliines feed on either worms or land gastropods, tracking the slime trails of prey with their highly sensitive spade- or crescent-shaped head plate.
Southeast Asia is a hotspot for bipaliine diversity, and at least six species can be found in Singapore, all of which I managed to encounter this summer!
Onychophora: Velvet Worms. This is the only phylum containing exclusively terrestrial members, although their ancestors can be traced back to the Cambrian shallow oceans. Onychophorans are ambush predators, moving with slow smooth steps to creep up on their prey. They have unique mucus glands on either side of their face which can spray jets of sticky slime, which effectively immobilizes their prey. Onychophorans have relatively complex brains, and some even live in social "packs" that live and hunt together. Many species in this phylum are ecologically vulnerable, threatened, or endangered.
Platyhelminthes: Flatworms. This phylum includes both colorful free-living members and more modest parasitic members. Free-living worms can be found in marine, freshwater, and even terrestrial environments. All flatworms are, of course, dorsoventrally flattened so their whole bodies can access oxygen from the outside, as they have no specialized circulatory system. Some flatworms are of interest to research in tissue regeneration, as they have the remarkable ability to completely regenerate a new body from a cut piece. Many classes within Platyhelminthes are exclusively parasitic, including flukes, tapeworms, schistosomes, and others. Most flatworms are hermaphroditic, and some larger marine species practice a ritual known as "penis fencing" to determine which worm's eggs will be fertilized.
I saw this wiggly fellow earlier this year. I love the little eye spots they have, it makes them look really goofy.
This guy is probably in the Notocomplana genus, but I'm not terribly knowledgeable about my local flatworms and there's an unfortunate lack of information about a lot of the more "boring" species. All I can say about these dudes is that they are free living and cruise around a lot during low tide. And that they're terribly cute!
first is a Caenoplana sp., a flatworm now found across the tropics but which is likely native to Australia (or nearby). they feed on arthropods, including isopods.
next is Bipalium vagum, the Wandering Hammerhead Flatworm. its specific name alludes to the fact that it too has spread itself throughout the tropics. its close relatives in the US are also probably native to East Asia, but while those eat only earthworms, B. vagum feeds on only snails. Bipalium are known to produce tetrodotoxin, a nasty poison responsible for the toxicity of fugu pufferfish.
third is an Anisorhynchodemus sp., and its original distribution is also unknown. the genus it’s placed in is essentially a wastebasket—all the rhynchodemine flatworms that can’t be connected with an older, outdated classification method get lumped there. these guys are predators of arthropods, and also love sucking isopods out of their shells. when seized, they cleave their own rears off; the biggest one I have failed to autotomize its tail completely and now has two tails (not pictured).
despite a similar appearance, the last isn’t a flatworm, but an entire different phylum of animals! the nemertean (ribbon worm) Geonemertes pelaensis is just one of 13 species of nemertean that live on land with the remaining 1,300 living in saltwater. and, you guessed it, it’s native to *somewhere in the Indopacific* and is now found all over the tropics because of humans transporting it accidentally with soil. it is a predator of small arthropods, including spiders and isopods, which it captures with a sticky, venomous projectile proboscis. good video of that on its Wikipedia page.