#plutonium 239

[389]

THE GADGET W/ PLUTONIUM 239 CORE

#nuclear #plutonium #the gadget #plutonium 239 #core #u

[immaculatasknight]

Our glow-in-the-dark future

#Germany #Ukraine #Nazi #nuclear weapons #plutonium 239 #illegal arms #lawlessness

[thepastisalreadywritten]

On 6 August 1945, during World War II (1939-45), an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima.

The explosion immediately killed an estimated 80,000 people; tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure.

Three days later, a second B-29 dropped another A-bomb on Nagasaki, killing an estimated 40,000 people.

Japan’s Emperor Hirohito announced his country’s unconditional surrender in World War II in a radio address on August 15, citing the devastating power of “a new and most cruel bomb.”

The Manhattan Project

Even before the outbreak of war in 1939, a group of American scientists — many of them refugees from fascist regimes in Europe — became concerned with nuclear weapons research being conducted in Nazi Germany.

In 1940, the U.S. government began funding its own atomic weapons development program, which came under the joint responsibility of the Office of Scientific Research and Development and the War Department after the U.S. entry into World War II.

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was tasked with spearheading the construction of the vast facilities necessary for the top-secret program, codenamed “The Manhattan Project” (for the engineering corps’ Manhattan district).

Over the next several years, the program’s scientists worked on producing the key materials for nuclear fission — uranium-235 and plutonium (Pu-239).

They sent them to Los Alamos, New Mexico, where a team led by J. Robert Oppenheimer worked to turn these materials into a workable atomic bomb.

Early on the morning of 16 July 1945, the Manhattan Project held its first successful test of an atomic device — a plutonium bomb — at the Trinity test site at Alamogordo, New Mexico.

No Surrender for the Japanese

By the time of the Trinity test, the Allied powers had already defeated Germany in Europe.

Japan, however, vowed to fight to the bitter end in the Pacific, despite clear indications (as early as 1944) that they had little chance of winning.

In fact, between mid-April 1945 (when President Harry Truman took office) and mid-July, Japanese forces inflicted Allied casualties totaling nearly half those suffered in three full years of war in the Pacific, proving that Japan had become even more deadly when faced with defeat.

In late July, Japan’s militarist government rejected the Allied demand for surrender put forth in the Potsdam Declaration, which threatened the Japanese with “prompt and utter destruction” if they refused.

General Douglas MacArthur and other top military commanders favored continuing the conventional bombing of Japan already in effect and following up with a massive invasion, codenamed “Operation Downfall.”

They advised Truman that such an invasion would result in U.S. casualties of up to 1 million.

In order to avoid such a high casualty rate, Truman decided – over the moral reservations of Secretary of War Henry Stimson, General Dwight Eisenhower and a number of the Manhattan Project scientists – to use the atomic bomb in the hopes of bringing the war to a quick end.

Proponents of the A-bomb — such as James Byrnes, Truman’s secretary of state — believed that its devastating power would not only end the war but also put the U.S. in a dominant position to determine the course of the postwar world.

'Little Boy' and 'Fat Man' Are Dropped

Hiroshima, a manufacturing center of some 350,000 people located about 500 miles from Tokyo, was selected as the first target.

After arriving at the U.S. base on the Pacific island of Tinian, the more than 9,000-pound uranium-235 bomb was loaded aboard a modified B-29 bomber christened Enola Gay (after the mother of its pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets).

The plane dropped the bomb — known as “Little Boy” — by parachute at 8:15 in the morning.

It exploded 2,000 feet above Hiroshima in a blast equal to 12-15,000 tons of TNT, destroying five square miles of the city.

Hiroshima’s devastation failed to elicit immediate Japanese surrender, however, and on August 9, Major Charles Sweeney flew another B-29 bomber, Bockscar, from Tinian.

Thick clouds over the primary target, the city of Kokura, drove Sweeney to a secondary target, Nagasaki, where the plutonium bomb “Fat Man” was dropped at 11:02 that morning.

More powerful than the one used at Hiroshima, the bomb weighed nearly 10,000 pounds and was built to produce a 22-kiloton blast.

The topography of Nagasaki, which was nestled in narrow valleys between mountains, reduced the bomb’s effect, limiting the destruction to 2.6 square miles.

Aftermath of the Bombing

At noon on 15 August 1945 (Japanese time), Emperor Hirohito announced his country’s surrender in a radio broadcast.

The news spread quickly.

“Victory in Japan” or “V-J Day” celebrations broke out across the United States and other Allied nations.

The formal surrender agreement was signed on September 2, aboard the U.S. battleship Missouri, anchored in Tokyo Bay.

Because of the extent of the devastation and chaos — including the fact that much of the two cities' infrastructure was wiped out — exact death tolls from the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki remain unknown.

However, it's estimated roughly 70,000 to 135,000 people died in Hiroshima and 60,000 to 80,000 people died in Nagasaki, both from acute exposure to the blasts and from long-term side effects of radiation.

#Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945) #6 August 1945 #atomic bomb #Hiroshima #Nagasaki #B-29 bomber #A-bomb #U.S. Army Corps of Engineers #The Manhattan Project #nuclear weapons research #Office of Scientific Research and Development #War Department #World War II #WWII #uranium-235 #plutonium (Pu-239) #nuclear fission #plutonium bomb #J. Robert Oppenheimer #Oppenheimer #Trinity test #Potsdam Declaration #General Douglas MacArthur #Operation Downfall #Henry Stimson #General Dwight Eisenhower #Enola Gay #Colonel Paul Tibbets #Bockscar #V-J Day

[incorrect-hs-quotes]

ERIDAN: wwhos gettin the most ionizing radiation? roxy wwith the uranium 235, jane wwith the plutonium 239, or callie wwith the radium 225?

JADE: i took a minute to quickly check which sample would have the most activity, assuming 100g low-enriched (5%) samples and negligible activity from the other sample constituents. radium is top by a factor of 10000 which seems about right considering my personal experience with it!

ERIDAN: “considerin my personal experience wwith it” wwhat the fuck does this imply

JAKE: It implies jade has personal experience with handling radium samples which i have as well! That saucy little thot can make the geiger counter crackle through a lead plate more than americium can through air.

DIRK: And here I thought I was a madman by putting a sentient AI with questionable morals inside a toaster. 

#submission #Source: Tumblr users @le-fishe-has-arrived @sbarsnar and @odin-seeker-of-knowledge #THE FUCKIG. ALVIN AND THE CHIPMUNKS 'WHOS GETTING THE BEST HEAD' RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT EDIT ????????????????!!!!!!!!! #BEARUAEWUFASDGFJASDFUASHDFAFAHDFAGFGFYREAEAYERAG #NAAAAAAAAURRRRRR #homestuck #incorrect homestuck quotes #incorrect quotes #mod dave #eridan ampora #jade harley #jake english #dirk strider

[utyellowstrings]

I've run out of comedically timed pipebombs to send so instead have a box of highly unstable plutonium 239

#he doesnt even know what plutonium is #utyellowstrings #ask #undertale yellow #uty starlo #uty ceroba #undertale #undertale ask blog #🏵️

[isotopegirl]

What are your top 3 isotopes?

Number 3: Plutonium-239

Its atomic chart (diagram?) looks cool, it's also very destructive

Number 2: Bismuth-209

It was long thought to be a stable element, but it actually has a half life of 2×10^19 years, also it looks absolutely beautiful

Number 1: shared between Deuterium and Tritium

Deuterium on its own is pretty cool, as it can form D2O (heavy water) which is (in small quantities) drinkable, but when combined with tritium it's used in fusion reactors to produce energy

This too is yuri

#isotopeposting #answering asks

[friendof-blahaj]

hey, listen ‼️. you've probably seen the news recently (or maybe you haven't). regardless, some people are gonna come by and ask a few questions, and they are a bit upset because someone (not naming names) ate 27 tonnes of uranium.

Now as far as what you should tell them, you hardly know me. you have never spoken to me, I just come by every week or so to feed your goldfish...

I’m afraid I don’t know shit about fuck officer

It’s okay, they’re gone now little oneI’m afraid you ate the last of our U-235 though I hope Plutonium 239 is okay

#this turned out way more surreal than I meant it to #ask #drunken ramblings

[femmemortes]

So a thing about me is that I’m an absolute nerd for stuff to do with nuclear disasters, science and history. It’s so amazing. Everything about it is. From the mere notion that chain reactions that create energy can just be made by placing radioactive isotopes near each other and the fact we can utilise that for our own benefit is so cool to me. It can deliver power to homes, towns and cities. It can provide power on a lesser scale too, but in much more remote areas in the form of RTGs. The possibilities are nearly endless and is best step we have for energy going into the future.

But if treated carelessly, it can destroy so much.

Talking to the Future

One of the things I learnt about while just going through videos and articles on anything to do with nuclear was a place called the W.I.P.P (Waste Isolation Pilot Plant) in the New Mexico desert. This place is a giant underground storage facility that will be used to store high level nuclear waste that is incredibly radioactive, will cause significant harm and lasts for a very long time. This means that the area that all this waste will be stored in will be dangerous if dug into, etc. This, for the most part is fine. We know today that we shouldn’t dig down and uncover the waste that is in there because we know what it is and how dangerous it is.

The problem is that this waste is planned to be stored for 10,000 years.

(Thanks, Plutonium-239 and your long ass half-life)

So then arises the problem of communicating with people of the future. Think about how much culture changes in 100, 200 years. Where were we as humans 10,000 years ago compared to now? Our languages now are nothing like the ones we had even 1,000 years ago. So how do we warn far future generations, other civilisations of the danger the WIPP holds without words or significant use of current language?

Simple symbols wouldn’t be enough because they face a similar issue. Meanings of symbols can changed, warped or entirely unrecognised. Who’s to say the the meaning of the trefoil sign, the symbol that warns against ionizing radiation, couldn't be lost so many years down the line?

We have to consider, what could this symbol possibly mean to someone who’s never even seen it before?

So a programme was put together to try and form a marking system for the WIPP that would be enough to last 10,000 years to effectively warn the future of the danger that the site held. There were are variety of ideas pitched and devised by different people and here are some of them:

General warning messages with images of horrified faces, comic-like depictions of people becoming contaminated by radiation and the consequences of digging at the site.

A written message giving a background and warning, I imagine this wouldn’t be very efficient at all the further we get into the future but it is still interesting to read. Here it is as follows:

“This place is a message...and part of a system of messages...pay attention to it!

Sending this message was impotant to us. We considered ourselves to be a powerful culture.

This place is not a place of honor...no highly esteemed deed is commemorated here...nothing valued is here.

What is here is dangerous and repulsive to us. This message is a warning about danger.

The danger is in a particular location...it increases toward a center...the center of danger is here...of a particular size and shape, and below us.

The danger is still present, in your time, as it was in ours.

The danger is to the body, and it can kill.

The form of the danger is an emanation of energy.

The danger is unleashed only if you substantially disturb this place physically. This place is best shunned and left uninhabited.”

Below I’m linking an artistic representation of the message I found on YouTube, which is also how I initially found out about the WIPP, it activated my fight or flight like crazy and was pretty unnerving:

Hostile and threatening looking infrastructure was also an idea that was raised to ward people away from the site, if anything, these are probably the images you've seen before whether or not you had prior knowledge of the WIPP:

“Spike Field” view 1 and 2:

“Spikes Bursting Through Grid” view 1 and 2:

“Landscape of Thorns”:

“Menacing Earthworks” view 1 and 2:

I believe this one in particular pertained to the idea of not having anything significant at the "centre" as humans throughout many cultures have placed a sense of holiness or importance on the centre of places, "the middle". This is a place that is meant to be shunned, so to have nothing of significance in the centre, the largest point of danger, would work to deter people from investigating as there is seemingly nothing there of interest:

“Forbidding Blocks” view 1 and 2:

There are more infrastructure ideas than these but I will link the WIPP info website, a website created to summarise the Sandia Report titled "Expert Judgement on Markers to Deter Inadvertent Human Intrusion into the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant" written in 1993, and leave you to read about them if you so wish. All screenshots in this segment were also obtained from there also.

Some other more out-there ideas were also put forward, one being an "Atomic Priesthood." Which sounds metal as fuck. According to their website, The Atomic Priesthood Project : "The Atomic Priesthood was a proposed system of communicating the history, infrastructures, and science of nuclear waste materials on geologic timescales through the use of ritual, allegory, and superstition."

As insane as it sounds, I do believe this would be a good option the only problem is is that we can't be for certain whether this priesthood would last. After all, infrastructure would last a lot longer than humans.

Another proposal was to genetically modify cats so that they glowed whilst near radiation, create a legend that would be passed between generations which would then mean once people saw this actually happening they would know to get out immediately. I really like this one, I think it's silly.

I'm interested to see if these plans develop at all within my lifetime. I do personally believe that nuclear power is the next step and there are already ways we can reduce and even reuse a large amount of the waste but, thanks to public concerns and fears, these avenues aren't being invested into. That being said we do need a way to store this waste we have created and cannot recycle.

I feel like I should have something clever and poignant to say about this, but my brain is going flat, so I'll quote section 5.3 (c) of the 1993 Sandia Report:

"The very exercise of designing, building, and viewing the markers creates a powerful testimony addressed to today's society about the full environmental, social, and economic costs of using nuclear materials. We can never know if we indeed have successfully communicated with our descendants 400 generations removed, but we can, in any case, perhaps convey an important message to ourselves."

#thank you WIPP for stopping future generations from ending up like Gabriela from SAW X #sorry for such a long random ass post about nuclear stuff that absolutely nobody asked for #i just think the whole thing is incredibly interesting #and the art of the ideas is really something else #maybe ill make this a thing where i just make long ass posts about stuff I'm interested in #Youtube #WIPP #Waste Isolation Pilot Plant #Nuclear #nuclear science #nuclear waste #science #femmemortes things

[boycritter]

1) which elements of the periodic table would make the best and worst clothing

2) best and worst sex toys

3) if they call it refrigerator why reef grift gator Gaylord of of of cold death

4) Explain continuities between land-based empires in the 1750-1900 time period

most fibers (synthetic and natural) are already made of carbon. so carbon makes the best clothing. for the worst, i'm gonna go with americium. dress made of smoke detectors

(authors note: factory, goncharov-propaganda is specifically referring to which elements would make the best and worst sex toys) best: plutonium. plutonium 239 specifically. put plutonium 239 into your vagina WITHOUT A CONDOM. teens of the world obey my call. worst: idk fucking. lithium

i once saw a billboard for a place called gaylord mountain and on the other side of the billboard it told me to find jesus

RACISM!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

[ask-the-prototypes]

Behold, the nuclear family! (lol) I expanded on the alternate versions of Nuke! There are now seven others, and their isotope numbers have been updated! This means that the numbers seen on the previous drawing are now obsolete.

Lore and details below the cut!

Nuclear Fission is the original! His rift is the first functional one, and it unwittingly kickstarts the other machines into operation.

Nuclear Dawn comes from a dimension where personalities are somewhat flipped, and then exaggerated. He is, with little doubt, an evil bastard.

Half-Life’s dimension is timeless - the concept doesn’t exist. Events happen in any order, at any speed, and the ponies there simply take things in stride.

Nukette is a gender-flipped dimension. Everypony, even the androids (though less so Sync) have opposing sexes and gender identities.

Bright Future’s dimension is one of incredible peace. Very few evils exist, but those evils run unopposed due to naivete or trickery.

Nuclear Powered flips the script on The Prototypes! Rather than Nuke being the one building a family of android prototypes, this dimension has a herd of scientists and researchers working together to create a single, highly modular, highly advanced prototype.

Cold Fusion is a chromatic anomaly; so far, no other dimension has strayed too far from the red color family. Reds and blues are swapped, as are names. Personalities seem to mostly be identical.

Final Flash is the ponified version of China’s ‘Nuke Cannon’ artillery unit from Command & Conquer: Generals. No less brilliant than her others, but has a sort of obsessive reverence for the weapon she hauls and the warheads she fires.

235 - Uranium: The primary isotope used in nuclear reactors and weapons 223 - Francium: Highly volatile isotope that reacts violently with water, and even moisture in the air 293 - Tennessine: The isotope with the shortest recorded half-life ever, clocking in at a mere 25/1000th of a second! 233 - Uranium: A less common isotope, still used in reactors and weapons 232 - Thorium: An alternative proposal to uranium in nuclear reactors, decreasing danger and risk 209 - Bismuth: The isotope with the longest discovered half-life, so much so that its theorized to outlast the universe itself 3 - Hydrogen: The isotope responsible for fusion reactions 239 - Plutonium: Almost exclusively used in nuclear warheads

#mlp #mlp oc #nuke #nuclear fission #digital art #235 #nuclear dawn #223 #final flash #239 #half-life #293 #nukette #233 #cold fusion #3 #bright future #232 #nuclear powered #209

[immaculatasknight]

Instant holocaust

#Germany #Ukraine #Nazi #nuclear weapons #Chernobyl #plutonium 239 #lawlessness #unaccountability #corruption

[itznarcotic]

he was a uranium-235 boy, she was a plutonium-239 girl, can i make it any more obvious

[dykoluv]

"PU-239"

I have to start like this before truly going head first into this. Gorgeous. Simply fucking gorgeous. And this doesn't apply only to my liking for the Soviet and Post Soviet era of Russia, it applies to human and their behaviors.

Pu-239, or originally known as The Half Life of Timofey Berezin, is a British drama, released in 2006 that follows the tangled story of two men. Timofey and Shiv.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

!! SPOILERS AHEAD !!

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

It's only right we start with Timofey. In his case, recklessly thinking that he can leap to prevent a critical malfunction within the nuclear power point, he is exposed to radiation. The blame - as it's always expected with the Russians - was placed on him. Forced to comply with his manager, Timofey is given the truth by a colleague of his. The numbers he was given were low, 100 rem, but in reality he was exposed to 1000 rem.

His days were counted. Each second was his last.

Left only to worry for his family - Marina and Tolya - he decides to do the extreme. Telling Marina that a job awaits for him in Moscow, he leaves. She trusts him, of course, but asks for a kiss. One that would be their last too.

Of course, there is no job, but despair. Coming up with a plan, Timofey returns to his workplace only to steal Plutonium-239 with the intention of selling it. From here on out his story gets tangled with Shiv's.

Now this man is chaotic to the max, he's some kind of a gangster that is bad at being a gangster. Always belittled by those he works with led him to yearns to prove himself.

Now to ground our setting a bit more, were in post Soviet Russia, a few years after it's dissolution. Of course as capitalism bloomed, the mafia's ways returned with their protection fees.

The gang Shiv is part of isn't the most brilliant one, as all 3 together couldn't properly remember an address, and they accidently blow up a shop that is under different protection from a different mafia head. This forces them to pay the damages, not in rubles, but in dollars. They go through their mischiefs trying to make a quick buck only to take separated ways, leaving Shiv alone to find his half of the required money.

Finally, our two meet in a flea market in Moscow. Timofey simply holding a sign that says pu-239 gets Shiv's attention, sparking his curiosity. Seeing that Shiv had no clue what was at stake, Timofey almost gives up on trying to explain. Shiv being insistent tells him that no one will buy whatever he's selling without help. And such the two embark together on their wild ride. By now Timofey is abruptly feeling worse and worse but pushes through. Only for his son sake.

Going from mafia head to mafia head, they fail to get a proper number, as both have no interest in some nuclear weapon.

Defeated, Timofey asks Shiv for one last ride to the train station, at which Shiv promises he'll do it only to drive to one of the mafia's private party. There, he's plead and insistence is reaching a limit, getting him shot twice. Timofey hardly manages to drag him out of the way, leaving him between cars. With their plan over, and minutes until he'd collapse, he takes his leave only to be attacked by Shiv's "work partners" and shot dead.

In the aftermath, his wife Marina is left to ask for her rights, which she gains. Leaving the country with their son.

"Light is a particle and a wave. This is hard to understand how a thing can be two things at once; but a woman is also both a particle and a wave. She's a wave when you see her reach down to pull a shell from the sea, and you feel her beauty pass through you like electrical current. She's a particle when her hair brushes your face, and her hands push into yours. And a child is also a particle and a wave. He is a wave the sound of his pain shoots through and twists you away from yourself. And he is a particle when a doctor hands you a baby; a small mirror. Women, children and light can be two things at once; a particle, a wave. They ricochet off the hard surfaces and illuminate the corners. Without them it would be far darker."

(Timofey explaining the light, something recurrent in the movie)

Now that I've laid down a summary, I want to talk about the way Timofey was written. Through the whole movie his voice is above everyone. He's a troubled soul that thinks too much and feels too much. And he's not afraid to say it. Paddy Considine, who played Timofey, did a wonderful job capturing the amount of emotions the character was going through. Pain, agaony, everything was there. You could feel the pain through the screen, behind the beautifully colored scenes and grainy look. You could see Timofey dying.

Oscar Isaac who played Shiv did just as good with portraying all the confusion and thoughts that went through Shiv's mind. At first I found it hard to believe he'd actually want this life of crimes, always second guessing the orders given, apologizing at every chance. This wasn't what he wanted to do, but rather what he had to survive.

Oddly, out of all things, their characters were drawn together by one thing. The well being of their sons.

In the end, the movie was on spot on inflicting feelings into the watchers. And perhaps making us understand the reasoning behind those actions.

Despair.

#pu-239 #movie analysis #movie review #opinion #The Half Life of Timofey Berezin #long post #summary #commentary #hbo max #hbo films #oscar isaac #paddy considine

[gsirvitor]

“Just because you're ill informed does not mean you get to call others stupid, nor does your wishing to rob people of their rights mean you get to call them evil.”

The second amendment and its consequences have been a disaster for the United States.

The last conflict fought between American civilians and hostile foreign forces on American soil was over 200 years ago.

The American government has not once shown anywhere near a level of tyranny where revolution would be a viable or necessary solution.

Well regulated militia

Not whatever the hell you retards are up to today

"The US government has not once shown anywhere near a level of Tyranny where revolution would be a viable or necessary solution."

The Siege of Waco.

Ruby Ridge.

Warrantless Wiretapping, a violation of federal statutes and the Constitution.

The continued existence of the ATF and FBI.

Ever rising Taxes.

The continued abuse of the Patriot Act, the FBI has issued hundreds of thousands of national security letters thanks to the Patriot Act, a majority against U.S. persons, and many without any connection to terrorism at all, the Patriot Act violates both the First Amendment and the separation of powers doctrine.

Surgical drone strikes, in which more than 90% of those killed were found to not be the intended targets.

In a 1949 operation called the "Green Run", the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) released iodine-131 and xenon-133 into the atmosphere near the Hanford site in Washington, which contaminated a 500'000-acre (2000 km²) area containing three small towns.

In 1953, the AEC ran several studies at the University of Iowa on the health effects of radioactive iodine in newborns and pregnant women. In one study, researchers gave pregnant women between 100 to 200 microcuries (3.7 to 7.4 MBq) of iodine-131, to study the women's aborted embryos in an attempt to discover at what stage, and to what extent, radioactive iodine crosses the placental barrier. In another study, they gave 25 newborn babies (who were under 36 hours old and weighed from 5.5 to 8.5 pounds (2.5 to 3.9 kg)) iodine-131, either by oral administration or through an injection, so that they could measure the amount of iodine in their thyroid glands, as iodine would go to that gland.

In another AEC study, researchers at the University of Nebraska College of Medicine fed iodine-131 to 28 healthy infants through a gastric tube to test the concentration of iodine in the infants' thyroid glands.

In Alaska, starting in August 1955, the AEC selected a total of 102 Inuit natives and Athapascan Indians who would be used to study the effects of radioactive iodine on thyroid tissue, particularly in cold environments. Over a two-year span, the test subjects were given doses of I-131 and samples of saliva, urine, blood, and thyroid tissue were collected from them. The purpose and risks of the radioactive iodine dosing, along with the collection of body fluid and tissue samples was not explained to the test subjects, and the AEC did not conduct any follow-up studies to monitor for long-term health effects.

In an experiment in the 1960s, over 100 Alaskan citizens were continually exposed to radioactive iodine.

Albert Stevens, a man misdiagnosed with stomach cancer, received "treatment" for his "cancer" at the U.C. San Francisco Medical Center in 1945. Dr. Joseph Gilbert Hamilton, a Manhattan Project doctor in charge of the human experiments in California, had Stevens injected with Pu-238 and Pu-239 without informed consent. Stevens never had cancer; a surgery to remove cancerous cells was highly successful in removing the benign tumor, and he lived for another 20 years with the injected plutonium. Since Stevens received the highly radioactive Pu-238, his accumulated dose over his remaining life was higher than anyone has ever received: 64 Sv (6400 rem). Neither Albert Stevens nor any of his relatives were told that he never had cancer; they were led to believe that the experimental "treatment" had worked. His cremated remains were surreptitiously acquired by Argonne National Laboratory Center for Human Radiobiology in 1975 without the consent of surviving relatives.

From 1946 to 1953, at the Walter E. Fernald State School in Massachusetts, in an experiment sponsored by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and the Quaker Oats corporation, 73 mentally disabled children were fed oatmeal containing radioactive calcium and other radioisotopes, to track "how nutrients were digested". The children were not told that they were being fed radioactive chemicals; they were told by hospital staff and researchers that they were joining a "science club".

Between 1948 and 1954, funded by the federal government, researchers at the Johns Hopkins Hospital inserted radium rods into the noses of 582 Baltimore, Maryland schoolchildren as an alternative to adenoidectomy.

In 1957, atmospheric nuclear explosions in Nevada, which were part of Operation Plumbbob were later determined to have released enough radiation to have caused from 11'000 to 212'000 excess cases of thyroid cancer among U.S. citizens who were exposed to fallout from the explosions, leading to between 1100 and 21'000 deaths.

There are far too many radiation experiments.

From 1942 to 1944, the U.S. Chemical Warfare Service conducted experiments which exposed thousands of U.S. military personnel to mustard gas, without consent, in order to test the effectiveness of gas masks and protective clothing.

From 1950 through 1953, the U.S. Army conducted Operation LAC (Large Area Coverage), spraying chemicals over six cities in the United States and Canada, to test dispersal patterns of chemical weapons. Army records stated that the chemicals which were sprayed on the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, included zinc cadmium sulfide, which was not thought to be harmful.

To test whether or not sulfuric acid, which is used in making molasses, was harmful as a food additive, the Louisiana State Board of Health commissioned a study to feed "Negro prisoners" nothing but molasses for five weeks. One report stated that prisoners did not "object to submitting themselves to the test, because it would not do any good if they did."

Operation Top Hat.

Holmesburg program.

Project BLUEBIRD.

In 1952, professional tennis player Harold Blauer died when he was injected with a fatal dose of a mescaline derivative at the New York State Psychiatric Institute of Columbia University. The United States Department of Defense, which sponsored the injection, worked in collusion with the Department of Justice and the New York State Attorney General to conceal evidence of its involvement in the experiment for 23 years. Cattell claimed that he did not know what the army had ordered him to inject into Blauer, saying: "We didn't know whether it was dog piss or what we were giving him."

On November 19, 1953, Dr. Frank Olson was given a dosage of LSD without his knowledge or consent. After falling from a hotel window nine days later, he died under suspicious circumstances. Until the Project MKUltra revelations, the cause of Olson's death was covered up for 22 years.

MKUltra.

In August 2010, the U.S. weapons manufacturer Raytheon announced that it had partnered with a jail in Castaic, California, to use prisoners as test subjects for its Active Denial System that "fires an invisible heat beam capable of causing unbearable pain." The device, dubbed "pain ray" by its critics, was rejected for fielding in Iraq due to Pentagon fears that it would be used as an instrument of torture.

I can go on.

Now onto the 2nd Ammendment.

Who knows better what the Second Amendment means than the Founding Fathers? Here are some powerful gun quotations from the Founding Fathers themselves.

[isotopegirl]

Top 5 favourite isotopes?

5. Plutonium-239 (used in nuclear weapons)

4. Urainum-235 (also used in nuclear weapons)

3. Tritium (used in fusion reactors)

2. Bismuth-209 (long thought to be stable, but turns out it just has a half life of around 2.01 * 10^19 years and its crystals look pretty :D)

1. Deuterium (used in fusion reactors and can join with oxygen to create heavy water (D2O))

#isotopeposting

[man-and-atom]

“Fusion is the energy source of the future, and always will be.”

We don’t wish to be cynical. Really we don’t. But power from nuclear fission of heavy elements involved enormously difficult and complex technical challenges ― and yet, within 15 years of the first demonstration of the fission chain reaction, within 20 years of the discovery of the phenomenon of fission in uranium, power-producing reactors were entering routine use, connected to major electricity-supply systems, or propelling ships.

The first demonstrations of large-scale energy release from fusion, in the form of hydrogen bomb explosions, are now seventy years in the past. Workers in the field of controlled fusion continue to meet with frustration at every turn.

While we do not wish to discourage work on fusion, which may yet prove to be of great value (among other things, fast neutrons from deuterium fusion can be used for converting uranium-238 to plutonium-239, and thorium-232 to uranium-233), we need to acknowledge that, in any practical sense, fission already meets the need for “a limitless source of clean energy”.

Let’s use the nuclear energy we have, instead of waiting around in the hopes that something better will come along.

#the fusion delusion #atomic power to the people