#Malayo-Indonesian

[awly0hifipcif]

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[saharathorn]

Austronesian Languages all sound so pretty…

#Hawaiian Māori Javanese Indonesian Malagasy! The Range!!! #she (Malayo-Polynesian) did that for us!!!

[videgme]

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[filipinofoodart]

La, la, la, Limang Lumpia! The number 5 is Lima in Bicolano, Kapampangan, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Tagalog, Cebuano, Waray, and Pangasinanse (but also Limara in Pangasinanse too). 

In fact, the number 5 as well as other numbers sound similar in countries surrounding the Philippines too. This is because we speak languages under the Malayo-Polynesian language family. 

The number 5 is also Lima in Malay, Indonesian, and even old Chamoro which is spoken in Guam. In New Zealand, Maori for the number 5 is Rima! In some Philippine languages, ka-lima means hand. 

Counting Filipino food printable in Tagalog: https://www.etsy.com/listing/1278160687/learn-filipino-food-alphabet-and-numbers

#Buwan Ng Wika #Lumpia #Philippine languages #Filipino #Filipino food #Egg roll

[funlinguisticfactdaily]

Language Fact-File Sunday!

Javanese (basa Jawa/بَاسَا جَاوَا‎)

Basa Jawa iku kagolong basa Austronésia, yaiku basa-basa kang dianggo sawarna-warnaning bangsa pribumi ing kapuloan sakidulwetaning bawana Asia.

Javanese is a Malayo-Polynesian language, other examples of which include Indonesian, Tagalog and Malay. Though Javanese was traditionally written with the Javanese script (shown above), today it primarily uses the Latin alphabet. It can also be written in Pegon, a modified form of the Arabic script (also shown above). Javanese uses two different registers: krama which is more formal, and ngoko.

Key words:

- Hello: sugeng

- Goodbye: pamit

- Please: mangga

- Thank you: matur nuwun

- Sorry: sepurane

- Yes: iya (ngoko)/inggih (krama)

- No: ora (ngoko)/mboten (krama)

Javanese is primarily spoken in Java (Jawa [ˈdʒawa]), an island in Indonesia. Dark green areas on the map below are where Javanese is a majority language, and light green is where it's a minority language:

How to recognise: the Javanese script is fairly distinctive, and looks like this:

Though primarily used to write Javanese, the script has also been used to write languages such as Sudanese, Madurese and the dead language Sanskrit. Pegon can be recognised by the seven characters it includes that aren’t found in standard Arabic: چ, ڎ, ڟ, ڠ, ڤ, ڮ‎ and ۑ‎. However, something being written using Pegon isn’t a guarantee of it being Javanese; it could also be Sudanese or Madurese. In the Latin alphabet, the letter e is the only letter which has any accents on in Javanese, and the six diagraphs are dh, kh, ng, ny, sy, and th.

#linguistics #javanese

[lingcharts]

Numbers in some Indonesian Languages.

All except for Indonesian, Banjarese and Minangkabau, which use the Latin script, have their own scripts but resources are limited to English speakers - source recommendations appreciated

Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia and is in the Malay subgroup of the Malayic family in the Malayo-Sumbawan group of the Malayo-Polynesian branch.

Javanese is spoken on the central and eastern side of the island of Java and is in the Malayo-Polynesian branch. It is written in the Javanese script.

Sundanese is spoken on the west side of the island of Java. It is in the Lampung-Sunda family of the Malayo-Sumbawan group of the Malayo-Polynesian branch. It is typically written in the Sundanese script.

Minangkabau is spoken on the west side of the island of Sumatra. It is also in the Malayic family from the Malayo-Sumbawan group. It can be written in both the Latin and the Jawi script.

Buginese is spoken on the southwestern peninsula of the island of Sulawesi. It is in the South Sulawesi branch of the Malayo-Polynesian family and uses Lontara script.

Banjarese is spoken in the south of the island of Borneo. It is also in the Malayic family, and uses the Latin or Jawi script.

Balinese is spoken on the island of Bali. It is in the Bali-Sasak family of the Malayo-Sumbawan group. The Balinese script is used, although infrequently as Latin script use is now more common.

Note: Spelling and/or full words of some languages may differ according to region or locale.

#indonesian #indonesian languages #javanese #sundanese #minangkabau #buginese #banjarese #balinese #malayo-polynesian languages #linguistics #languages #langblr #original content #number series

[historical-nonfiction]

Madagascar Does Not Come From Where You Think

In multiple ways. First, it is a break off from the Indian sub-continent, not African, even though it is very very close to Africa. Second, the first settlers on Madagascar between 350 and 550 CE were of Malayo-Indonesian descent. Specifically, from Indonesia, Sumatra, and Java. Yes, that is on the other side of the Indian Ocean, rather than across the short Mozambique Channel to Africa. These were joined around the 800s CE by Bantu migrants crossing the Mozambique Channel and intermarrying with the Malagasy.

A big clue about Madagascar's unusual migration history is that most common language of Madagascar, also called Malagasy, can be identified as part of the Austronesian language family.

#history #geography #language #madagascar #malagasy #austronesian #bantu

[just-a-cup-of-anxietea]

How's this: not a native English speaker so try to guess what language I speak and the meaning of the words :3

Cinta, rindu, hujan

@kakooii Oh tHAT’S WHAT IM TALKING ABOUT. A proper challenge!! Right so stream of consciousness here:

First off, disclaimer: I don’t know what I’m doing. I have a vague notion of some general language family rules, but really, I’m gonna operate primarily on vibes here. 

The rules I have just imposed upon myself to make my responses here a little more comprehensible: I can look up maps, and I can look up stats, but i can’t look up those ^^ words or words of other languages explicitly. 

I’m a geography major, so here is the Required Visual Aid Map:

Okay so right off the bat I’m gonna guess it’s not in the western hemisphere (of this map). I’m feeling like it’s somewhere in the Dravidian, Sino-Tibetan, Malayo-Polynesian, or “other” (very helpful categorization, map) language families. That word “rindu” specifically sounds like something I’d hear somewhere in Southeast Asia. I’m just generally getting a Southeast Asia vibe tbh. (I’m like 97% sure it’s not a language distinct to Africa (different vibe), and it doesn’t immediately strike me as Indo-European. (except for cinta which is definitely a word in Spanish ahhhh))

Also the particular selection of words here doubles up on u’s and i’s so I’m gonna assume that represents the rest of the language as well. U and i prominence (especially with n prominence as well) seems to be common in like. more tropical Southeast Asia? That’s a weird categorization there, but bear with me. 

I’m leaning more towards Dravidian and Malayo-Polynesian. I might be getting my wires crossed here, but I think, I think, Sino-Tibetan languages (especially the more inland languages) have words with sharper and more prominently featured consonants. Also, the inflection and intonation in the transliterations are different...I think transliterations from Sino-Tibetan languages usually have more accents/markings bc the style of speaking is so different for Indo-European speakers, and we need that extra help. 

But then...wait... wouldn’t Malayo-Polynesian languages have those extra accents too?? Maybe not? I think Malayo-Polynesian languages are a little easier for Indo-European speakers to handle, so those three words not having accents could make sense if they were transliterated Malayo-Polynesian words. I know for a fact that Hawaiian (Polynesian language) is fairly easy to pronounce for Indo-European language speakers, so I’m thinkin’ that might just hold true for the other languages of the same family.

OKAY so I’m gonna stick with the Malayo-Polynesian family. And uh. As for specific language? Uh. *googles “what languages are in malayo-polynesian family”* HOLY MOLY THAT’S A LOT. 

Okay. Uh. Well, statistically speaking, the never-wrong resource that is Wikipedia says that the Malayo-Polynesian languages with over five million speakers are: “Malay (including Indonesian), Javanese, Sundanese, Tagalog, Malagasy, Cebuano, Madurese, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, and Minangkabau.” 

I don’t think it’s Tagalog bc I’ve heard some Tagalog speakers, and those words don’t seem to fit the character of their speech. Secondly, I have no idea what those last six languages even are so I’m just not gonna guess them bc I have no knowledge of them. That leaves Malay and Javanese. I think Javanese is more...syncopated to the Indo-European ear than those words suggest? So uh? Malay I guess? Indonesian? 

I have NO idea, but it was so fun to pretend I know what I’m talking about! 

As for meaning of the words. ahahahhahaahaha. I’ve got NO clue and I don’t even know how to go about narrowing words down (how do I know what part of speech-?) so imma just guess “language,” “speak,” and “nature.” First words to come to mind lol. 

This was... a lot more than I expected to write, oops. But really THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THIS ASK! It was so cool! And was I anywhere near the right language family/language/word translations? 

#ask #answered #kakooii #languages #language families

[gwendolynlerman]

Languages of the world

Indonesian (bahasa Indonesia)

Basic facts

Number of native speakers: 43 million

Official language: Indonesia

Recognized minority language: Timor-Leste

Also spoken: Australia, Netherlands, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Suriname, United States

Script: Latin, 26 letters

Grammatical cases: 0

Linguistic typology: agglutinative, SVO

Language family: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Malay

Number of dialects: 4

History

1972 - spelling reform

Writing system and pronunciation

These are the letters that make up the script: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z.

Stress usually falls on the penultimate syllable of words.

Grammar

Nouns are not marked for gender, number, or case. Nevertheless, plurality can be expressed by reduplication.

Definiteness is conveyed by a demonstrative. Inclusiveness and exclusiveness are marked not only in the first-person plural but also in the second-person plural.

Verbs are conjugated for aspect and voice. The rest of categories are either inferred from context or expressed using adverbs or auxiliary words.

Dialects

Indonesian features a diglossia situation in which the standard variety, which is based on the Jakarta dialect, is mostly used only in formal situations, while vernacular varieties are used in daily communication.

There are four dialects: Northern, Southern, Western, and Eastern. Differences can be mainly found in pronunciation and vocabulary.

#langblr #indonesian #lingblr

[learnlenguej]

Austronesian : The Mother of Malay Language (Part 1)

Introduction

Indonesian language is one of the Austronesian language families as theory says. It is shown that the original Austronesian people migrated to the Indonesian archipelago by bringing a new culture intrusion including their language (Sofwan Noerwidi, 2014). As we may know, Indonesian language has a language root from Malay language which is widely spoken in Malayan Peninsula (Malaysia), Northern Borneo Island (Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam) while Singaporean speak it as minority language. Although the language spoken in those countries share the same language root, they sound different to each other due to the modern standardization and adjustment from both local culture and colonial background influence. This article comes up with some following questions:

“What are Austronesian language families? Where do Austronesian language families come from?”

“Which Southeast Asian countries speak Malay Language?”

“Why the Malay Language spoken in Indonesia is different with the one spoken in Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam and Singapore?”

Austronesian Language Families

The word of Austronesia comes from Latin “Auster” which means southern wind and ancient Greek “Nesos” which means islands since the area where the speakers of Austronesian inhabit the islands in the south area (tropical area). Sofwan Noerwidi says in his journal that there some different perspective theories of the origin of Austronesian people or what is so-called the people who speak Austronesian:

The Austronesian people were originated from the island of Taiwan (Formosa).

The Austronesian people were originated from Southeast Asia archipelago.

The Austronesian people were originated from Melanesia area.

There is another theory from Bellwood about where were the Austronesian originated. I his research (Bellwood 1995: 97-98), he claims that the Austronesian were originated from Taiwan and southern coast of China. Various analytical viewpoints support this theory. In addition, the research found that area demonstrates the ancient culture aspect of Austronesian with a period of time 7000 years ago in Hemudu Sites Zhejiang Province, China.

The Austronesian sailed across the sea from the island of Taiwan to the Phillipines islands. Later, they migrated to the Northern Borneo and spread its culture including the root language across the Maritime Southeast Asia to Madagascar. To the East from Maluku towards Oceania islands.

The outline of Austronesian language can be classified from Formonsan and Indo-Melanesian language as follows:

Formosan language

The researched language such as Atayal, Seedik, Basai-Trobiawan, Kavalan, Amis, Nataoran, Sakizaya, Siraya, Puyuma, Paiwan, Rukai, Tsou, Saaroa, Kanakanabu, Bunun, Taokas-Babuza, Papora-Hoanya, Thao, Saisiyat and Kulon-Pazeh.

Indo-Melanesian language

This language branch is categorized as three identities which are West, Central and East Malayo-Polinesian. The speakers of West Melayu-Polinesian language is about 300 million speakers. It spread out from    Sulawesi, Borneo (Kalimantan province, Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei Darussalam), Sumatra, Java, Malayan peninsula (Malaysia and Singapore) to the Madagascar. The branch languages are such as standardized Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Malaysia, Javanese, Sundanese, Maduranese, Balinese, Bugis, Tagalog, Cebuano, Visayan, Mindanaoan, Malagasy, etc. The Central Malayo-Polinesian identity consists of the language spoken in such as language of Bima-Sumba, Central Maluku, Southeast Maluku and Timor-Flores. The East Malayo-Polinesian identity is spoken in Maluku (South Halmahera) and coast of Papua and is divided into two sub categories. The first category is Micronesian. This includes the language which is spoken by the people of Micronesia such as Nauru, Sama and Chamorro. The second one is Polinesian languages such as Hawai’i, Maori, Samoa, Tahiti, Tuvalu and other Pacific Ocean territories.

(To be continued)

Historia Factory. (n.d.). Retrieved 14 May, from https://historiafactory.wordpress.com/2016/06/30/rumpun-austronesia/

Kardiani, N. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2021, from https://nashakardiani.blogspot.com/2013/05/bahasa-austronesia.html

Rumpun Bahasa Austronesia. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2021, from Wikipedia: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Austronesia

Rumpun Bahasa Melayu Polinesia. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2021, from Wikipedia: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Melayu-Polinesia

#austronesian #language families #malay #indonesian #bahasa melayu #bahasa indonesia #polinesia #micronesia #oceania

[linguisten]

LDC Australia & Oceania 7/7: Sasak

Linguistic Diversity Challenge Australia & Oceania

What is the language called in English and the language itself?

Sasak, Lombok

Where is the language spoken?

It is spoken on Lombok island, West Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia

How many people speak the language? Is it endangered?

The language is spoken by roughly 2.6 million native speakers, but it might become endangered within one or two generations nonetheless

Speakers perceive their language as less prestigious, so they often switch to Indonesian to create their identity such as being educated or come from the city. [...] Indonesian is the national language and has been strongly imposed in many of the domains (ELP)

Which language family does it belong to? What are some of its relative languages?

Austronesian (1277) >> Malayo-Polynesian (1257) >> Malayo-Sumbawan (78) >> North and East Malayo-Sumbawan (74) >> Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa (3) >> Sasak-Sumbawa (2) >> Sasak;  the most famous close relative is Balinese 

What writing system does the language use?

Traditionally, Sasak had its own writing system which is closely related to the Balinese script (see links); nowadays, however, it is mostly written with the Latin alphabet, following Indonesian orthography standards

What kind of grammatical features does the language have? What is its typological profile?

It is your typical Western Malayo-Polynesian language with a few “but”s; it has a focus-style alignment, but it has mostly fee word order; it has few prefixes and suffixes but a fairly impressive set of clitics; and to add some distinct flavor, it has a politeness level system reminiscent of Balinese or Javanese

What does the language sound like?

What do you personally find interesting about the language?

A former colleague of mine (when I was still teaching at the dept. of anthropology in Münster) was (probably still is) married to a Sasak.

I made this post upon special request from @ajengnh. 

(re)sources

https://phoible.org/languages/sasa1249

https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sasa1249

https://omniglot.com/writing/sasak.htm

https://lingdy.aa-ken.jp/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/140227-intl-symp-and-ws_peter_k_austin_paper.pdf

http://www.language-archives.org/language/sas

http://odin.linguistlist.org/igt_urls.php?lang=sas

http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10451

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasak_language

#linguisticdiversitychallenge #sasak #languages of indonesia #lingblr #linguistic diversity

[mapsontheweb]

Major branches of Malayo-Polynesian languages

This map is showing 8 of 9 major branches of Malayo-Polynesian subfamily of Austronesian languages. From west to east:

Black: Moklenic languages

Green: Sumatran languages

Yellow: West Indonesian languages

Red: Philippine languages (might not be a coherent subgroup)

Cyan: South Sulawesi languages

Blue: Celebic languages

Purple: Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages (all Austronesian languages in the Pacific belong to this group as well)

White: Palauan language

The only branch not shown here is the Chamorro language, spoken in the Marianas.

#maps #languages #polynesian

[kimxblht-17]

𝙱𝙾𝙰𝙽𝙶, 𝙺𝙰𝙶𝚆𝙰𝙽𝙶, 𝙼𝙰𝙽𝙰𝙽𝙰𝙿, 𝙻𝙸𝚃𝚂𝙸

Is saying cuss words really bad? Discover approximately the origins of those not unusual place curse words, you will recognize that some are not so terrible after all. Cebuano language, also spelled Sebuano, furthermore called Sugbuhanon, member of the Western, or Indonesian, branch of the Austronesian or Malayo-Polynesian language family. it absolutely was spoken within the first 21st century by roughly 18.5 million people within the Philippines. The speakers are you contact eastern Negros, Cebu, Bohol, western Leyte, the Camotes Islands, together with the northern and western coasts of Mindanao. Cebuano is closely related to the languages of the Hiligaynon or Ilongo and Waray-Waray, and it is sometimes grouped with those languages as a dialect of Visayan or Bisayan. The Cebuano speakers constitute about one-fifth of the population of the Philippines and are the second largest ethnolinguistic group within the country. Regardless of its spoken frequency, Cebuano is not any longer used as a literary language, although newspapers and films both use language. Native speakers of most Bisayan languages, only ask their language by their local name, but also by Bisaya or Binisaya, meaning Bisayan language, this could be misleading or may cause confusion as different languages could even be called Bisaya by their respective speakers despite their languages being mutually unintelligible.

The word “buang” is extremely old. Buang could be a Cebuano word for crazy. Cebuano could be a local dialect within the Philippines. Buang is usually a harsher word than crazy. this may be used as a curse once you are angry and may be utilized in tandem with other known Cebuano cuss words like the likes of Yawa, Pisti and Atay. It appears within the oldest Visayan dictionary because the equivalent of the Spanish word “loco,” which suggests “crazy.” In English, the word “retard” is taken into account disparaging or offensive. On the other hand, in Visayan, we use “buang” to visit individuals who are schizophrenic, in addition to those with other mental disorders or cognitive disabilities, this is often because of miseducation, the shortage of psychological state awareness, and therefore the lack of recent native words to represent other psychiatric terms.

"Buang ka, sis, wala ka na nanawag!" it means "You are crazy, sister, you did not call!"

"Ang buang galakawlakaw sa Colon” it means in english " The crazy is roaming around in the Colon", another example are 

"Akung auntie kay buang na man” which means "My aunt is already crazy",

"Nakit-an nako akong maestra sauna nga nahimu nang buang, gakatawa sa dalan” which also means "I saw my teacher before, she is crazy now and laugh in the street".

Whenever people with mental disorders hear from, ignorant people say that  “buang,” it comes across as offensive. Some people that have not been educated about mental state would say that somebody with depression is “nabuang,” or for somebody with anxiety,

"Naa man gud na siya’y sakit sa utok, murag nabuang na tingali.” above all for youths with autism.

"Ah, buang diay nang anak ni Marites?" "Oo, naay kuwang-kuwang sa pangutuk." The nature of the word “buang” is additionally disparaging in certain contexts especially within the hands of the ignorant, but it's certainly employed in society. What we want is mental state awareness and new words to face for the assorted terms of mental disorders. For as long as there's no awareness or new coined Visayan lexicons within the field of psychiatry, locals will keep using “buang” when speaking of disorders and disabilities associated with the brain.

This curse word "mananap"  called "animal" in english is clearly not native as Visayans had high reverence and respect for. People usually use this word  as a curse word. It is "hayop" in tagalog. Saying "animal ka nga bata" in Cebuano means  "hayop kang bata ka" in tagalog is a way of cursing someone. We failed to negatively view animals for his or her natural traits, and that we certainly didn't think humans were morally superior simply because of “civilization.” We kissed our dogs and treated our pigs like princesses. We respected the crocodiles’ fearfulness as a “divine sheriff,” and that we copied the markings of snakes and lizards as tattoo designs to indicate bravery and honor. In fact, our youngsters learned the names of wildlife from comparisons with human behavior. Our native word for “animal” is “hayupan.

"Kagwang” this word is really the local term for the “flying lemur.” Our Indonesian brothers’ term for “lemur” is “kukang” or “pukang” or “kubung.” The kagwang will be very stinky, so some Visayans would say, “Nanimahu na man ka og kagwang” which means "You smell bad already" in english. Although funny, harmless, fluffy, and cute, the kagwang is typically unfortunately feared by some Visayans and mistaken to be an aswang. The kagwang isn't a bloodthirsty or flesh-eating creature. It only feeds on plants, and insects, and it's sadly endangered, so please protect it. The decreasing numbers of the kagwang species is essentially caused by deforestation and ignorance. Although called a “flying lemur,” it doesn't fly and isn't a lemur. it's only an expert glider and may be a form of colugo.

Interestingly, sources say that “ Instead of saying the actual curse word, let’s just say “milk” out of anger. They discovered more possible origins behind this curse word! Contrary to John U. Wolff’s definition of his “litsi” entry in his dictionary, we have found that “leche” is also a curse word that originated in Spain. The first one is “Leche” being a reference for “sperm.” The second is “Me cago en la leche,” meaning “I sh*t on the milk” it is a bad reference for Catholics as milk here is sometimes a euphemism for the Eucharistic host in Spain and Puerto Rico or sometimes a euphemism for “ley,” the Law of Moses. The third one is “Mala leche,”  which literally means “bad milk.” Apparently, Spaniards have many metaphorical uses for milk. If you’re told to be of bad milk or to be coming from bad milk, it means you or your mom is moody or bad-tempered. The fourth one is “Leches!” was used by Spaniards when they’re shocked, surprised, amazed, or annoyed. The fifth one is  “leches” literally means “What milks” but figuratively refers to “What the hell.” The last one “Dar una leche” literally means “to give milk” but figuratively means to punch or slap someone. “Leche” in Spanish, however, is not always bad. There is “Ser de la leche” meaning “to be the milk,” and when someone tells you that, it means “You’re the best!” “A toda de leche” or “echando leche” means “very fast” or “in a hurry.”

"It is better to use curse words than to hurt somebody else" and "Saying curse words does not define who you are". When I was a kid my grandparents always taught me to avoid saying cuss words. I still remember when I was in elementary days I said litsi my grandmother slapped my mouth, then I reached junior high school I encountered many schoolmates saying cuss words. I started saying curse words when I was in grade 9 due to the fact that I'm surrounded with people  that are saying it, until now that I am a Senior high school, and saying curse words is like an expression to me along with my friends, when we hang out together we normalize saying cuss words. Nevertheless when we are at school or encounter teachers, principals and people that are older than us we control saying curse words because for them it is still a cuss word, their generation before and generation now is not the same. We all know that saying cuss words is extremely rampant now, especially that we are now in Generation Z which the kids are so advanced and usually are making the cursed words as an expression. The word “profanity” is sometimes relevance curse words and it's a word that has many meanings. It means using the type of words or language that will be construed as inappropriate, vulgar, insulting, foul, bad or dirty, essentially it's the act of cursing or swearing. Additionally, comes in several forms, and  will be an expression, gesture or part of speech. it is also connected to how one behaves during a social context. In some societies, certain varieties of speech and gestures are associated with vulgarity, desecration, obnoxiousness or are taken as insults. For as long as people can remember, cursing and swearing are an integral part of human discourse, certainly, it's not a replacement phenomenon. Furthermore, After all these are just a word expression and what really matters the most is the beautiful attitude of the inside in you, and on how you treat the person you encounter. However we still need to be careful because some people are very sensitive in words especially if there is someone who cursed them. We need to make sure that if we are saying those cursed words, only for the people that are close to us and  used to say it also. 

#@queenlupitajones

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[aefensteorrra]

Linguistic Diversity Challenge: Javanese - ꦧꦱꦗꦮ

What is the language called in English and the language itself? In English, the language is called Javanese. In Javanese, it is called basa Jawa:  [bɔsɔ dʒɔwɔ]. 

Where is the language spoken? Javanese is spoken primarily on the island of Java in Indonesia; home to approximately 145 million people, it is the world’s most populous island. Most speakers of Javanese also speak Indonesian. 

How many people speak the language? 82 million people are native speakers of Javanese, making it the largest language without an official status where it is spoken. 

Which language family does it belong to? What are some of its relative languages? Javanese is a Malayo-Polynesian language of the Austronesian language family, however, it is distinct from its relatives. It is most closely related to languages spoken nearby such as Sudanese, Madurese and Balinese. 

What writing system does the language use? Javanese is traditionally written in the Javanese script, known natively as askara Jawa, variant of the Kawi script which dates back to around the 8th century, itself a descendant of the Brahmi script. Thus, the script shares similarities with others of Southeast Asia. In the 19th century, Dutch colonisers began to replace the native Javanese script with the Latin script. Javanese now uses the Latin script for practical purposes such as displaying the language digitally. 

What kind of grammatical features does the language have? 

Like other Austronesian languages, Javanese is an agglutinative language. 

The word order is typically SVO but the archaic VSO word order is sometimes still used. 

Verbs are not inflected for person/number but there are verb affixes which express the status of the subject or object of a sentence. 

There are no grammatical tenses; Javanese uses auxiliary words to express time. 

Registers are used to distinguish between formal, neutral and informal speech, all relative to the status of who is speaking to who. 

What does the language sound like? Here is an example of Javanese spoken in the informal register

What do you personally find interesting about the language? I’ve been reading a lot about Austronesian languages recently and have been drawn to Javanese (as well as Balinese) because I find the script so beautiful!

- Here is a website where English speakers can learn more about Javanese grammar and vocabulary -

#Javanese #basa jawa #linguistic diversity challenge #langblr #linguisticdiversitychallenge

[salvadorbonaparte]

Linguistic Diversity Challenge 2/? - Butonese

What is the language called in English and in the language itself?

Butonese is also known as Cia-Cia which is also the name in the language itself (Bahasa Ciacia)

Where is the language spoken? The language is spoken on Buton Island in Indonesia

How many people speak the language?

Cia-Cia is spoken by approximately 79000 native speakers (2005)

Which language family does it belong to? What are some of its relative languages?

It is a Muna-Buton language, part of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian languages. Other Muna-Buton languages include Lasalimu, Kumbewaha, Busoa, Kaimbulawa, Liabuku, Muna, Pancana and Kioko. It is also related to the "larger" members of the Malayo-Polynesian languages such as Malay/Indonesian and Javanese.

What writing system does the language use?

Here is where it gets interesting: Cia-Cia has historically used Gundhul, an Arabic script, but a few years tried to adopt Korean Hangul. Although a functional version of Hangul was created to fit the needs of the language, it is nowadays usually written in the Latin alphabet.

Here is a text passage in Latin script, Hangul and in English (taken from Omniglot):

Adi sering pali nononto televisi. Amano nopo'ombae ia nanumonto televisi kolie nomolengo. - 아디 세링 빨리 노논또 뗄레ᄫᅵ시. 아마노 노뽀옴바에 이아 나누몬또 뗄레ᄫᅵ시 꼴리에 노몰렝오. - Adi watches too much TV. His father advises him not to watch too much TV.

What kind of grammatical/morphological features does the language have?

It is really difficult doing research like this on my phone and I'll hopefully be able to tell you soon :/

What does the language sound like?

I still can't post pictures so an IPA update will follow

Cia-Cia phonology uses 5 vowels and 19 consonants

What do you personally find interesting about the language?

I learned about this language a few years ago through the writing system switch story and my brain went "ohhhh writing system" and I have been vaguely interested to learn more about this language ever since. I will hopefully find something in the uni library next time I'm there because my current online resources are not very helpful

#linguistic diversity challenge #linguisticdiversitychallenge #langblr #cia-cia #butonese