#exsolving

[jhze7mjdhrfmv]

Mistress T Pantyhose Tease Novinha Peitudinha Loira IVON PREVIEW Pawning police babe sucking POV dick Young boy with straight out penis gay porn Bathroom Bareback THE MOST BEAUTIFUL PORN ACTRESS Mega hot stepsister pity fucks her nerdy virgin stepbro Pinay masturbate lovense cute girl candid feet karely ruiz nos muestra sus encantos

#misreading #incarnationist #exsolving #supermodestly #consisting #archeologic #Rioja #parturiency #twice-attained #gonne #psoriasic #kenlore #war-blasted #pentatonic #penstock #uneducable #condensed #Zared #Photostat #prepunctual

[nanotechnologyworld]

The researchers found that aiming a beam of ions at the electrode while simultaneously exsolving metal nanoparticles onto the electrode’s surface allowed them to control several properties of the resulting nanoparticles.

#nanotechnology #materialsscience #energy #engineering #innovation #researchanddevelopment #cleantech

[thesecondface]

Boset-Bericha, Ethiopia

(or: some quick analysis of a rift volcano using satellite imagery)

Having a look at global volcanism datasets today (for funsies) and look at this beauty in the East African Rift! You can see lava flows with lobate margins around a central caldera, and tons of parasitic cones on the flanks and inside the caldera (can just about make them out with the hillshade, they’re the slightly suspect circles which catch the eye). It's an easy mistake to make, thinking that this is a basaltic volcano – it is, after all, dominated by flows, not pyroclasts, and the lobate shapes indicate a low-viscosity, mafic character to the lava.

That is not quite the case.

There's something quite unusual about these lava flows and that's the morphology of these lobes:

At first glance, this texture we see is reminiscent of ropey basaltic pahoehoe – a fairly common, immensely satisfying type of lava. However, the field of view here is about 3km, making the 'rope' features here at least 10s of metres in scale. Pahoehoe ropes form at cm to dm scales, and pahoehoe often transitions into a'a downslope as gases exsolve and lava viscosity increases. That transition is not seen here.

The reason is this: we're not looking at a basalt. Instead of pahoehoe ropes, we see ogives or pressure ridges, which are formed by the same processes as pahoehoe ropes, but with different parameters requiring a different lava composition (thus, resulting in these different scales). These flows are peralkaline flows – most likely commendite or pantellerite, which are low viscosity silica rich rocks found over mantle hotspots. Elevated mantle temperatures in plume tails or peripheries result in small degrees of melt very rich in alkaline metals (K, Na) which make lava especially runny. Even rhyolites – which otherwise tend to form very short, spiny flows, or produce highly explosive pyroclastic eruptions.

So – some exotic lava types in Ethiopia, and that's all due to the East African superplume! The same plume is responsible for the Ethiopian flood basalts and the opening of the Red Sea, as well as the construction of Ol Doinyo Lengai, which erupts natrocarbonatite.

#very cool volcanoes in this area! #and I'll be studying this all for my PhD at cam #starting on some GIS work prior to the lit review just to get my bearings but it feels really good to get the volc hat back on! #volcano #volcanology #geology #boset-bericha #afar #also: have not papered up on this just in case things are a bit wrong - some quick ints from the satellite imagery #and drawing on San Pietro Island as a case study #where you can also see peralkaline ogives

[jcmarchi]

Team engineers nanoparticles using ion irradiation to advance clean energy and fuel conversion

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/team-engineers-nanoparticles-using-ion-irradiation-to-advance-clean-energy-and-fuel-conversion/

Team engineers nanoparticles using ion irradiation to advance clean energy and fuel conversion

MIT researchers and colleagues have demonstrated a way to precisely control the size, composition, and other properties of nanoparticles key to the reactions involved in a variety of clean energy and environmental technologies. They did so by leveraging ion irradiation, a technique in which beams of charged particles bombard a material.

They went on to show that nanoparticles created this way have superior performance over their conventionally made counterparts.

“The materials we have worked on could advance several technologies, from fuel cells to generate CO2-free electricity to the production of clean hydrogen feedstocks for the chemical industry [through electrolysis cells],” says Bilge Yildiz, leader of the work and a professor in MIT’s departments of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering.

Critical catalyst

Fuel and electrolysis cells both involve electrochemical reactions through three principal parts: two electrodes (a cathode and anode) separated by an electrolyte. The difference between the two cells is that the reactions involved run in reverse.

The electrodes are coated with catalysts, or materials that make the reactions involved go faster. But a critical catalyst made of metal-oxide materials has been limited by challenges including low durability. “The metal catalyst particles coarsen at high temperatures, and you lose surface area and activity as a result,” says Yildiz, who is also affiliated with the Materials Research Laboratory and is an author of an open-access paper on the work published in the journal Energy & Environmental Science.

Enter metal exsolution, which involves precipitating metal nanoparticles out of a host oxide onto the surface of the electrode. The particles embed themselves into the electrode, “and that anchoring makes them more stable,” says Yildiz. As a result, exsolution has “led to remarkable progress in clean energy conversion and energy-efficient computing devices,” the researchers write in their paper.

However, controlling the precise properties of the resulting nanoparticles has been difficult. “We know that exsolution can give us stable and active nanoparticles, but the challenging part is really to control it. The novelty of this work is that we’ve found a tool — ion irradiation — that can give us that control,” says Jiayue Wang PhD ’22, first author of the paper. Wang, who conducted the work while earning his PhD in the MIT Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, is now a postdoc at Stanford University.

Sossina Haile ’86, PhD ’92, the Walter P. Murphy Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Northwestern University, who was not involved in the current work, says:

“Metallic nanoparticles serve as catalysts in a whole host of reactions, including the important reaction of splitting water to generate hydrogen for energy storage. In this work, Yildiz and colleagues have created an ingenious method for controlling the way that nanoparticles form.”

Haile continues, “the community has shown that exsolution results in structurally stable nanoparticles, but the process is not easy to control, so one doesn’t necessarily get the optimal number and size of particles. Using ion irradiation, this group was able to precisely control the features of the nanoparticles, resulting in excellent catalytic activity for water splitting.”

What they did

The researchers found that aiming a beam of ions at the electrode while simultaneously exsolving metal nanoparticles onto the electrode’s surface allowed them to control several properties of the resulting nanoparticles.

“Through ion-matter interactions, we have successfully engineered the size, composition, density, and location of the exsolved nanoparticles,” the team writes in Energy & Environmental Science.

For example, they could make the particles much smaller — down to 2 billionths of a meter in diameter — than those made using conventional thermal exsolution methods alone. Further, they were able to change the composition of the nanoparticles by irradiating with specific elements. They demonstrated this with a beam of nickel ions that implanted nickel into the exsolved metal nanoparticle. As a result, they demonstrated a direct and convenient way to engineer the composition of exsolved nanoparticles.

“We want to have multi-element nanoparticles, or alloys, because they usually have higher catalytic activity,” Yildiz says. “With our approach, the exsolution target does not have to be dependent on the substrate oxide itself.” Irradiation opens the door to many more compositions. “We can pretty much choose any oxide and any ion that we can irradiate with and exsolve that,” says Yildiz.

The team also found that ion irradiation forms defects in the electrode itself. And these defects provide additional nucleation sites, or places for the exsolved nanoparticles to grow from, increasing the density of the resulting nanoparticles.

Irradiation could also allow extreme spatial control over the nanoparticles. “Because you can focus the ion beam, you can imagine that you could ‘write’ with it to form specific nanostructures,” says Wang. “We did a preliminary demonstration [of that], but we believe it has potential to realize well-controlled micro- and nano-structures.”

The team also showed that the nanoparticles they created with ion irradiation had superior catalytic activity over those created by conventional thermal exsolution alone.

Additional MIT authors of the paper are Kevin B. Woller, a principal research scientist at the Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC), home to the equipment used for ion irradiation; Abinash Kumar PhD ’22, who received his PhD from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering (DMSE) and is now at Oak Ridge National Laboratory; and James M. LeBeau, an associate professor in DMSE. Other authors are Zhan Zhang and Hua Zhou of Argonne National Laboratory, and Iradwikanari Waluyo and Adrian Hunt of Brookhaven National Laboratory.

This work was funded by the OxEon Corp. and MIT’s PSFC. The research also used resources supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, MIT’s Materials Research Laboratory, and MIT.nano. The work was performed, in part, at Harvard University through a network funded by the National Science Foundation.

#amp #approach #Brookhaven National Laboratory #catalyst #catalysts #Cells #chemical #clean energy #CO2 #Community #Composition #computing #devices #Difference Between #DMSE #easy #electricity #electrodes #electrolyte #energy #energy storage #Engineer #engineering #engineers #Environmental #equipment #Features #form #Forms #Foundation

[oldearthaccretionist]

Okay so, you know those ads for the get to the treasure but there's water and lava puzzle game thing? Like... every time I see them and it's obvious you're meant to mix the lava and water or whatever... my geologist brain is just like... okay you do not want to be that close to lava mixing that quickly with water... the steam and boiling water and heat and likely rapidly cooling combo rock/lava/steam explosion s that are about to happen... you MIGHT get lucky and just have the hot steam but really but the faster and more turbulent the mixing the more dangerous it is likely to be... you have no safe options here buddy...

#lava #geology #Listen #I just really love lava videos #except that I hate it when people are as close as some of those boats and those hikers #that's just not smart folks #these things are volatile and unpredictable #sometimes they are relatively subdued but all it takes is some water getting trapped in a rapidly cooling/solidifying case of lava and #you have a bomb #not to mention you don't know what the gases that are exsolving from the lava is going to be composed of #Lava is beautiful and fascinating #but please respect it #keep your distance #Also that last video is weirdly like just calming #fyi #Also the more of these you watch the more you understand why trying to figure out what's going on in volcanic terranes is #so complicated

[freelance-pokemon-ecologist]

I saw those tags/ Elaborate on hisuian form extinction?

Even tho there’s a hisuian Zoroark in the trailer for SV

Shhh no there isn't XD

Basically, since we know the events of Arceus take place approx. 200 years before the present (comparing real world Ezo/Hokkaido to Hisui/Sinnoh), it means that these older evolutions and forms have gone extinct in relatively short order. Why did certain forms go extinct, and is it true that they are gone forever? Allow me to elaborate.

We will start with those that have understandable in-universe explanations for their loss over time.

(I say that and then spend 30 minutes researching this first part.) Kleavor can only be evolved with a specific rock, the Black Augurite. It's is called Black Augite in Japanese - and Aguite is a real rock. Apparently it's exists closely to the chemical compositions of other rocks, and with declining temperature, it exsolves (seperating out - but specifically for rocks) into other types of rock.

Basically - Augite is a volcanic rock, therefore Black Augurite is likely a remnant of Mt. Coronet's former volcanic activity (it looks closer to obsidian in the game, a well known volcanic rock). With time and age, these rocks become more and more scarce. The seat of Lord Kleavor is eventually the site of the Oreburgh Mine, and its likely these key evolution rocks were either already mined out, or ignored by the time of modern Sinnoh.

Does that mean it's impossible for Kleavor to return? Not necessarily - because it does have such a simple evolution process - it would just be a matter of finding a Black Augurite in the modern day, somehow.

--

Wyrdeer, on the other hand, is almost certainly extinct. For starters, it's evolution method requires using a now-forgotten move in a now-forgotten style. (By this extension, Overquil is likely extinct for the same reason, but more on regional variants in a bit). Wyrdeer cannot return to the main series unless modern Stantler can learn Psyshield Bash. For the in-universe reason - it is mentioned in it's 'Dex entry for having incredibly warm fur, key in making winter clothing. Now, the 'Dex does say that the fur is shed, but as the Hisui region grows, the demand for warm clothes will increase, thus putting a higher demand on Wyrdeer fur. The wild population couldn't keep up with demand, and Wyrdeer were likely hunted to extinction.

--

Ursaluna requires a specific evolution item in a specific region of Hisui at a specific time of day. The last two would be easy enough to do, if it weren't for one little detail. The Bog. The Mirelands are Ursaluna's home, and the Peat Block is a cube of densely-packed decaying, plant matter that is created over thousands of years. Peat is not easily regrown, and only exists in mires. As we know, the Mirelands encompasses an area that is not quite as marshy in the modern day. The only remaining areas that might still hold peat are the Great Marsh and Route 212- neither of which harbor the Teddiursa line anymore. In fact, the Ursaring line is no longer found in Sinnoh at all.*

The exact circumstances of finding a peat block in maybe 10% of it's original ecosystem range, one of which is a wildlife preserve, then importing an Ursaring, THEN introducing the Ursaring to the Peat Block in the Southeastern part of the region WHILE it's a full moon... look, if it was hard enough to figure out how to evolve Ursaluna while it was still around, it would be near impossible to figure out in modern Sinnoh without stupidly detailed notes.

TL;DR - Ursaluna is functionally extinct: it may be possible to see one in the modern day, but it's not easy to realize, nor would a wild population be able to sustain itself.

--

Basculin (White-Stripe) kinda follows the same line of logic. If it was that hard to find and catch in ancient Hisui, then that thing would be near impossible to find in modern Sinnoh (again, assuming it's still around and hasn't been bullied out by other species). As for it's evolution not appearing naturally in the wild, I assume that the frequency or scale of their schooling decreased over the years as Hisui became more industrialized (another real world parallel w/ ecosystem health), meaning fewer souls contributing to Basculegion's evolution.

--

I'll do the rest later because that took longer than anticipated

#not a quote #pokemon theories #pokemon headcanons #pokemon biology #* = technically teddiursa and ursaring can be caught in gen 4 in sinnoh BUT you need Emerald in your GBA slot #and I don't count external influences like that toward the species composition of the region

[ghostcultmagazine]

Jo Quail Shares New Video For ‘Reya Pavan', Vinyl Reissue Out This Friday

Jo Quail Shares New Video For ‘Reya Pavan’, Vinyl Reissue Out This Friday

Cello phenom and acclaimed artist Jo Quail has just shared a new music video for the new single ‘Reya Pavan’. The track is an exclusive on the vinyl reissue for her album Exsolve. Released on 4th October through Jo’s own label, AdderStone Records, the double vinyl edition of Exsolve has been specially remastered for this format. The video was filmed by Khaled Lowe and Sam Edwardswhich you can…

View On WordPress

#‘Reya Pavan&039; #AdderStone Records #Damnation Festival 2019 #Exsolve #Jo Quail #Roadburn 2020

[earthstory]

Rutile skyscraper in quartz Inclusions in crystals are described based on when they occurred during the gem's growth and evolution. Items (usually other small crystals) that were enveloped into the growing structure are called proto genetic, coming from the Greek for before genesis. Those that formed at the same time as the main mineral in question are usually remnants of the fluid (whether magma or hydrothermal) that gave them birth, either soaking up elements that do not fit into the primary crystal structure or things like fluid inclusions. Finally things that happen after the crystal is fully formed such as fractures due to tectonic pressure for example, sometimes filled with iron staining by passing fluid.

This inclusion of rutile ( see http://on.fb.me/1WdnKxI) in quartz represents the second kind, both minerals are oxides, and the rutile soaked up the titanium that was too big to fit into the silicon dioxide quartz structure. When it reached a threshold concentration as the quartz formed and cooled in the remaining mother fluid, the rutile started to exsolve in parallel to the quartz, usually following lines and forms imposed by the crystal structure of the principal mineral. Loz Image credit: Danny Sanchez

#Rutile #quartz #needle #geology #science #the earth story

[plokoonsdisapprovingeyebrows]

Do you think there are any LIPs on Cybertron?

:D :D :D Thank u for asking!!!

A quick definition for the benefit of readers: LIP = Large Igneous Province. LIPs are basically a huge, often stupendously huge mass of igneous rock found on or within the Earth's crust. You find an LIP, you know there was an absolute shit ton of volcanism here at some point. Forget supervolcanoes, large igneous provinces are orders of magnitude larger.

You can divide LIPs into whether they are mafic (very hot, runny lava, think Iceland or Hawai'i) or silicic (less hot, tendency to explode), and also whether they are volcanic (erupted onto the surface of the earth) or plutonic (didn't erupt, solidified underground). Some are more complex than that, but let’s not get into that discussion lmao.

The 'classic' LIP is a continental flood basalt—a mafic volcanic outpouring of lava which quite literally floods across the landscape, burying it in layers upon layers of basalt. This is the Siberian Traps, the Deccan Traps, the Columbia River Basalt Group, and a bunch of other really cool landforms.

An LIP has to meet four basic criteria to be classified thus:

The volcanism must cover an area of 100,000 square kilometres or more, i.e., about the size of Iceland. Take the Columbia River basalts (CRBG) as an example - this is one of the smallest known LIPs, and it still covers over 200,000km2 of the Pacific Northwest.

The minimum volume of the volcanic product is 100,000 cubic km. (Compare this to the minimum volume of a supervolcanic eruption—1000km3.) The CRBG measures in at around 174,000km3.

All of this material must be erupted within 50 million years, with the majority of it in 'pulses' of 5 million years or less. The CRBG erupted between 17.6 and 6 million years ago, but more than 90% of the total volume was erupted in the first two million years.

Finally, it must be intraplate volcanism - by which we mostly mean it isn't part of mid-ocean ridge volcanism. It might precede a mid-ocean ridge; a fair few LIPs seem to be associated with initial continental rifting... but we have to draw that line in the sand, otherwise the entire ocean floor would count lmao.

Here's Nick Zentner talking about the Columbia River Basalts, because it's a great video with some good graphics and explanations. (All of his lectures are worth a watch tbh.)

We aren’t sure what causes LIPs to erupt - it’s probably a mantle plume, which is a similar sort of thing to a hot spot, but we just don’t know for sure. They might be a precursor to continental rifting, some might instead happen as a consequence of supercontinent assembly... someone else has even suggested massive asteroid impacts causing antipodal upwellings (ie., on the other side of the planet). We have a few options, lol.

So, LIPs on Cybertron...

My Cybertron doesn’t have proper plate tectonics, which means the division between mafic and silicic rock types is likely to be messier. It also has Primus messing around on autopilot down there, which introduces a powerful element of Eldritch Bullshit to the equation. I think good chunks of Cybertron’s crust, especially lower down, are Primus actively separating out metallic elements from the collected material that makes up Cybertron’s ‘mantle’ and using it to build sort of like a... cocoon. On the surface, this metallic layer is subjected to weathering and erosion. Depending on the type of erosion and the chemicals involved, you’d get a sort of non-lithified substrate that looks like soil, and probably eventually sedimentary rocks as well. Metamorphic rocks probably exist in, like, contact metamorphic aureoles and maybe some deep regional metamorphism far enough down. Regional metamorphism in the crumple zones, perhaps, but I don’t see it being of a super high grade.

Anyway, volcanism. 

Primus provides a nice alternative to the mantle plume hypothesis, which gives us something that’s probably more or less mafic... maybe not as mafic as we get on earth, if it’s being raided for cocoon building. Secondary melting of the existing crust as the plume comes through provides a mechanism for even more silicic volcanism. (Silicic melts happen because silicic minerals have lower melting points. If your rock is only being heated to a certain point, the silicic stuff will melt and rise and the mafic stuff will stay where it is in comparison. Which is why Earth has two different types of crust.)

Logically, I think that means that Cybertron might hypothetically be more likely to end up with silicic LIPs. XD

SLIPs, unlike flood basalts, are mostly not formed of lava flows. They’re enormous amounts of tephra, ashfalls, ignimbrites... the products of explosive volcanism. Silicic magma has a tendency to contain dissolved gases, which, when you lower the pressure, will exsolve with passion and create violent eruptions. The largest-volume (confirmed) single eruption I could find yielded between 5000 and 6000 cubic km of tephra - get twenty of those and you have yourself an SLIP. Explosive eruptions on this scale are extremely rare, but just from the little research I’ve done they do tend to cluster. If you have the right conditions for one to occur, there were probably others.

Flood basalts might be rarer, but like... I want them on my Cybertron. XD Maybe they happen in fracture zones occasionally. Heck, maybe they were one of the disasters that happened to drive the Autobots and Decepticons offworld entirely. I would probably rather not fight a war somewhere where there was a real risk of the ground cracking open beneath my feet and spitting out fountains of lava kilometres high. Imagine being in the middle of a pitched battle and having to stop and evacuate both sides cause there’s a river of magma just cutting right through the middle of ur battlefield.

#cybertronian geology #book of hours worldbuilding #ignimbrites aren't nice either #and pyroclastic flows go much faster than lava flows #tfp headcanons

[author-morgan]

okay, so mars and earth are cool, what about mercury and venus?

As much as I love Mars, I also really like Mercury and Venus too, and hope to branch out and study them as well in my future career. And yes, I wish we had more missions, but we’re getting there. There are five planned missions to Venus that will launch within the next decade, including NASA’s VERITAS and DAVINCI+, and as of now, we have BepiColombo (ESA) in transit to Mercury and Mercury-P, a planned lander mission by the Russian Space Agency. Each of the terrestrial planets are interesting and worth exploring for their own reasons —and to paint a more complete picture of how the inner planets formed. Keep reading for interesting facts about Mercury and Venus.

Mercury:

Two things unite the terrestrial planets, the Moon, and even some asteroids and it's 1) basaltic volcanism and 2) impacts. Basaltic volcanism is characterized by low viscosity flows of silica-poor lavas (think of how easily the lava flows in videos from Hawaii, La Palma, and Iceland —that’s basalt), allowing flows to spread out on the surface and build gently sloping shield volcanoes, or fill impact craters. Mercury has shield volcanoes and signs of flood volcanism, but it also has signs of pyroclastic eruptions! Explosive, or pyroclastic, eruptions on Earth occur when volatile gases, primarily water, are dissolved in the magma and rapidly expand and exsolve as the pressure decreases, resulting in an explosive eruption. The key to this style of eruption is volatiles, though. Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun, surely it doesn’t have any water or other volatiles that need low temperatures to be stable? That’s what planetary scientists used to think, but now, it's become clear Mercury is a lot more complex and could harbor more volatiles than we thought possible.

Another fun fact: Mercury is so reduced (remember oxidation states from high school or intro chemistry?) that some elements, like Ca, which usually behave as a lithophilic element —more likely to go into silicate minerals like pyroxene and plagioclase— behave completely different than on Earth. On Mercury, Ca behaves like a chalcophile (sulfur-loving) element and forms bizarre and rare minerals like oldhamite (CaS).

And one last cool thing about Mercury, the entire planet has shrunk via a mechanism known as global contraction. Mercury is small, and small planetary body interiors cool off a lot faster than the interior of a body the size of Earth or Venus. There’s also no unambiguous indication of volcanic activity on Mercury after 3.5 Ga, and global contraction many account for its cessation. It’s good to note Mercury also doesn’t have plate tectonics but is riddled with tectonic features, like narrow ridges rising from the surface, almost like mountains. So how do you get these structures without plate tectonics and on such a small planet? You cool down said planet. The first part of a planet to cool and solidify after accretion is the outermost layer —the crust— the mantle and core stay hotter longer due to the insulating crustal ‘lid’ and radioactive decay. Eventually, the mantle and core cool, and the crust is deformed, creating wrinkle ridges and lobate scarps associated with thrust faults (compressional structures).

Venus:

Venus —Earth’s sister based on proximity to the Sun, size, mass, and composition, and that is where the similarities end. If hell is real, I imagine it looks a lot like Venus. Venus’s atmosphere is 96% carbon dioxide, the densest atmosphere of the terrestrial planets (makes you feel like you’re 900 m underwater). Its surface reaches temperatures of up to 464 °C (867 °F), which is hotter than Mercury, and the surface is shrouded by clouds of sulfuric acid that make observations in visible light nigh impossible. Landers Venera 13 and 14 were only able to survive a total of ~3 hours on the Venusian surface under the harsh conditions.

Venus is a land of basalt and volcanic landforms, and recent studies suggest there could potentially be ongoing volcanic activity. There are over a hundred shield volcanoes on Venus and still hundreds more of smaller volcanoes and unique landforms such as pancake domes and coronae. There are even flood basalts on Venus that likely spread to such extents because of how hot the surface is. I could spend an entire night typing away about the cool volcanic landforms on Venus, but coronae are my favorite, and I’ll tell you how they are thought to form. It’s believed coronae are formed when plumes of rising magma in the mantle push the crust upwards into a dome shape, which then collapses in the center as the molten lava cools and leaks out at the sides, leaving a crown-like structure —a corona.

The surface of Venus has been completely resurfaced, and not by plate tectonics. Planetary scientists use crater counts as a way to approximate the age of surfaces —the more cratered a planetary body’s crust is, the older it is (look at the Moon, or Mars, ancient crusts that are saturated with craters). But based solely on crater counting, Venus’s surface is surprisingly young, which doesn’t add up, there’s not a known process operating to recycle the crust. So what happened? One explanation is this is part of a cyclic process on Venus. On Earth, plate tectonics allows heat to escape from the mantle via advection —the transport of mantle material to the surface and the return of old crust to the mantle (subduction), but Venus has to have another mechanism for allowing heat to escape. Theoretically, the interior of the planet heats up (due to the decay of radioactive elements) until the material in the mantle is hot enough to force its way to the surface (hotter material=less dense and will rise). The subsequent resurfacing event covers most or all of the planet with lava until the mantle is cool enough for the process to start over. It’s estimated the last resurfacing event on Venus took place 300-500 Ma.

In summary, all the terrestrial planets are rad, and we should explore them more, especially Mercury and Venus. But sadly, they have been overlooked due to logistical difficulties in actually having a spacecraft reach the planet. In Mercury’s case, the Sun causes some issues, and then actually having a lander/rover last long enough on the surface of Venus to send back meaningful data not plagued by huge uncertainties. There’s been a push in the planetary science community to invest more time and efforts to explore the innermost planets, and I look forward to the planned missions to come in the next decade and those surely to come afterward.

#sierra replies #geology #space #science #planetary science #venus #mercury #planetary geology #i love talking about space #and rocks #like wow #yes #this is what i do for a living #plz let me yell at you about funky space rocks and planets

[drrockclub]

Collapsed chamber with sulphur coated walls from volcanic gases. Sulphur is picked up from the rocks deep underground by the steam, that was heated by the magma ponding at depths. At the surface, exsolving gases precipitate the sulphur as the gases mix with the atmosphere.

Wai-O-Tapu, New Zealand

#geology #volcano #volcanology #sulphur #magma #chemistry #science #atmosphere #sulfur #waiotapu #rocks #studyblr #earth science #geoscience #natural history #aesthetic #exploring #original photography #toxic #new zealand #underground #natural #nature #fieldwork #outdoors #drrock

[nhmla-gems]

Tourmaline Cat’s Eye . Also referred to as #chatoyancy, is an optical phenomenon when light is reflected by parallel fibrous mineral inclusions. The reflected light is perpendicular to the fiber direction and causes a band of bright light when the stone is polished into a cabochon. Asterism is the same thing, except there are multiple directions of fibrous mineral inclusions, like the star ruby, sapphire, and quartz. To see this effect, it’s best to have single point of light, like a flashlight. . Of course it doesn’t have to be a mineral inclusion to cause this phenomenon. Exsolution, when one mineral exsolved out of another like in moonstone, or with minerals having fibrous habits like in ulexite. . Tourmaline can be just about any color. The word tourmaline comes from Sri Lanka, thoramalli or tourmali, meaning many or mixed. This word was eventually transformed to what we know as tourmaline, because of its many colors. … #catseye #chatoyancy #phenomenal #tourmaline #nhmla #gems #cabochon 📸: @usageology http://bit.ly/2AR2Gcv

[relishhorn5]

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#avon pedidos pela internet revendedora

[jhenelle]

Watch "Volcanic eruption explained - Steven Anderson" on YouTube

A volcanic eruption is when lava and gas are released from a volcano—sometimes explosively. ... The most dangerous type of eruption is called a 'glowing avalanche' which is when freshly erupted magma flows down the sides of a volcano.

Volcanoes erupt when molten rock called magma rises to the surface. Magma is formed when the earth's mantle melts. ... Another way an eruption happens is when water underneath the surface interacts with hot magma and creates steam, this can build up enough pressure to cause an explosion. A volcano is a vent in the Earth's crust from which eruptions occur. ... When volcanoes erupt they can spew hot, dangerous gases, ash, lava and rock that can cause disastrous loss of life and property, especially in heavily populated areas.Volcanoes spew hot, dangerous gases, ash, lava, and rock that are powerfully destructive. People have died from volcanic blasts. Volcanic eruptions can result in additional threats to health, such as floods, mudslides, power outages, drinking water contamination, and wildfires.

Although there are several factors triggering a volcanic eruption, three predominate: the buoyancy of the magma, the pressure from the exsolved gases in the magma and the injection of a new batch of magma into an already filled magma chamber.

#Youtube

[phdpositionsdk]

PhD scholarship in Exsolved Nanocatalysts for Efficient and Robust Green Hydrogen Production (ENERGHy)

PhD scholarship in Exsolved Nanocatalysts for Efficient and Robust Green Hydrogen Production (ENERGHy)

We offer a 3-year PhD position to carry out research on the development of exsolved nanocatalysts for the oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions in the electrolytic production of hydrogen. The Section of Electrochemistry at DTU Energy carries out research on electrochemical conversion and storage technologies, such as fuel cells, electrolysis cells, flow batteries, and novel types of…

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#DTU

[scarodactyl]

Hypersthene

A close-up look at a classic Canadian hypersthene (iron-enriched enstatite, a close relative of diopside and jadeite).  It is shot through with what look like fine planty crystals of likely exsolved hematite or ferrosilite.  This material has a gorgeous, rippled silvery sheen in the hand.  It is usually seen as tumbles or poorly cut commercial cabs, but a friend recently cut a few proper cabochons from it and all I can say is they look amazing (picture borrowed from his etsy page, though I’m afraid that cab is already sold):

That cabochon has a normal dome but the oriented inclusions make very convincing wrinkles--it is kind of uncanny in the hand!

#hypersthene #gemstone #gem photography #gem microscope #gem inclusions #crystals #minerals #Canadian #Quebec