#protestant martyrs
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As Reformation Day Approaches...
Many will wish to talk about Martin Luther. Which makes sense because he famously nailed the 95 theses to the church door at Wittenburg on October 31st.
But what better time to commemorate all of the OTHER important figures and reformers of the Protestant reformation? Of whom there were many.
Wikipedia lists 284 people burned in England under Queen Mary I, as she attempted to consolidate her power. Her new laws declared anyone teaching against Catholic doctrines to be guilty of heresy and subject to the death penalty. The Catholic church has never denounced these murders committed by its members on its behalf.
These laws affected famous and regular people alike. Over time I may make a series of posts with more detail about some of these persons.
Incomplete list of the protestant martyrs in England under the cut. Courtesy of Wikipedia.
Protestants executed under Mary I
1. John Rogers City of London clergyman – preacher, biblical translator, lecturer at St. Paul's Cathedral burnt 4 February 1555 Smithfield, London
2. Lawrence Saunders City of London clergyman – preacher, Rector of All Hallows Bread Street, London burnt 8 February 1555 Coventry, Warwickshire
3. John Hooper Gloucester and Worcester clergyman – Bishop of Gloucester and Worcester under Edward VI burnt 9 February 1555 Gloucester, Gloucestershire
4. Rowland Taylor Hadleigh, Suffolk clergyman – Rector of Hadleigh, Suffolk burnt 9 February 1555 Aldham Common, Nr Hadleigh, Suffolk[5]: p.98 [59]
5. Rawlins White Cardiff, Glamorgan fisherman burnt March 1555 Cardiff, Glamorgan[60]
6. Thomas Tomkins Shoreditch, London weaver burnt 16 March 1555 Smithfield, London[61]
7. Thomas Causton Horndon on the Hill or Thundersby, Essex gentleman burnt 26 March 1555 Rayleigh, Essex[62]
8. Thomas Higbed Horndon on the Hill or Thundersby, Essex gentleman burnt 26 March 1555 Horndon-on-the-Hill, Essex[62]
9. William Hunter Coleman Street Parish, London apprentice burnt 27 March 1555 (or 26 according to Foxe) Brentwood, Essex
10. Stephen Knight barber burnt 28 March 1555 Maldon, Essex[64]
11. William Pygot (or Pigot) butcher burnt 28 March 1555 Braintree, Essex[64]
12. [n 6] William Dighel burnt 28 March 1555 Banbury, Oxfordshire [65][66]
13. John Lawrence (or Laurence) clergyman – priest and former Blackfriar at Sudbury, Suffolk[50] burnt 29 March 1555 Colchester, Essex[64]
14. Robert Ferrar St David's, Pembrokeshire clergyman – Bishop of St David's under Edward VI burnt 30 March 1555 Carmarthen, Carmarthenshire[67]
15. George Marsh Dean, Lancashire clergyman – curate to Laurence Saunders and minister at Dean, Lancashire burnt 24 April 1555 Boughton, Cheshire[68]
16. William Flower Lambeth, London surgeon and teacher burnt 24 April 1555 Westminster[69]
17. John Cardmaker Wells, Somerset clergyman – prebendary of Wells Cathedral burnt 30 May 1555 Smithfield, London[70]
18. John Warne Walbrook, London upholsterer burnt 30 May 1555 Smithfield, London[70]
19. Thomas Hawkes (or Haukes) Essex gentleman burnt 10 June 1555 Coggeshall, Essex
20. Thomas Watts (or Wattes) Billericay, Essex linen draper burnt 10 June 1555 Chelmsford, Essex[7][72]
21. John Ardeley (or Ardite) Wigborough, Essex husbandman burnt 30 May 1555 (or 'about 10 June', according to Foxe) Rayleigh, Essex[7][73]
22. John Simson Wigborough, Essex husbandman burnt 30 May 1555 (or 'about 10 June', according to Foxe) Rochford, Essex[7][73]
23. Nicholas Chamberlain (or Chamberlaine) Coggeshall, Essex weaver burnt 14 June 1555 Colchester, Essex[7][74]
24. William Bamford (or Butler)[n 8]Coggeshall, Essex weaver burnt 15 June 1555 Harwich, Essex[7][74]
25. Thomas Ormond (or Osmande)[n 9]Coggeshall, Essex fuller burnt 15 June 1555 Manningtree, Essex[7][74]
26. John Bradford City of London clergyman – prebendary of St Paul's Cathedral burnt 1 July 1555 Smithfield, London[7][75][76]
27. John Leaf (or Jhon Least) Christ Church Greyfriars, London (born in Kirkby Moorside, Yorkshire) apprentice tallow chandler burnt 1 July 1555 Smithfield, London
Canterbury Martyrs of July 1555
28. John Bland (or Blande) Rolvenden, Kent clergyman – vicar of Rolvenden, Kent burnt 12 July 1555 Canterbury, Kent [7][78]
29. Nicholas Shetterden (or Shitterdun) burnt 12 July 1555 Canterbury, Kent
30. John Frankesh Adisham, Kent clergyman – parson of Adisham, Kent burnt 12 July 1555 Canterbury, Kent
31. Humphrey Middleton Ashford, Kent burnt 12 July 1555 Canterbury, Kent
32. Nicholas Hall Dartford, Kent bricklayer burnt 19 July 1555 Rochester, Kent
33. Christopher Wade Dartford, Kent linen-weaver burnt July 1555 Dartford, Kent
34. Margaret (or Margery) Polley Pepeling, Calais widow burnt 17 July 1555 Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent[80]
35. Dirick Carver (also spelt Deryk; also known as Dirick Harman) Brighthelmstone (now Brighton), Sussex beer-brewer burnt 22 July 1555, Lewes, East Sussex
36. John Launder Godstone, Surrey husbandman burnt 23 July 1555 Steyning, West Sussex
37. Thomas Euerson (or Iueson, Iverson or Iveson) Godstone, Surrey carpenter burnt (day unknown) July 1555 Chichester, West Sussex
38. Richard Hook (or Hooke) lame man [66] burnt unknown date in July 1555 Chichester, West Sussex
39. James Abbess Stoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk shoemaker burnt 2 August 1555 Thetford, Norfolk (or Bury, according to Foxe)
40. John Denley Maidstone, Kent gentleman burnt 8 August 1555 Uxbridge, Middlesex
41. Robert Smith Windsor, Berkshire clerk at the college in Windsor, Berkshire and painter burnt 8 August 1555 Uxbridge, Middlesex
Canterbury Martyrs of August 1555
42. William Coker burnt 23 August 1555 Canterbury, Kent [7][89]
43. William Hopper Cranbrook, Kent[79] burnt 23 August 1555 Canterbury, Kent [7][89]
44. Henry Laurence burnt 23 August 1555 Canterbury, Kent [7][89]
45. Richard Collier (or Colliar) burnt 23 August 1555 Canterbury, Kent
46. Richard Wright Ashford, Kent[79] burnt 23 August 1555 Canterbury, Kent
47. William StereAshford, Kent[79] burnt 23 August 1555 Canterbury, Kent
48. Elizabeth Warne (or Warren)[n 13]Walbrook, London widow of John Warne, upholsterer burnt 23 August 1555 Stratford-atte-Bow, London
49. Roger Hues (aliases: Curryer, Corier) St Mary's, Taunton, Somerset burnt 24 August 1555 Taunton, Somerset [66][7][91]
50. George Tankerfield London (born in York) cook burnt 26 August 1555 St Albans
51. Patrick Pakingham (aliases: Packingham, Pachingham, Patchingham or Pattenham) burnt 28 August 1555 Uxbridge, Middlesex [7][87]
52. John Newman Maidstone, Kent pewterer burnt 31 August 1555 Saffron Walden, Essex [7][87]
53. Robert Samuel (or Samuell) Barfold, Suffolk clergyman – minister at Barfold, Suffolk burnt 31 August 1555 Thetford, Norfolk[7][93]
54. Stephen HarwoodWare, Hertfordshire brewer burnt 30 August 1555 Stratford in Essex[7][94]
55. Thomas Fust (or Fusse) hosier, August 1555 In the environs of London or Ware
56. William Hale (or Hailes)Thorpe, Essex, late August 1555 In the environs of Barnet, London
57. William Allen Somerton, Norfolk labourer burnt early September 1555 Walsingham, Norfolk
58. Roger Coe (or Coo or Cooe) Melford, Suffolk shearman burnt date unknown September 1555 Yoxford, Suffolk
59. Thomas CobHaverhill, Suffolk butcher burnt date unknown September 1555 Thetford, Norfolk
Canterbury Martyrs of September 1555
60. George Catmer (or Painter) Hythe, Kent burnt about 6 September 1555, according to Foxe (or 12 July 1555) Canterbury, Kent
61. Robert Streater (or Streter) Hythe, Kent burnt about 6 September 1555, according to Foxe (or 12 July 1555) Canterbury, Kent
62. Anthony Burward Calete (possibly Calais) [98] burnt about 6 September 1555, according to Foxe (or 12 July 1555) Canterbury, Kent
63. George Brodbridge (or Bradbridge) Bromfield, Kent burnt about 6 September 1555, according to Foxe (or 12 July 1555) Canterbury, Kent
64. James Tutty (or Tuttey)Brenchley, Kent burnt about 6 September 1555, according to Foxe (or 12 July 1555) Canterbury, Kent
65. Robert Glover (or Glouer)Mancetter, Warwickshire gentleman burnt 14 September 1555 Coventry, Warwickshire
66. Cornelius Bongey (or Bungey) capper burnt 20 September 1555 Coventry, Warwickshire
67. Thomas Hayward (or Heywarde) burnt mid September 1555 Lichfield, Staffordshire
68. John Goreway Holy Trinity Parish, Coventry, Warwickshire [50] burnt mid-September 1555 Lichfield, Staffordshire Ely Martyrs
69. William WolseyUpwell, Norfolk constable, one of the Ely Martyrs burnt 16 October 1555 Cathedral Green, Ely, Cambridgeshire
70. Robert Pygot (or Pigot) Wisbech, Isle of Ely, Cambridgeshire painter, also an Ely Martyr burnt 16 October 1555 Cathedral Green, Ely, Cambridgeshire
Oxford Martyrs
71. Hugh Latimer (or Latymer) Baxterley, Warwickshire [103] clergyman – chaplain to King Edward VI burnt 16 October 1555 outside Balliol College, Oxford
72. Nicholas RidleyFulham Palace clergyman – Bishop of London under Edward VI burnt 16 October 1555 outside Balliol College, Oxford
Canterbury Martyrs of November 1555
73. John Webbe (or Web) gentleman burnt 30 November 1555 Canterbury, Kent [7][105]
74. George Roper burnt 30 November 1555 Canterbury, Kent [7][105]
75. Gregory Parke (or Paynter)[citation needed] burnt 30 November 1555 Canterbury, Kent [7][105]
76. John PhilpotWinchester, Hampshire clergyman – Archdeacon of Winchester burnt 18 December 1555 Smithfield, London[7][106]
77. Thomas Whittle (or Whitwell)Essex clergyman – priest or minister burnt 27 January 1556 Smithfield, London[7][107]
78. Bartlett (or Bartholomew) GreenTemple, London – born in Basinghall, London gentleman and lawyer burnt 27 January 1556 Smithfield, London[7][107]
79. Thomas BrownSt Bride's parish, Fleet Street, London – born in Histon, Cambridgeshire burnt 27 January 1556 Smithfield, London[7][107]
80. John TudsonSt Mary Botolph parish, London – born in Ipswich, Suffolk artificer burnt 27 January 1556 Smithfield, London[7][107]
81. John Went (or Winter or Hunt) Langham, Essex artificer burnt 27 January 1556 Smithfield, London[7][107]
82. Isobella Forster (or Annis Foster) St Bride's parish, Fleet Street, London – Born in Greystoke, Cumberland wife of John Foster, cutler burnt 27 January 1556 Smithfield, London[7][107]
83. Joan Lushford (or Jone Lashforde, or Warne) Little Allhallows parish, Thames Street, London maid burnt 27 January 1556 Smithfield, London
Canterbury Martyrs of 1556
84. John Lomas (or Jhon Lowmas) Tenterden, Kent burnt 31 January 1556 Wincheap, Canterbury [7][108]
85. Annes Snoth (or Annis Snod) Smarden, Kent widow burnt 31 January 1556 Wincheap, Canterbury [7][108]
86. Anne Wright (or Albright); alias Champnes burnt 31 January 1556 Wincheap,Canterbury [7][108]
87. Joan (or Jone) SoaleHorton, Kent wife burnt 31 January 1556 Wincheap, Canterbury [7][108]
88. Joan Catmer Hythe, Kent 'wife (as it should seem) of George Catmer', burnt in 1555 burnt 31 January 1556 Wincheap, Canterbury [108][n 15][7]Ipswich Martyrs of 1556
89. Agnes Potten Ipswich, Suffolk wife of Robert Potten burnt 19 February 1556 Ipswich, Cornhill [7][n 16][109]
90. Joan Trunchfield Ipswich, Suffolk wife of Michael Trunchfield, a shoemaker burnt 19 February 1556 Ipswich, Cornhill
91. Thomas Cranmer Lambeth Palace clergyman – Archbishop of Canterbury (former) burnt 21 March 1556 outside Balliol College, Oxford[7][110]
92. John Maundrel Beckhampton, Wiltshire – brought up in Rowde, Wiltshire husbandman burnt 24 March 1556 outside Salisbury, Wiltshire
93. William Coberly Wiltshire tailor burnt 24 March 1556 outside Salisbury, Wiltshire
94. John Spicer (or Spencer) Winston, Suffolk[50] freemason or bricklayer burnt 24 March 1556 outside Salisbury, Wiltshire
95. John Harpole (or Hartpoole) St Nicholas Parish, Rochester, Kent burnt 1 April 1556 Rochester, Kent[7][112]
96. Joan BeachTunbridge Wells, Kent widow burnt 1 April 1556 Rochester, Kent
97. John Hullier (or Hulliarde) Babraham, Cambridgeshire clergyman – curate of Babraham, Cambridgeshire burnt 16 April 1556 Cambridge, Cambridgeshire
98. William Tyms (or Timmes)Hockley, Essex clergyman – curate of Hockley, Essex burnt 24 April 1556 Smithfield, London
99. Robert DrakeThundersley, Essex clergyman – minister or parson of Thundersley, Essex burnt 24 April 1556 Smithfield, London
100. Richard SpurgeBocking, Essex shearman burnt 24 April 1556 Smithfield, London[7][115]
101. Thomas SpurgeBocking, Essex fuller burnt 24 April 1556 Smithfield, London[7][115]
102. George AmbroseBocking, Essex fuller burnt 24 April 1556 Smithfield, London[7][115] 103. John Cavel (or Cauell)Bocking, Essex weaver burnt 24 April 1556 Smithfield, London[7][115]Colchester martyrs of April 1556
104. Christopher ListerDagenham, Essex husbandman burnt 28 April 1556 Colchester, Essex [7][116]
105. John MaceColchester, Essex apothecary burnt 28 April 1556 Colchester, Essex [7][116]
106. John SpencerColchester, Essex weaver burnt 28 April 1556 Colchester, Essex [7][116]
107. Simon Joyne sawyer burnt 28 April 1556 Colchester, Essex [116]
108. Richard NicolColchester, Essex weaver burnt 28 April 1556 Colchester, Essex
109. John HamondColchester, Essex tanner burnt 28 April 1556 Colchester, Essex [7][116]
110. Hugh Laverock (or Lauarocke) Barking, Essex painter, (a lame man) burnt 15 May 1556 Stratford in Essex
111. John Apprice (or Aprice) blind man burnt 15 May 1556 Stratford-Atte-Bow or Stratford in Essex
112. Thomas Drowry blind boy burnt about 15 May 1556 Gloucester, Gloucestershire [7][n 18][118]
113. Thomas Croker bricklayer burnt about 15 May 1556 Gloucester, Gloucestershire [7][n 18][118]
114. Katherine HutBocking, Essex widow burnt 16 May 1556 Smithfield, London[7][117]
115. Elizabeth ThackvelGreat Burstead, Essex maid burnt 16 May 1556 Smithfield, London[7][117]
116. Joan (or Jone) HornsBillericay, Essex maid burnt 16 May 1556 Smithfield, London
117. Thomas Spicer Winston, Suffolk labourer burnt 21 May 1556 Beccles, Suffolk
118. John Deny (or Denny) (possibly a female Joan or Jone) Beccles, Suffolk burnt 21 May 1556 Beccles, Suffolk
119. Edmund PooleBeccles, Suffolk burnt 21 May 1556 Beccles, Suffolk
120. Thomas HarlandWoodmancote, Sussex carpenter burnt 6 June 1556 Lewes, Sussex
121. John Oswald (or Oseward) Woodmancote, Sussex husbandman burnt 6 June 1556 Lewes, Sussex
122. Thomas Reed Ardingly, Sussex burnt about 6 June 1556 Lewes, Sussex
123. Thomas Avington (or Euington) Ardingly, Sussex turner burnt about 6 June 1556 Lewes, Sussex
124. Adam Forster (or Foster) Mendlesham, Suffolk husbandman burnt 17 June 1556 Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk [124][125]
125. Robert Lawson Mendlesham, Suffolk linen weaver burnt 17 June 1556 Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk [124][125]
126. Thomas Wood clergyman – pastor burnt about 20 June 1556 Lewes, Sussex
127. Thomas Milles Hellingly, Sussex burnt about 20 June 1556 Lewes, Sussex
128. Thomas Moor servant and husbandman burnt 26 June 1556 Leicester, Leicestershire
Stratford Martyrs, 11 men and 2 women.
129. Henry Adlington (or Addlinton) Grinstead, Sussex sawyer burnt about 27 June 1556 Stratford-Atte-Bow[7][126]
130. Lawrence (or Laurence) ParnamHoddesdon, Hertfordshire smith burnt about 27 June 1556 Stratford-Atte-Bow[7][126]
131. Henry WyeStanford-le-Hope, Essex brewer burnt about 27 June 1556 Stratford-Atte-Bow[7][126]
132. William Holywell (or Hallywell)Waltham Holy Cross, Essex, smith. burnt about 27 June 1556 Stratford-Atte-Bow
133. Thomas Bowyer (or Bowier)Great Dunmow, Essex weaver burnt about 27 June 1556 Stratford-Atte-Bow
134. George Searle White Notley, Essex tailor burnt about 27 June 1556 Stratford-Atte-Bow
135. Edmond Hurst St James's Parish, Colchester labourer burnt about 27 June 1556 Stratford-Atte-Bow[7][126]
136. Lion/Lyon Cawch City of London merchant/broker burnt about 27 June 1556 Stratford-Atte-Bow[7][126]
137. Ralph Jackson Chipping Ongar, Essex, serving-man burnt about 27 June 1556 Stratford-Atte-Bow[7][126]
138. John Derifall (or Dorifall) Rettendon, Essex labourer burnt about 27 June 1556 Stratford-Atte-Bow[7][126]
139. John Routh/Roth Wickes, Essex labourer burnt about 27 June 1556 Stratford-Atte-Bow
140. Elizabeth Pepper St James's parish, Colchester wife of Thomas Pepper, weaver burnt about 27 June 1556 Stratford-Atte-Bow
141. Agnes George West Barefold, Essex wife of Richard George, husbandman burnt about 27 June 1556 Stratford-Atte-Bow
142. Roger Bernard Framsden, Suffolk labourer burnt 30 June 1556 Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk [124][125]
143. Julins Palmer Reading, Berkshire schoolmaster burnt about 15 July 1556 'The Sand-pits', Nr Newbury, Berkshire
144. John Guin/Jhon Gwin shoemaker [66] burnt about 15 July 1556 'The Sand-pits', Nr Newbury, Berkshire[7][128]
145. Thomas Askin/Askue burnt about 15 July 1556 'The Sand-pits', Nr Newbury, Berkshire
Guernsey Martyrs – (Three women and one unborn male foetus)
146. Catherine Cauchés (sometimes spelt Katherine Cawches) St Peter Port, Guernsey, Channel Islands burnt 18 July 1556 St Peter Port, Guernsey, Channel Islands[129]
147. Perotine Massey (pregnant) St Peter Port, Guernsey, Channel Islands wife of NormanCalvinist minister burnt 18 July 1556 St Peter Port, Guernsey, Channel Islands[129]
148. Guillemine GilbertSt Peter Port, Guernsey, Channel Islands burnt 18 July 1556 St Peter Port, Guernsey, Channel Islands
149. Thomas Dungate (or Dougate) East Grinstead, Sussex burnt 18 July 1556 Grinstead, Sussex
150. John Forman (or Foreman) East Grinstead, Sussex burnt 18 July 1556 Grinstead, Sussex
151. Anne Tree (or Try) West Hoathly, Sussex burnt 18 July 1556 Grinstead, Sussex
152. Joan WasteAll Hallows', Derby, Derbyshire blind woman burnt 1 August 1556 Derby, Derbyshire
153. Edward Sharp glover (possibly)[66] burnt early September 1556 Bristol, Gloucestershire/Somerset
154. Rose Pencell burnt 17 October 1555 Bristol
155. William Shapton weaver burnt 17 October 1555 Bristol[131]
156. John Kurde Syresham, Northamptonshire shoemaker burnt October 1556 or 20 September 1557 Northampton, Northamptonshire
157. John Noyes Laxfield, Suffolk shoemaker burnt 22 September 1556 or 1557 [133]
158. Thomas Ravensdale burnt 24 September 1556 Mayfield, Sussex[85][122]
159. John Hart burnt 24 September 1556 Mayfield, Sussex [85][122]
160. Unknown man shoemaker burnt 24 September 1556 Mayfield, Sussex [85]
161. Unknown man currier burnt 24 September 1556 Mayfield, Sussex [85]
162. Nicholas Holden Withyham, Sussex weaver burnt 24 September 1556 Mayfield, Sussex
163. Unknown man carpenter burnt 25 September 1556 Bristol, Gloucestershire/Somerset
164. John Horn burnt late September 1556 Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire
165. John Phillpott Tenterden, Kent burnt 16 January 1557 Wye, Ashford, Kent
166. Thomas Stephens Biddenden, Kent burnt 16 January 1557 Wye, Ashford, Kent
Canterbury Martyrs of January 1557
167. Stephen KempeNorgate, Kent burnt 15 January 1557 Canterbury, Kent [136]
168. William WatererBiddenden, Kent burnt 15 January 1557 Canterbury, Kent [136]
169. William ProwtingThurnham, Kent burnt 15 January 1557 Canterbury, Kent [136]
170. William LowickCranbrook, Kent burnt 15 January 1557 Canterbury, Kent [136]
171. Thomas HudsonSelling, Kent burnt 15 January 1557 Canterbury, Kent [136]
172. William HayHythe, Kent burnt 15 January 1557 Canterbury, Kent [136]
173. Nicholas Final Tenterden, Kent burnt 16 January 1557 Ashford, Kent
174. Martin Bradbridge Tenterden, Kent burnt 16 January 1557 Ashford, Kent
175. William Carman (or Carmen)[n 28] burnt day and month unknown 1557 [138]
176. Thomas Loseby burnt 12 April 1557 Smithfield, London
177. Henry Ramsey burnt 12 April 1557 Smithfield, London
178. Thomas Thyrtell (or Sturtle) burnt 12 April 1557 Smithfield, London
179. Margaret Hyde burnt 12 April 1557 Smithfield, London
180. Agnes Stanley (or Stanlye) burnt 12 April 1557 Smithfield, London
181. Richard Sharpe weaver burnt 7 May 1557 Cotham, Bristol[141]
182. Thomas Hale shoemaker burnt 7 May 1557 Cotham, Bristol[141]
183. Stephen Gratwick (or Steuen Grathwick) Brighthelmstone (now Brighton), Sussex burnt at end of May 1557 St. George's Fields, Southwark, Surrey
184. William Morant burnt at end of May 1557 St. George's Fields, Southwark, Surrey [7][142]: p. 272 [143]
185. Thomas King[66] burnt at end of May 1557 St. George's Fields, Southwark, Surrey
Maidstone martyrs
186. Joan (or Jone) Bradbridge Staplehurst, Kent Presumably a relative of Widow Bradbridge, burnt 19 June 1557[144] burnt 18 June 1557 Maidstone, Kent [7][145]
187. Walter Appleby Maidstone, Kent burnt 18 June 1557 Maidstone, Kent [7][145]
188. Petronil Appleby Maidstone, Kent wife of Walter Appleby burnt 18 June 1557 Maidstone, Kent [7][145]
189. Edmund Allin (or Allen) Maplehurst Mill, Frittenden, Kent miller burnt 18 June 1557 Maidstone, Kent [7][145]
190. Katherine Allin (or Allen) Maplehurst Mill, Frittenden, Kent Wife of Edmund Allin/Allen, miller burnt 18 June 1557 Maidstone, Kent [7][145]
191. Joan (or Jone) Manning Maidstone, Kent burnt 18 June 1557 Maidstone, Kent [7][145]
192. Elizabeth (surname possibly 'Lewis') blind maid burnt 18 June 1557 Maidstone, Kent [7][145]Canterbury martyrs of June 1557
193. John Fishcock/Jhon Fiscoke burnt 19 June 1557 Canterbury, Kent [7][145]
194. Nicholas White burnt 19 June 1557 Canterbury, Kent [7][145] 195. Nicholas Pardue/Perdue burnt 19 June 1557 Canterbury, Kent [7][145]
196. Barbara Final burnt 19 June 1557 Canterbury, Kent [7][145]
197. Bradbridge's Widow (Bradbridge's Wife) Probably Tenterden, Kent Probably the widow of Martin Bradbridge, burnt 16 January 1557 burnt 19 June 1557 Canterbury, Kent [145]
198. Mistress Wilson (also referred to as 'Wilson's Wife') burnt 19 June 1557 Canterbury, Kent [7][145]
199. Alice Benden, possibly also referred to as 'Benson's Wife' Staplehurst (or possibly Cranbrook), Kent[146] burnt 19 June 1557 Canterbury, Kent
Lewes Martyrs
200. Richard WoodmanWarbleton, Sussex iron-maker burnt 22 June 1557 Lewes, Sussex [7][82][147]
201. George Stevens (or Steuens) Warbleton, Sussex burnt 22 June 1557 Lewes, Sussex
202. William MainardMayfield, Sussex burnt 22 June 1557 Lewes, Sussex
203. Alexander HosmanMayfield, Sussex servant of William Mainard burnt 22 June 1557 Lewes, Sussex
204. Thomasina WoodMayfield, Sussex maidservant of William Mainard burnt 22 June 1557 Lewes, Sussex
205. Margery Morris (or Morice) Heathfield, Sussex burnt 22 June 1557 Lewes, Sussex
206. James Morris (or Morice) – son of Margery Heathfield, Sussex burnt 22 June 1557 Lewes, Sussex
207. Denis Burcis (or Burgis) Buxted, Sussex burnt 22 June 1557 Lewes, Sussex
208. Ann Ashdon (or Ashdown; also referred to as 'Ashdon's Wife') Rotherfield, Sussex burnt 22 June 1557 Lewes, Sussex
209. Mary Groves (also referred to as 'Gloue's Wife') Lewes, Sussex burnt 22 June 1557 Lewes, Sussex
210. Simon Miller (or Milner) Lynn, Norfolk burnt 13 July 1557 Norwich, Norfolk
211. Elizabeth Cooper St Andrew's Church, Norwich, Norfolk wife of a pewterer burnt 13 July 1557 Norwich, Norfolk [7](which calls her 'a woman')
212. George Egles/Eagles hung, drawn & quartered, August 1557 Chelmsford, Essex[7][150]Colchester Martyrs of August 1557
213. William BongeorSt Nicholas Parish, Colchester, Essex glazier burnt 2 August 1557 Colchester, Essex [151]
214. William Purchase (or Purcas) Bocking, Essex fuller burnt 2 August 1557 Colchester, Essex [151]
215. Thomas Benhote (or Benold) Colchester, Essex tallow-chandler burnt 2 August 1557 Colchester, Essex
216. Agnes Silverside (or Smith) Colchester, Essex widow burnt 2 August 1557 Colchester, Essex [151]
217. Helen (or Ellen) EwringColchester, Essex wife of John Ewring, miller burnt 2 August 1557 Colchester, Essex [151]
218. Elizabeth Folk Colchester, Essex 'young maiden' and servant burnt 2 August 1557 Colchester, Essex [151]
219. William Munt (or Mount)Much Bentley, Essex burnt 2 August 1557 Colchester, Essex
220. Alice Munt (or Mount) Much Bentley, Essex wife of William Munt (or Mount) burnt 2 August 1557 Colchester, Essex [151]
221. Rose Allen (or Allin) Much Bentley, Essex spinster, daughter of Alice Mount burnt 2 August 1557 Colchester, Essex [151]
222. John JohnsonThorpe, Essex labourer burnt 2 August 1557 Colchester, Essex [151]
223. Richard Crashfield Wymondham, Norfolk burnt 5 August 1557 Norwich, Norfolk[7] which records 'one at Norwich' in July[152]
224. Father Fruier burnt August 1557 Rochester, Kent[7][150]
225. Robert Stevenson burnt August 1557 Rochester, Kent[153]
226. Sister of George Eagles burnt August 1557 Rochester, Kent
227. Unknown Woman burnt August 1557 Rochester, Kent[7]
228. Agnes Prest Boyton, Cornwall Spinner burnt 15 August 1557 Southernhay, Exeter [154]
229. Thomas Benion weaver burnt 27 August 1557 Bristol[141]
230. Joyce Lewis Mancetter, Warwickshire gentlewoman burnt September 1557 Lichfield, Staffordshire – may be the same as Joyce Bowes, August 1557 (the Regester)
231. Ralph Allerton/Rafe Glaiton Much Bentley, Essex burnt 17 September 1557 Islington
232. James Austoo (or Auscoo) burnt 17 September 1557 Islington
233. Margery Austoo (or Auscoo) burnt 17 September 1557 Islington[7][157]
234. Richard Roth (or Rooth) burnt 17 September 1557 Islington
235. Agnes Bongeor (also known as Bowmer's Wife), wife of Richard Bongeor (similar name but different death date) burnt 17 September (or unknown date July) Colchester, Essex (or March 1558, Colchester)
236. Margaret Thurston/Widow Thurston-similar name but different death date burnt 17 September (or unknown date July) Colchester, Essex [132](or March 1558, Colchester)
237. Cicely Ormes St Edmund's Parish, Norwich, Norfolk wife of Edmund Ormes, worsted-weaver burnt 23 September 1557 Norwich, Norfolk
238. Thomas Spurdance servant of the Queen burnt November 1557 Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk
239. John Halingdale/Hallingdale/Hollingday carpenter burnt, 18 November/or day unknown October 1557, Smithfield, London
240. William Sparrow burnt, 18 November/or day unknown October 1557 Smithfield, London
241. Richard Gibson gentleman[66] burnt, 18 November/or day unknown October 1557 Smithfield, London
242. John Rough/Jhon Roughe London/Islington, Middlesex clergyman – minister at London/Islington, Middlesex burnt 22 December 1557 Smithfield, London
243. Margaret Maring (or Mering) burnt 22 December 1557 Smithfield, London
244. [Unknown forename ...] Lawton burnt March 1558 Huntingdon, Huntingdonshire
245. Cuthbert Symson/Symion London/Islington, Middlesex clergyman – deacon of the church in London/Islington, Middlesex died 28 March 1558 Smithfield, London
246. Hugh Foxe hosier[66] died 28 March 1558 Smithfield, London
247. John Devinish/Jhon Denneshe wool winder, died 28 March 1558 Smithfield, London
248. William Nichol burnt 9 April 1558 SM9515 Haverfordwest/Hwlffordd, Pembrokeshire/Sir Benfro
249. William Seaman (or Symon) Mendlesham, Suffolk husbandman burnt 19 May 1558 Norwich, Norfolk
250. Thomas Hudson Aylsham, Norfolk glover burnt 19 May 1558 Norwich, Norfolk[166] described as 'Glouer' in [7]
251. Thomas Carman[n 28] burnt 19 May 1558 Norwich, Norfolk
252. William Harris burnt 26 May 1558 Colchester[7][127]
253. Richard Day burnt 26 May 1558 Colchester, Essex [7][127]
254. Christian George (female) burnt 26 May 1558 Colchester, Essex her husband had previously been married to Agnes George, mentioned above
Islington Martyrs
255. Henry Pond (or Houde) burnt 27 June 1558 Smithfield, London
256. Reinald Eastland (or Launder) burnt 27 June 1558 Smithfield, London
257. Robert Southain (or Southam) burnt 27 June 1558 Smithfield, London
258. Matthew Ricarby (or Ricarbie) burnt 27 June 1558 Smithfield, London
259. John Floyd (or Flood) burnt 27 June 1558 Smithfield, London
260. John Holiday (or Hollyday) burnt 27 June 1558 Smithfield, London
261. Roger Holland London (taken in or near St John's Wood) merchant tailor burnt 27 June 1558 Smithfield, London
262. Sir Richard Yeoman (or Yeman) Hadleigh, Suffolk clergyman – curate of Hadleigh, Suffolk burnt 10 July 1558 Norwich, Norfolk
Islington Martyrs (second group)
263. Robert Mills burnt 14 July 1558 Brentford, Middlesex [167]
264. Stephen Cotton burnt 14 July 1558 Brentford, Middlesex
265. Robert Dynes burnt 14 July 1558 Brentford, Middlesex [167]
266. Stephen Wight (or Wreight) burnt 14 July 1558 Brentford, Middlesex
267. John Slade burnt 14 July 1558 Brentford, Middlesex
268. William Pikes (aliases: Pikas, Peckes) tanner burnt 14 July 1558 Brentford, Middlesex [7][167]
269. John Cooke sawyer burnt about 25 July 1558 Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk [170]
270. Robert Milles (or Plummer) shearman burnt about 25 July 1558 Bury St Edmunds
271. Alexander Lane wheelwright burnt about 25 July 1558 Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk
272. James Ashley bachelor burnt about 25 July 1558 Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk
273. Thomas Benbrike/Benbridge gentleman burnt unknown day in July 1558 Winchester, Hampshire
274. John (or Richard) Snell Bedale, Yorkshire burnt 9 September 1558 Richmond, Yorkshire
Ipswich Martyrs of 1558
275. Alexander Gooch (or Geche, or Gouch) Woodbridge or Melton, Suffolk weaver of shredding-coverlets burnt 4 November 1558 Ipswich Cornhill
276. Alice DriverGrundisburgh, Suffolk wife of a husbandman burnt 4 November 1558 Ipswich Cornhill [173]
277. Philip Humphrey (or Humfrey) burnt November 1558 Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk
278. John David/Jhon Dauy (brother of Henry David) burnt November 1558 Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk
279. Henry David/H. Dauy (brother of John David) burnt November 1558 Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk [174]Canterbury Martyrs of 1558
280. John CornefordWrotham, Kent burnt 15 November 1558 Canterbury, Kent [175]
281. Christopher Brown Maidstone, Kent burnt 15 November 1558 Canterbury[175]
282. John HerstAshford, Kent burnt 15 November 1558 Canterbury, Kent
283. Alice Snoth burnt 15 November 1558 Canterbury, Kent [175]
284. Katherine Knight/Tynley an aged woman burnt 15 November 1558 Canterbury
#english reformation#history#protestant#now you will see me open up about my study of the english reformation#protestant martyrs
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23rd July
Protestant Martyrs
Source: Alamy Stock Photos
On this day in 1555, Protestants John Launder and Thomas Iveson were burned at the stake, Launder in Steynings and Iveson in Chichester. Together they became known as the Goldstone Martyrs, as both originally came from Goldstone in Surrey. They died during the reign of Queen Mary I who violently reimposed Catholicism on England after the Calvinist experiment that took place under her deceased brother, Edward VI. Both men had remained loyal Anglicans and were caught attending illicit Protestant services in Brighton. Their steadfast refusal to recant their religion guaranteed themselves a place among the small number of Church of England martyrs, most of whom died during Mary’s reign.
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the golden calf & other false idols
THE OTHER SIDE OF THE STORY by Rabbi Rachel Barenblat / @/ESPNF1 / Exodus 32, New International Version / donpatriziopatdon / AnaFerrariHeart / u/Heng_samnang / The Worship of the Golden Calf by Filippino Lippi (1457–1504) / 2019 Italian Grand Prix / @/babysdrivers / @/evilscuderia / icon-icon / Tifosi at Monza
#charles leclerc#*rin#web weaving#enough catholic charles this st charles that martyr of ferrari dot dot dot.... charles for the protestants now
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Cop City: Racist police terror continues in Atlanta
By Lev Koufax
On Jan. 18, police and officials demonstrated just how far they would go to secure the Cop City site for what is really a domestic military base. In short, they would kill to do so.
That day, a Georgia State Trooper executed a queer environmental activist of color, Manuel Esteban Paez Terán (known by the nickname Tortuguita.)
#StopCopCity#JailKillerCops#Atlanta#Georgia#protest#Tortuguita#martyr#lgbtq#environmentalism#police brutality#repression#arrests#JusticeForRayshardBrooks#BlackLivesMatter#Struggle La Lucha
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Also since im tryna be active again lemme set my stance clear, FREE PALESTINE FOREVER! 🇵🇸🇵🇸 Don't ever let em think we're done. Every week every day every hour don't let the world forget innocents are being murdered en masse. NO business as usual & DONT let the words 'Free Palestine' fall out of trend. Palestinians deserve justice & their homeland. We keep going STRONG! Help in whatever way you can. We cannot give up hope on them, not for how much they've endured already.
#palestine#free palestine#protest#i struggle with making posts in general so ive vowed to compensate by making sure i go out in public to rallies every moment i can#we can all help in different ways so find whatever way works best for you#every small action can amount to something big because we are many#so we can do it! lets make an impact and save lives and honor innocents who have been martyred#hope for a better future and get our hands worn fighting for it
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#idk how many people actually go to protests and marches and vigils on this site#but i think tonights was the first time ive ever felt kind of dissapointed by one#not because of the vigil itself#i guess i was just hoping a vigil in front of the local israeli conculate for ALL martyrs would've drawn more than like 50 -75 people#yes it was below freezing yes it was windy#but were all people who live in a cold city#and can dress warm for it#and know how to tough it out#and even if we werent its such a tiny discomfort for such a short amount of time to act like its a reason to not go to something#idk i guess i thought more people were deeply enough affected by Refaat and Hind and Aaron and every other martyr we know by name#and the thousands and thousands and thousands we dont#to show up and stand in the cold for a little while#to feel like we can honour them in some way#to hear Refaat's words read allowed (which has hurt consistently but is so important to feel)#idk where im going with it i think i just need to get it all out#its been a very weird day
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Rest in blessed peace, Aaron Bushnell, far away from genocide 🕊️
#martyrs#aaron bushnell#palestine#palestinians#genocide#protest#immolation#free palestine#free gaza#gaza#us weapons#us complicity#usa#pentagon#anthony blinken#lloyd austin#jake sullivan#john kirby#joe biden#netanyahu the madman#benjamin netanyahu#right wing extremism#israeli apartheid#israeli occupation#war crimes#justice#us air force#us airman
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ONE HOUR AGO: our comrades at ucla's gaza solidarity encampment have started the refaat alareer memorial library, full of revolutionary literature. i cried seeing this, such a beautiful way to honor his legacy.
#free palestine#end aid to israel#current events#palestine genocide#let gaza live#west bank under attack#save palestine#glory to the martyrs#bds movement#end the genocide#end the occupation#refaat alareer#ucla#university of california la#students for justice in palestine#gaza solidarity encampment#all power to the people#boycott divest sanction#from the river to the sea#free palestine in our lifetime#no one is free until we are all free#los angeles#campus protests#palestine
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A protestor self-immolated in Atlanta yesterday.
“A person was in critical condition Friday after setting themselves on fire outside the Israeli consulate in what Atlanta Police Chief Darin Schierbaum said was “likely an extreme act of political protest.”
The incident happened around noon outside the Consulate General of Israel, according to police. Schierbaum said investigators didn’t believe the incident had “any nexus to terrorism.”
A Palestinian flag that was part of the protest was recovered at the scene, and gasoline was used as an accelerant, the officials said.”
#free palestine#israeli apartheid#israeli genocide#palestine#anti imperialism#apartheid#protest#martyr#self immolation
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#aaron bushnell#activism#self immolation#apartheid#save palestine#ethnic cleansing#israel is an apartheid state#seek truth#free palestine 🇵🇸#genocide#illegal occupation#israel is committing genocide#israeli war crimes#the US is complicit in genocide and war crimes again#martyr#protesting genocide#stop slapping a mental illness label on him#or acting like its a mystery why he did it#air force#israeli embassy#washington dc#propaganda kills#israeli lies#seek the truth and share it#spread awareness#stand for palestine#stand up for humanity
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"Biden is the best choice and he's actually really empathetic and reasonable but also you can't wait for a candidate that won't do genocide and war crimes because to become a presidential candidate you have to be willing to do that" see what you fundamentally don't understand is I'm not waiting for a candidate that won't do war crimes, because I know that. I cannot morally stomach this system, it's a joke to claim its democratic, and AMERICA DELENDA EST. this country is a plague on this Earth
#cipher talk#It's baffling because okay so you know how fucked up this is but you're behaving in a way that clearly indicates you want that this shambli#Disgusting empire to cling to life until after you're dead because it'd make /you/ uncomfortable and inconvenienced#To live through its destruction (the wealthier classes and more privileged experience lesser material changes in state collapse so long as#They aren't too highly ranked/involved in politics. A Sri Lankan wrote an article specifically addressing Americans about this)#It's so dehumanizing! People's blood is so cheap to you! You've just accepted its inevitable that genocide will happen!#Because of how the US operates! You can see no other future! It hardly matters to you!#You say this like the death of Palestinians of Yemenis of Syrians is someone else's dropped ice cream cone#You understand why people hate this country and you understand we deserve it but it just. Hardly matters to you#It feels like madness to watch this. It's disgusting#I keep thinking- it'd be so easy for you to justify my people being killed if violence broke out and it was in your favor#It's unlikely because. Well. America loves 'the church of the martyrs'#But you'd do it if that was favorable. You wouldn't think twice. You might feel a twinge in your heart but that's all#Because we aren't people to you!#We aren't all that important! Not important enough for you do anything more than 'well let's vote a blue in and do some protests'#What's a protest worth if you perpetuate the system and can't see a way out and don't try for a way out?#That's killing a man then putting flowers on his casket. It's /perverse/.#You get used to the idea that Africans die that West Asians die and that's just the way of the world. My g-d do you understand anything??#I watch necrosis take hold my parts of my culture and I watch every good person I know be ground to dust under a military regime#I talk to my friend who got drafted and is trans and may never come out because if they do they can get arrested as a 'prostitute'#I watch the wild hope for the future I was introduced to over radio at 9 years old wither#I watch people risk it anyway because just past the fence they can see they know there are people there#I watch my neighbor to the south crumble and weep because our hands are bloody and it's in part because we bloodied them for the west#And you just think that's how things are.#Fascist white death cult mindset
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I have just watched the entirety of the original video of Aaron Bushnell's final protest. Here are my takeaways.
One, I do believe that if you can handle it, you should watch it. At least a censored version. It is one thing to stand with him in theory. It is another to hear him, to feel how visceral it is, to know why he is doing it.
Two, he is a hero. There are a lot of people saying he was a bad person for x or y or z, but the truth is he made the suffering unignoreable. When he was told to follow orders and keep quiet, he screamed with everything he had in him.
Three, the police showed their incompetence. Shocker. The police officer screaming "Get on the ground! Get on the ground!" later points a gun at Aaron's charred body as they extinguish it. It sounds almost cartoonish because the action *is* cartoonish and ridiculous. Aaron collapses prior to their approach and is very clearly dead by the time they put him out. He poses no threat.
Four, he was *not* an idiot for his actions. Self immolation is a recognized form of protest.
Five, he was not mentally ill for doing this. It was a premeditated act of protest.
In the words of Aaron himself, this is what our ruling class has decided will be normal. If it happens to Palestinian children and you ignore it, somebody will make sure you have to see it.
Do not avert your eyes. Do not cover your ears. Do not pretend he was a lunatic lighting fires for fun. He was a hero. He *is* a hero. It is appalling that it had to come to this, and even more appalling that he was not the final casualty, because that *is* what he is. A casualty of Israeli aggression.
Rest in Power, Aaron. I hope one day the children of a liberated Palestine will hear tales of your bravery. I hope your actions will make somebody, anybody listen. Most of all, I hope your name stays on the lips of everyone who claims to support human rights.
Free Palestine. For Palestinians, for Aaron, for the world.
#palestine#boycott israel#free palestine#palestinian genocide#israel is committing genocide#israel is an apartheid state#israel is a terrorist state#anti idf#israel#ceasefire#aaron bushnell#self immolation#martyr#protest
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your 'peaceful' protests are not going to achieve anything if they are not disruptive. you need to disrupt society, you need to disrupt the economy, you need to disrupt the war machine, you need to be a problem. YOU NEED TO BE A MENACE TO YOUR ENEMIES in order to be taken seriously.
#free palestine#palestine#gaza#from the river to the sea palestine will be free#direct action#protest#protesting isnt inherently useless as many are claiming its only useless when ur doing it the way the govt wants u to#the entire point of a protest is to DISRUPT DISRUPT DISRUPT#dont let them defang you dont let them strip you of your collective power#long live palestine#long live the resistance#glory to the martyrs#death to israel#RESIST RESIST RESIST
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On March 1st 1546, George Wishart was burnt at the stake as a heretic by Cardinal Beaton.
18 years and a day after the subject of a post yesterday, Patrick Hamilton met his maker in St Andrews another Protestant reformer and Martyr also died a horrible death in the town. I think Wishart's death had a more profound effect as a martyr than Hamilton's, mainly due to one man - John Knox.
He went to university in France (Louvain) and then became a priest.. By 1538 he was back in Scotland as a school teacher in Montrose, where he taught his students the New Testament in Greek. When the Bishop of Brechin heard that Wishart was teaching young men to read the Bible in its original language he was furious. Wishart fled to Bristol, where he got in trouble for his preaching, and he spent the next three years in Switzerland and Germany. In 1542 he taught at Cambridge University, where he was well known for his kindness and generosity towards others. He often gave his clothes and bed-sheets to the poor.
In 1543, Wishart returned to Scotland where he preached in Montrose, Dundee and the West. In 1545, plague broke out in Dundee and as soon as Wishart heard of it he went back there, preaching to everyone and caring for the sick. He told them how there was a worse disease than the plague - sin - which could only be healed by the Lord Jesus Christ. Cardinal David Beaton, nephew of the Archbishop who had put Patrick Hamilton to death, sent a priest to kill Wishart with a dagger. However Wishart took the dagger off the priest before defending him from the angry crowd. Wishart survived another attack on his life by Beaton before finally being arrested near Edinburgh in 1546. By this time, a man called John Knox was following Wishart round as a bodyguard, carrying a large two-handed sword. However Wishart wouldn't let Knox come with him to his trial and execution. "One is sufficient for one sacrifice", he said.
Wishart was taken to St Andrews and kept in prison in the dungeon of the castle. At his trial, he was found guilty of being a heretic because of what he had been preaching, even though he answered all the accusations against him by quoting from the Bible. He was then hanged and burnt at the stake outside the castle. His preaching had helped unite believers across Scotland and hastened the reformation.
The location of the burning of George Wishart is also the birthplace of the Protestant Church of Scotland, under the leadership of Wishart's follower and friend, John Knox, his initials on the ground mark the spot.
The second pic is titled George Wishart Administering the Sacrament in the Prison of the Castle of St Andrews on the Day of his Execution, 1 March 1546 and is by Thomas Duncan a 19th century Scottish portrait and historical painter.
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We all talk about Easter being in Spring as not a coincidence with the resurrection being tied to themes of new life and rebirth but something something Fall, the commemoration of death, the plants which die so that we can bring in the harvest, something something animals have to die so we can consume their flesh, etc. Etc.
#it is ironic that while Catholics have all saints day#the Protestants also acknowledge the reformation martyrs all this month#oh everybody wants to claim spring for Christian symbolism#but nobody wants to take Fall#because death is to unpleasant in must be pagan
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you can call anne boleyn many things, good and bad alike. a protestant martyr, however, is not one of those fucking things
#personal#like a martyr in the context of christianity is a very specific thing#a martyr is someone who is killed (oftentimes by the state) for their religious beliefs#and that sure as shit isn't anne boleyn#because anne wasn't killed for her religious beliefs at all!#anne was killed specifically because her husband felt she was reproductively useful anymore and wanted to marry someone else#her religion had fuck all to do with it#which we know because the charges henry lobbed at her had nothing to do with religion it was all about adultery and incest#because he just wanted her out of the way because he was a misogynistic ass#was anne a protestant? absolutely! was she a martyr? no fucking way!#if you want an example of a martyr from that time period thomas more is the closest thing#as he was very explicitly killed for being a catholic and thus refusing to bow to henry's supremacy as head of the church#if you want a protestant martyr then look at thomas cranmer when mary burned him#which she did very specifically because he was a protestant (and also she kinda hated him personally because of the great matter)#(but mostly for being a protestant)#like anne's murder didn't have anything to do with religion at all#and i'm tired enough that i've decided to get mad about it
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