#Food and Nutrition

[carewellhealthtips]

Everyone wants a healthy and happy life, but it can be hard to find the motivation to stay on track. With all of our articles, we'll inspire you to get out there every day and make healthy choices.

#carewell health tips #health and wellness #fitness #workout #beauty #weight loss #fat loss #food and nutrition

[pen2print]

Millets: Future Superfood

Millets are one of the oldest food known to mankind.These are group of highly variable small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food. Types of millet: Sorghum (jowar), Pearl millet (bajra), Foxtail millet (kangni), Finger millet (ragi), Barnyard millet, Kodo millet, Little Millet, Proso Millet are amongst the healthiest millet grains…

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#blogging #india #awareness #Economics #Education #Food and nutrition #Health #Millets

[biglisbonnews]

UN aid reaches Soledar area as IAEA boosts safety measures at nuclear sites in Ukraine Country: Ukraine Source: UN News Service More convoys are expected in the days ahead and OCHA Spokesperson Laerke said that the UN and its partners are striving to increase inter-agency relief operations to areas close to the frontlines. https://reliefweb.int/report/ukraine/ukraine-un-aid-reaches-soledar-area-iaea-boosts-safety-measures-nuclear-sites

#Ukraine #UN News Service #Food and Nutrition #Health #Protection and Human Rights #Water Sanitation Hygiene #News and Press Release #ReliefWeb - Updates

[elleesde]

A complex design problem is making organic food accessible to everyone regardless of your status. Natural, healthy products are abundant and should be provided accordingly.

#designstrategy #designintervention #organic #healthissues #food scarcity #food and nutrition #foodabundance

[lupinepublishers]

Lupine Publishers | Can Dimple on Face is Affected by Blood Group?

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to correlate dimples on face with blood group system in humans. Total 180 subjects were participated in this activity. The subjects were student at Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan. Blood is to be checked against three types of antibodies, antibody A antibody B and –Rh serum. I took the blood group of the subjects and checked their blood type. Then we made list of subjects with their blood group types and asked them do they have dimple on their face or not one by one. Then we mentioned whether they have dimples or not after their blood group type in the list. It was concluded from the present study that O+ blood group people have maximum chance of having dimples and AB- have minimum chance of having dimples.

Keywords: ABO blood group system; Face dimples; Dimples and Blood grouping

Introduction

The most important blood group system in human blood transfusion is ABO blood group system. It is also present in some other animals like chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas. ABO blood group system is discovered by Karl Landsteiner who discovered three different blood types in 1900. Our blood contains white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets and plasma. A person with blood group A, he have antigen A on red blood cells surface and antibodies B on his blood plasma. On the other hand a person with blood group B have B antigen on red blood cells surface and A antibodies in his plasma. If he have blood type AB, then he have both antigen A and B on his red blood cells surface and no antibodies. If he has O blood group than neither he have antigen A nor B on red blood cells and both A and B antibodies present in plasma. A person having blood group A can donate blood to the person having blood group A. B blood group can only be donates to a person having blood group B and so on. If a person receive another type of blood or donate blood to a person with another type of blood than antibodies will match to the donors blood antigen. Red blood cells will clump in donated blood. Antibodies bind with the foreign red blood cells which cause agglutination.

Agglutinated red blood cells will break after a while and their content will leak out. Persons having AB blood are universal receivers and they receive blood from all blood groups. Persons with O blood group are universal donors and they donate blood to all types of blood groups. Rh blood group system is another and important blood group system after ABO [1]. Term Rh is abbreviation of “Rhesus factor” discovered in 1937 in rhesus monkey red blood cells. Rh blood group system related with many antigens, one of which is antigen D. Rh+ blood type have antigen but Rh- do not have antigen. Those individuals who lack antigen D do not make it naturally. Rh+ antigen lack the antigen and pose a danger for Rh- persons. Adverse effects may not be occur the after first time when blood with Rh+ is given to the person having Rh blood group. But the immune system produces anti Rh antibodies by responding to the foreign Rh antigen. If we give again Rh+ blood then after forming antibodies they cause agglutination because foreign red blood cells cause them to clump together. Hemolysis occur which cause destruction of red blood cells and also cause serious illness [2].

Dimple is a small hollow area on a part of human body mostly noticed on the cheek or on chin. There are two kinds of dimples, chin and cheek dimples. Cheek dimples shown when a person make a face expression. But in the case of chin dimple there is a small line on the chin that stays without making any face expression. Dimples may be appear or disappear for an extended period of time. Some researchers conclude that dimples are genetically inherited and as a dominant trait. But some said that they are irregular dominant trait controlled by one gene that may be influenced by some other genes. It is a genetic defect that cause irregular growth of certain facial muscles during embryonic development. They are formed by structural variation in facial muscle which is zygomaticus major. Presence of double zygomaticus major muscle form cheek dimples. The muscle that is shortened is responsible for stretching or pulling our lips behind into corners when we smile. They occur in those persons having dominant dimple gene. If both parents have dimples than there would be 50% chance that this deformity passed into next generation. Dimples are incredibly attractive and so many people wish that they could have dimples. If a person feels uncomfortable with their dimples than there are some ways to help them. They can never be removed but there are procedures that can reduce dimple size. The objective of present study was to correlate dimple on face with blood group system in humans.

Materials and Methods

Blood Grouping

In order to check blood group of any person, a blood sample is needed. First of all sterilize finger with alcohol wipes then take blood from fingertip by pricking it. Blood is checked by mixing it with three types of antibodies in test tube against Antibody A, Antibody B and anti-Rh serum. Cells clumps, or blood clotting tells about the type of Blood group. Then I Put blood group sample in test tube then add antibodies in it. After adding antibodies to blood sample wait for few seconds to observe precipitates formation. If blood is clot it means one of the antibody will react to the blood. If blood cells do not clot on antibodies A or Antibodies B then it is blood group O, If it clots on both antibodies A and B then Blood group is AB. If blood cells clot against Antibodies A then it is Blood Group B and if blood cells clot against Antibodies B then it is Blood Group A. After this blood sample is checked against anti-Rh serum which confirms the positivity and negativity of that blood group. Drop anti-Rh serum on blood sample if blood cells clot on Rh antibodies then blood group type is positive and if do not clot then it is negative blood group type.

Project Designing

Firstly, we took consent from each subject to take their blood sample and collected information by making questionnaire that do they have dimples on their face or not? Then we took blood sample of each subject and checked their blood group type by the procedure mentioned above. Then we made list of subjects with their blood group types and asked them do they have dimple on their face or not one by one. Then we mentioned whether they have dimples or not after their blood group type in the list. Total 180 subjects were participated in this activity. The subjects were students in Bahauddin Zkariya University Multan, Pakistan.

Statistical Analysis

MS Excel is used to perform statistical analysis.

Results and Discussion

Following Table 1 shows the percentage of dimples in A+ males is 11.76% while in A+ females is 20%. Percentage of dimples in both A- males and females is 0%. B+ males have 10% and B+ females 21.81% dimples. B- males and females both have 0% dimples. AB+ males have 0% dimples while AB+ females have 12.50%. AB both males and females have 0% dimples. O+ males have 16.66% and females have 26.83% dimples. O- males have 0% and females have 40% dimples on their face. Questionnaire based studies have given an important advancement in recent studies. Four scientists in 2015 work on five different Genetic Traits in Association with the Distribution Pattern of ABO and Rhesus Phenotypes among Families in Calabar and Nigeria one of which was dimples [3-10].

Conclusion

It was concluded from the present study that O+ blood group people have maximum chance of having dimples and AB- have minimum chance of having dimples.

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#lupine #lupinejournals #lupinepublishers #lupine publishers llc #Research and Reviews on Healthcare: Open Access Journal #general science #Bioinformatics Biology #Food and Nutrition #Child Health #Prescription Drugs #Anaesthesiology #health policy #health care management #life science #medical science

[harshalj79]

Fungal Protein Market by Type (Fusarium Venenatum Extract Protein, Mushroom Protein, Yeast Extract Protein), Application (Food & Beverages {Beverages, Bakery}, Animal Nutrition {Poultry, Aquafeed}, Pharmaceuticals, Other Applications), and Geography - Global Forecast to 2029

#Fungal Protein Market #fungal protein #mushrooms #yeast extract #food #food and beverages #food and nutrition #food industry

[jobsbuster]

#Liverpool John Moores University #LJMU #IM Marsh Campus #higher education #undergraduate studies #postgraduate studies #professional courses #technical courses #Dance Studies #Sport Development #Physical Education #Applied Community Studies #Social Studies #Community Nutrition #Consumer Studies #Marketing #Food and Nutrition #Home Economics #Tourism Management #Education Studies #Outdoor Education #Adventure Tourism #OFSTED inspections #TTA category A status #PE secondary initial teacher education #Liverpool #LJMU popularity #quality teaching #personal tutoring #academic facilities

[theambitiouswoman]

⭐Vitamin Cheat Sheet⭐

Vitamin A: Vision, immune system, skin health.

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): Energy metabolism, nerve function.

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): Energy production, skin health.

Vitamin B3 (Niacin): Cellular energy production, skin health.

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid): Metabolism, hormone production.

Vitamin B6: Brain function, mood regulation.

Vitamin B7 (Biotin): Healthy hair, skin, and nails.

Vitamin B9 (Folate): Cell division, DNA synthesis.

Vitamin B12: Nervous system, red blood cells.

Vitamin C: Immune system, collagen synthesis.

Vitamin D: Bone health, immune function.

Vitamin E: Antioxidant, skin health.

Vitamin K: Blood clotting, bone health.

Calcium: Bone and teeth health, muscle function.

Iron: Oxygen transport, energy production.

Magnesium: Nerve function, muscle relaxation.

Zinc: Immune system, wound healing.

Potassium: Fluid balance, nerve function.

Iodine: Thyroid function, metabolism.

Selenium: Antioxidant, thyroid health.

#vitamins #health and wellness #healthy living #health tips #healthyhabits #healthy lifestyle #nutrition #supplements #wellness #wellbeing #health is wealth #self care #food #healthy diet #skincare #lifestyle #green juice girl #clean girl aesthetic #fitness

[makotospadeheart]

going to a fun field trip and missing out class! (Also face reveal)

#maddie's multiverse #field trip #food and nutrition

[fitnfittr]

8 Amazing Health Benefits of Black Kismis | black raisins | munakka

100 gram munakka/ Black Kismis mein paye jane wale poshak tatvaBlack Kishmish ke kuch shaandar faydeBlack Kishmish RecipesFAQsThe Conclusion Kishmish hamesha se ek aam jeb snack raha hai, lekin in black kismis ke fayde aapko miss nahi karne chahiye! Bharat mein aam taur par munakka ke naam se jaane jaane wale is chhote snack ko Zabeeb, Maneka, sukhe angoor, aur black kismis ke naam se bhi jana…

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#Black Kishmish benefits #Black Kismis #Black Raisins #food and Nutrition #Health #Kismis #Munakka

[protinexindia]

#Balanced Diet #Nutrition #Healthy Foods #Food And Nutrition #Health Nutrition

[anannyanextmsc]

Dive into the exciting world of pea protein in our latest video!  We explore the burgeoning market of pea protein, highlighting its growth, health benefits, and environmental sustainability. Discover why this plant-based protein is gaining traction in the nutrition world and how it's shaping the future of sustainable eating.

Don't miss out on expert interviews, consumer trends, and future predictions in this insightful analysis. Like, share, and subscribe for more updates on the evolving landscape of plant-based nutrition. Drop us a comment with your thoughts and questions!

#youtube #subscribe #marketresearch #food and nutrition

[liberalsarecool]

When schools offer free meals for everyone, local families reduce grocery spending. Large chains respond by dropping prices, amplifying benefits to the broader community.

Education and nutrition depend on each other.

#food programs work #snap #nutrition #education

[megasynnex123-blog]

Latest Food Safety Testing and Technologies Trends

Trends in Food Safety 

Several contemporary trends are shaping the landscape of food safety testing and technologies:

Rapid Testing: 

Rapid testing methods enable food producers to swiftly and efficiently screen their products for pathogens and contaminants, thereby preventing contaminated items from reaching consumers.

Automation: 

Automated testing systems reduce the likelihood of human error, enhancing the precision and consistency of test results.

Molecular Testing: 

Molecular testing techniques, such as PCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS), are capable of detecting pathogens and contaminants that may be challenging or impossible to identify using traditional methods.

Internet of Things (IoT):

IoT technology is being harnessed to create innovative food safety monitoring and tracking systems, which can detect potential hazards early and avert major issues.

Benefits of New Food Safety Testing and Technologies

Adopting these new food safety testing and technologies offers several advantages, including:

Improved Food Safety: 

These methods facilitate the swift identification and elimination of food safety hazards, reducing the incidence of foodborne illnesses.

Reduced Costs: 

The adoption of new testing approaches and technologies can decrease the expenses associated with food safety testing, making it more accessible to smaller businesses.

Enhanced Efficiency: 

The new methods enhance the efficiency of food safety testing, freeing up resources for other critical tasks.

India Food Safety & Nutrition  Summit 2023 

The India Food Safety and Nutrition Summit 2023 stands as a prominent event that brings together food safety experts from across the globe to exchange the latest knowledge and best practices. The summit is scheduled to take place on 13th and 14th December, at the Hotel Radisson BLU, Mahipalpur, New Delhi. 

If you are keen on delving deeper into the latest food safety testing and technologies, We recommend visiting the India Food Safety Summit 2023. The Food Industry Summit features a lineup of industry experts with over 25 years of experience, covering 20+ key topics. 

With panel discussions, opportunities to gain critical insights, and a user-friendly interface for immersive experiences, it's a chance to connect with F&B leaders and explore innovative solutions. 

Additionally, the summit offers sponsorship opportunities, making it an excellent platform to promote your business to key decision-makers in the food safety and nutrition industry in India.

The ongoing developments in food safety testing and technologies play an increasingly vital role in safeguarding the integrity of our food supply. Staying current with these trends is essential for food producers to ensure the safety of their consumers and the success of their businesses.

#food summit #food safety summit #food safety #india food safety summit #business summits #summit in delhi #Food and nutrition #food tech events #food innovation

[myhealth786]

Home Remedies: Natural Solutions for Common Ailments

Home remedies have been used for centuries as a way to naturally and safely treat common ailments. These remedies have been passed down from generation to generation and they continue to be a popular alternative to traditional medicine. In this article, we'll explore some of the most effective home remedies for common ailments from headaches and colds to skin conditions and digestive issues. Read More:

#health #home remedy tips #home remedies #home remedy treatment #health and wellness #healthyliving #healthcare #treatment #happyness #blog #skincare #food and nutrition #food and drink

[lupinepublishers]

Lupine Publishers | Association of Sedentary Behavior with Obesity and Comorbities In Omani Women (Age 30-49 Years): A Cross- Sectional Study

Abstract

The alarming rise and increasing prevalence of abdominal obesity in developed as well as developing nations has made abdominal obesity as a major health concern globally. Abdominal obesity not only predisposes to life threatening conditions like hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and cancer but also leads to premature mortality. Physical inactivity is a matter of grave concern globally as the whole world has switched from a demanding physically active life to a sedentary lifestyle exposing the populations to a myriad of healthcomplications.

Objective: The main purpose of this research was to study the association between sedentary lifestyle with obesity and comorbidities in Omani women.

Method: The study was carried out during Aug 2019 to Jan 2020 and included a sample of total 398 obese Omani women aged 30-49 years from Muscat and Batina Governorates in Oman. Assessment of sedentary behavior and abdominal obesity associated comorbidities was performed using an IPAQ questionnaire allowing self-evaluation of diverse activities and self-report for the presence of hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, or diabetes mellitus.

Result: The current data indicates that 47% of the women had grade 1 obesity, 32% had grade 11 obesity and 21 % of the women suffered from morbid abdominal obesity which is alarming. Further, 25% of the subjects suffered from hypertension and were on medication, 18% suffered from hypercholesterolemia, 23% suffered from diabetes and 16 % reported to have suffered from gestational diabetes.

Conclusion: Sedentary lifestyles were common among the adult Omani women in the study sample. Lack of any kind of physical activity and sedentary behavior are commonly associated with high BMI, high WHR (abdominal obesity)and the associated diseases like high cholesterol, hypertension, and type 2diabetes.

Keywords: lifestyle; Physical Activity; Obesity; BMI; WHR; Women; Oman

Introduction

Sedentary behavior can be defined as actions which have low energy expenditure typically between 1-1.5 metabolic equivalent of task ( MEs), such as sitting [1]. The rapidly increasing trends in overweight and obese individuals globally and obesity becoming the number one health concern in developed as well as developing nations is alarming [2]. Being obese not only predisposes an individual to chronic life threatening diseases i.e. cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes and cancer but also causes premature mortality [2,3]. Genetic and environment factors (physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, nutritional and socioeconomic status) have been found to be significant contributory in obesity development [4]. It is now well understood that physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle pose a notable threat to the body and regular physical exercise of any kind improves physical and mental health [5]. Urbanization and subsequent automatization of daily routine activities have reduced manual labor resulting in lower energy expenditures giving birth to lazier and physically inactive people worldwide [6]. TV viewing was closely linked to obesity not only because of decreased energy expenditure but also due to increased energy intake caused during this inactivity by fat and sugar laden food consumption[7].During the period of last forty years, most of the Gulf countries including Oman have undergone a remarkable change in the socioeconomic status and several studies reveal significant increase in adopting inactive lifestyle in the Gulf region. This shift from a physically demanding life to a sedentary lifestyle have exposed people to high risk of diseases like obesity, hypertension, heart diseases, diabetes, cancer to name a few. Cultural differences and restrictions in lifestyle choices available to females in Arabic countries are the main reasons for increased rates of obesity: Females have restricted access to sporting/communal physical activities [8]. In Oman women may be at a greater risk of developing obesity and the associated morbidities due to their decreased physical activity and sedentary lifestyle. According to a study done in 2000 on Omani adults, approximately 17% of adult male and 24% of adult females were observed to have higher body weight [9]. It was also revealed in a research by the Health Ministry in Oman during 2011 that approximately 52% of 5,000 newly diagnosed cases of T2 diabetics, were female [10]. It was clearly postulated in a newly done study in Oman that metabolic syndrome related to the lifestyle and eating habits increases with the existence of causative risk factors like diabetes, cardio vascular disease and presence of extra fat in the body [11]. A very strong correlation between less physical activity, maximum hours spent sedentarily or sitting every day and increased prevalence of associated complications indicating an inverse relation between reduced activity and risk of getting more diseases [12]. Despite this, the studies indicating the sedentary lifestyle of Omani women are rare therefore the aim of the present study was to examine the association between sedentary behavior and obesity as well as the associated co morbidities.

Materials and Methods

The present cross-sectional study included obese women (aged 30-49 years) visiting Al Raffah Hospital. The subjects were enrolled between August 2019 and January 2020. The study was conducted after explaining the purpose of the study and obtaining informed consent from each participant.Pregnant women and those with any eating disorder were not included in the study. A total of 398 subjects with BMI above 30 aged 30-49 years were included. All the subjects were asked to complete a self-reported questionnaire (IPAQ) to assess physical activity and health status. Subjects were asked questions in order to assess physical activity/ exercise and sedentary lifestyle levels on a weekly basis. BMI (Body Mass Index)=Weight (kg)/height (m^2)was used as an indicator of obesity. The weight was measured using commercial scale” Seca, Germany” with an accuracy of +_ 100 gm. Standing height of the participant was measured using a standardized measuring scale The participant was asked to stand on the horizontal platform without shoes, hold the arms loosely at the sides with the palms facing the thighs. The horizontal bar was lowered until it touched the crown of the participant’s head. The height was recorded to the nearest centimeters and if the reading fell between two values, the lower reading was always recorded. BMI was calculated and the cutoffs provided by the World Health Organization for defining obese (BMI above 30), obesity Grade 1 (30-34.99), obesity Grade II (35-39.99), obesity Grade III (more than 40) were adopted [13]. Waist and hip circumference were measured using a flexible and inelastic tape measure and noted in cm. This ratio is calculated by dividing the waist circumference (cm) by the hip circumference (cm). The WHR above 0.85 in women is considered to be obese and risk of diseases rises steeply when the WHR rises above 0.8. Statistical analysis was done by the use of the program SPSS version 16 by analyzing variables to see relationships and percentage. Data were analyzed and presented as mean+_ standard deviation and frequency tables. Data is expressed as mean +_ SD (standard deviation) and was analyzed using Graph pad Prism version 5. Chi square test was used for comparing the categorical variables. One-way analysis of variance (ANNOVA) followed by Turkey’s test. Student’s unpaired t-test and the stepwise logistic regression analysis were used for comparing the continuous variables. Probability value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Ethical Considerations

Permission was obtained from the Ethical Review Board of Al Raffah Hospital, Muscat before commencing the interviewing and measurements and the subjects were given a brief orientation.

Results

The study included 398 obese women (BMI> 30), with age ranging from 30-49 years with 38% (n=153) in age group 30-34 years, 22% (n=89) in age group 35-39 years, 16% (n=63) were between 40-44 years and 23% (n=93) in the age bracket of 45- 49 years. Out of 398 obese women 47% were found to be grade I obese (n=187), 32 % (n=126) were grade II obese and 21 %(n=85) were morbidly obese with grade III obesity. The WHR calculations revealed that 69 % (n= 276) of the women with WHR above 0.85 are suffering from abdominal obesity and are at high risk of comorbidities, 29 % (n=114) were at moderate risk of diseases while only 2 % (n=8) had low risk of morbidities. 25% (n=99) of the subjects self-reported to suffer from hypertension and were on medication. Hypercholesterolemia was found in 18 % (n=70) of the study population and 23% (n=91) was suffering from diabetes and were regularly taking medication.16 % (n=63) of the women reported to have suffered from gestational diabetes, when asked about their past history of any diseases (Table 1 & 2).

Regarding physical activity parameters, only 9 % (n=35) study participants reported that they indulged in vigorous activity (i.e. heavy lifting, swimming, running, bicycling, tennis etc.). 6 % (n=25) did some kind of vigorous activity 2-3 times a week while 2% (n=10) subjects were regularly doing a vigorous activity around 4 to 7 times a week. Out of those who were involved. Out of thosewho were involved in vigorous activity 29% (n=10) were doing for 15 to 30 minutes, 37% (n=13) were doing between 31 to 59 minutes and 34% (n=12) were doing for 1 hour ormore. Further, only 6% (n=23) of the women were involved in any kind of moderate physical activity (i.e. dancing, carrying light loads, house cleaning etc.). 5% (n=18) of the subjects were doing moderate physical activity 2-3 times a week while only 1% (n=5) of the subjects were regularly doing moderate physical activity 4-7 times a week. Out of those who were involved in moderate physical activity 22% (n=5) spent 15 to 30 minutes and 78% (n=18) spent 1 hour and more.

65 % (n=260) of the subjects reported that they never indulged in walking, 23 % (n=93) of the women had a walking routine for 1-3 days/week, 11 % (n=43) of the participants regularly indulged in walking for 4-7 days/week. Of those who regularly indulged in walking 35% (n=47) walked about 15 minutes per day and 65% (n=89) walked between 16 to 30 minutes per day.When asked about the total time spent on sitting (at work/home/while doing course work/leisure time) 44% (n=176) of the women reported to spend 10-12 hours sitting/day, 26% (n=103) of the subjects were sitting for 7-9 hours/day, 20% (n=79) of the women spent more than 12 hours on sitting per day and 10% (n=39) of the women spent only 4-6 hours on sitting .

Discussion

The increasing burden of diseases globally is a major health concern. As per the WHO, the obesity related morbidities account for approximately 61% of the deaths and 49% of the disease burden across the world and if this alarming trend continues, roughly 70% of total global deaths and 56% of the disease burden worldwide will be attributable to these diseases by 2030 [14]. Like many Gulf countries, Oman is also facing new health challenges due to increasing trends in lifestyle related diseases thus increasing the incidence of the disease in the country. Women may be more prone to adopting sedentary lifestyle; thus becoming obese and at higher risk of developing associated health disorders due to lack of physical activity. The current data indicates that 47% of the women had grade 1 obesity, 32% had grade 11 obesity and 21 % of the women suffered from morbid obesity which is alarming. The WHR calculations indicated that majority of the subjects i.e. 70% had abdominal obesity and were at a very high risk of developing co morbidities, 28% of the subjects were at moderate risk while only 2% of the women had low risk of developing obesity associated diseases. Though BMI has been consistently linked with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes [15], abdominal obesity assessed through WHR is associated with higher risk for obesity related morbidities and mortalities than overall adiposity [16,17] .25% of the women were having high blood pressure and were regularly taking medication and these findings are in agreement with several other studies where age, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle were significant factors for hypertension [18- 21]. 23% of the participants reported to have type 2 diabetes and were on medications. Studies indicate that sedentary lifestyle like spending long hours on screen, TV, reading (encourages overeating), driving etc. are strongly linked to excessive weight gain further leading to type2 diabetes [22]. According to a survey conducted by International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity in 2013, 90% of type 2 diabetes in women can be strongly linked to obesity, unhealthy eating habits and physical inactivity i.e. sedentary behaviors [23,24]. 18% of the subjects had high cholesterol levels. A positive correlation has been found between sedentary lifestyle and higher chances of developing heart diseases through raised blood triglycerides and reduced HDL cholesterol, as indicated by a recent meta-analysis [25,26]. The ATTICA study showed that physically active women had significantly lower levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and higher levels of HDL- cholesterol, compared to sedentary women [27]. 16--- % of the women reported that they had gestational diabetes and were on medication throughout the pregnancy. A myriad of studies done globally suggest that GDM is prevalent in almost 17.8% of the pregnancies [28]. which is strongly associated with a greater risk of complications and developing type 2 diabetes later in life both for mother and baby [29]. Reports indicate an inverse correlation between GDM and regular exercise during pregnancy as well as the BMI at the time of conception [30,31].

Regular physical exercise of any kind plays a crucial role not only in preventing obesity but also by reducing the risk of developing metabolic syndrome i.e. type 2 diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia. The physical activity parameters were assessed through IPAQ by interviewmethod and 91% of the women reported that they never indulged in any vigorous physical activity in the last seven days, 6% of the subjects indulged in vigorous physical activity 1-3 times a week while only 2% of the women were doing vigorous exercise for almost 5-6 times a week. Intense physical activity has been associated with the prevention of heart diseases in middle aged adults [32].Those who were involved in regular vigorous activity i.e. 29% were doing for 15 to 30 minutes, 37% were doing between 31 to 59 minutes and 34% were doing for 1 hour ormore. Furthermore, 94% of the women were not involved in any kind of moderate physical activity (i.e. dancing, carrying light loads, house cleaning etc.), only 4.5%of the subjects were doing moderate physical activity 1-3 times a week while only 1.3% of the subjects were regularly doingmoderate physical activity 4-5 times a week. Out of those who were involved in moderate physicalactivityi.e. 22% spent 15 to 30 minutes, 22% spent 31 to 59 minutes and 56% spent 1 hour and more. Further, 65% of the subjects reported that they never indulged in walking, 23% of the women had a walking routine for 1-3 days/week, 11% of the participants regularly indulged in walking for 4- 5 days/week. Those who regularly indulged in walking i.e.33% walked about 15 minutes per day and 65% walked between 16 to 30 minutes per day. Regular brisk walk may reduce the risk of obesity as well as its associated co morbidities [33]. When asked about the total time spent on sitting (at work/home/leisure time i.e. TV watching) 44% of the women reported to spend 10-12 hours sitting/day, 26% of the subjects were sitting for 7-9 hours/day, 18% of the women spent more than 12 hours on sitting per day and 10% of the women spent only 4-6 hours on sitting. Sitting time (car/ chair /TV/screen/working hours) involves minimal movement with low energy expenditures. Prolonged Sitting time is a serious health concern due to the deleterious effects caused by the sedentary lifestyle if a subsequent rise in physical activity does not balance it out [34]. A recent study revealed that long hours of continuous sitting (sedentary time) is independently associated with obesity and its associated diseases like type 2 diabetes [35]. Normal weight women need at least 1 hour of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity for maintaining a steady weight as reported by The Women’s Health Study done on 34,000 middle aged women [36].The results of another study indicate that any kind of vigorous activity is more effective than slow walking for weight loss and it was reported that those women who increased their physical activity by 30 minutes/day gained less weight than those with steady activity levels [37-39]. Furthermore , recent research done on a control group of obese middle-aged women suggested that 45minutes of moderate-to-vigorousaer obicactivity, 4-5days/week significantly reduced the body weight and the abdominal fat as compared to those who did not exercise [40].

Conclusion

Such changes are essential to make physical activity an integral and natural part of people’s everyday lives-and ultimately, to turn around the obesity epidemic. Our data calls for attention to the need for implementation of effective interventions focusing on restricting sedentary behaviors and encouraging a physically active lifestyle especially in high risk Omani women. The public health programs should take into consideration these factors while planning for obesity prevention. Public awareness of the health concerns associated with sedentary lifestyle is urgently needed along with public health interventions aimed atchanging lifestyle behaviors among Omani women.

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