a brief history of white feminism
what is intersectionality?
intersectionality is the inclusion of all different types of people in a movement for change. an example of intersectionality is acknowledging the different struggles that different lgbtq people face, and realizing how those struggles may differ based on race, etc. intersectionality aims to realize that identities can and do overlap, leading to different experiences of one’s identities and oppression.
what is white feminism?
the generally accepted definition of white feminism is “expressions of feminism focusing on the struggles of white women in particular, while excluding women of color, particularly by weaponizing misogyny to direct it towards women of color, lgbtq women, disabled women, etc.” essentially, it is non-intersectional feminism.
the origins of white feminism, part I
feminism today began with the first wave of feminism in the late nineteenth century, which focused mainly on women’s political status, ability to vote, etc. the goal of this was to open more sociopolitical oppurtunities for women, with a focus on suffrage. while many women of color were part of the first-wave feminism movement, the suffragist movement remained particularly white. this is thought to have been because the first wave of feminism began a few decades before the movement for african american equality and right to vote. during the first wave, african american women were excluded from the movement. proof of this includes the black suffragist mary church terrell being denied help by white activists.
the origins of white feminism, part II
the second wave of feminism is what we commonly see as feminism today, starting in the 1960’s and leading well into the 1980’s. this wave focused on women in the work environment, women’s expression of sexuality, reproductive rights, and sexual and domestic abuse. this time period garnered more of an area for women of color and white women alike to talk about these issues. during this time, women of color began to emerge in the feminist literary space. among such were gloria jean watkins, better known by her pen name bell hooks, who wrote about intersectionality and the struggles that black women face. hooks advocated for white women to recognize that they, like ethnic minority men, were both oppressed and the oppressors, thus giving them a position of weaponizing their oppression and using it to oppress others, though this tactic is more noticeable within white feminism. an example of this includes the work the second sex by simone de beauvoir, which is noted as a striking example of the prioritization of women in the idea of the so-called perfect white woman.
the origins of white feminism, part III
the third wave of feminism began in the late 1980s and 1990s and focused mainly around women and female sexuality, particularly including issues with pornography and sexual abuse/violence. this is sometimes referred to as “riot grrrl” feminism. third wave feminists worked to fight against ideas that demonized female sexuality by advocating for female sexual liberation and gender expression, as well as reclaiming derogatory terms used to demonize their sexuality, such as ‘whore,’ ‘bitch’ and ‘slut.’ this movement, depending on which angles you look at it from, both included women of color and excluded them extremely. some see the third wave as a deconstruction of the predominantly white, so-called perfect woman (weak, passive, fragile, virginal and faithful) and replaced it with more empowering ideals of women (domineering, demanding, emasculating, and assertive). however, this wave has also been criticized for the hyper-masculinization of women of color, particularly black or african american women. the third wave of feminism is also attributed to the beginning of victim feminism, which reinforces the idea that women are fragile and need to be protected, which plays a large part in white feminism.
what is victim feminism?
as said before, victim feminism is generally defined as a subsect or warped ideal of feminism that reinforces ideas that women are delicate and need to be protected. this tactic is weaponized often by white feminism. it is often difficult to understand the correlations between victim feminism and third wave feminism, given that third wave feminism seeked to empower and emasculate women. third wave feminism had undertones that prioritized women as being, although in themselves powerful, masculine and assertive beings, under the control of the patriarchy. often this is used to avoid taking responsibility for their own actions, instead blaming it exclusively on the patriarchy.
how is victim feminism used by white feminists?
throughout the history of white cultures and environments, white women were often seen as the standard for all women, being viewed as (both mentally and physically) delicate, submissive, pure, virtuous, and needing to be protected. these views were not upheld for women of color, as they were seen as masculine, strong, and inherently violent (which there has been no scientific proof of). white womanhood looks very different from the womanhood of women of color due to this. the way white feminism enhances and embraces victim feminism is by accepting the idealized image of white woman goodness, which equals powerlessness.
what are white woman tears?
white woman tears ia a phenomenon displayed by white feminists that employs the use of crying as victimization. societal norms in most cultures inform us that crying indicates helplessness, which triggers sympathetic chemicals in the brain. certain stereotypes of people of color show them as unfeeling, violent, cold, and devoid of emotion, particularly positive emotion. when white women cry, they are seen as helpless, pure, sensitive beings and are often prioritized and victimized. when people of color (particularly women of color) cry, reactions vary from normal sympathy, low sympathy, confusion, and assuming they are ‘alligator tears’ (pretending to cry as a manipulation tactic). essentially, white woman tears seek to prioritize white female emotional discomfort in the face of other forms of oppression. it also paints people of color and men as the so-called caretakers of white women and that it is their duty to keep their fragile feelings intact.
why is white feminism bad?
this is simple. white feminism is bad because it excludes people of color, opposes intersectionality, and takes on the view that one’s identities are inherently separate from one another. this is objectively false, as all social identities overlap due to the different perceptions and amalgamations of these different identities in today’s society. white feminism is a strategy used to weaponize misogyny and direct it towards women of color, lgbtq women, able-bodied women, etc. which is oppressive and wrong. white feminism is not true feminism. if your feminism does not include all women, it is not feminism.
how do i undo white feminism?
like any other form of bigotry and oppression, undoing white feminism is a slow process. if you are a woman of color, seeking to understand what womanhood means to you and how it has been impacted by white society’s views on womanhood can help to perceive and pinpoint white feminism in action. if you are a white woman, seeking to understand and undo the ideals of white feminity based upon you by white society and understanding what womanhood means to you and how it has been impacted by white society can help you better understand the struggles of women of color. also, avoid victimizing yourself and painting yourself as fragile, race-wise. if you are a man, listen to and try to understand the experiences and perceptions of women of color, and do further research into intersectional feminism.
Sources
hooks, bell (1981). Ain't I A Woman?: Black Women and Feminism.
Palmer, P. M. (1994). White Women/Black Women: The Dualism of Female Identity and Experience.
Breines, Wini (2002). What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years.
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