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eruverse · 1 year

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More headcanons on Mongol Empire-Post Mongol Empire era:

I LOVE depicting Mongolia as a father and grandpa of many offpsring, and he did have many. So there were Golden Horde/Jochid Ulus (which was actually a combined force of Blue Horde and White Horde given to Jochi’s sons Batu and Orda, because Jochi died before Golden Horde was consolidated), Chagatai Khanate (of Chagatayids), Ilkhanate (of Hulagu), and Yuan (of Kublai). Now, rather than going with ‘Mongolia = Yuan’ like I used to, I decided to give Yuan its own personification. Why tho? For one, while Yuan’s territory did comprise of Mongolia proper and Kublai as its founder presented his state as core Mongol Empire (or, simply Mongol Empire) with his grandfather Chinggis Khan as its founder, sketchy things surrounded Kublai’s ascension as a Khagan; he was enthroned during a quriltai that was held not in Karakorum but in his own city Kaiping (in China), and it was without the votes of all four Chinggisid branches who at the time supported Kublai’s youngest brother Ariq Boke as a Khagan. All of this made his ascension illegal. What’s more, Kublai who was pretty much an usurper proclaimed himself as a ruler in a distinctly Chinese style and Yuan dynasty was established with all the legitimacy of a Chinese dynasty. Yuan therefore looked more like a breakaway/successor state just like the other Khanates than simply a continuation of the Mongol Empire that Chinggis Khan built. It stands to reason for me that I should make a distinction between Yuan and Mongolia then, since Mongolia the dude in my head represents the core of Mongols so he should be purely Mongolian with pure Mongol/nomadic characteristics. For legitimacy with the Mongolian side, Yuan would latch onto Mongolia and they would rule both China and Mongolia together. The link below is an interesting read of which I based my theory off on the separation between personifications of Mongolia and Yuan dynasty:

Besides, I just want funny family moments between Mongolia and his kids and grandkids, and the more the merrier!!

Golden Horde is a Hater and he’s so valid for it. He hates people and nothing he likes more than going to his mancave (of wide steppe) and ignoring all other kinds of existence including his own siblings by Mongolia, though he of course is loyal to his princes and princesses and would do everything for them. His rivalry with Chagatai (Khanate) reflects Jochi’s with Chagatai. Also despises Ilkhanate bc they have feuds over territories and trades. Only slightly more okay with Yuan bc Yuan is really far away and cannot bother him much though he still doesn’t want to acknowledge him because why should he. Perpetual virgin until he met chaotic deranged dumbass Timurid. Anyway, he’s a child between Mongolia and Polovtsy/Qipchak. The Polovtsy were Turkic nomads whom the Jochids subjugated and entered into their ranks (or got scattered all over the area as they fled the Mongols). They had a confederate before the Mongols came.

Mongolia: “Horde, now be good and have dinner together with me and your brothers!”

Horde: “Fuck you all now let me go back to my mancave.”

Mongolia: *spanks Horde*

Maybe I should give Blue Horde and White Horde personifications too and they are the ones who do the actual ruling while the most Golden Horde does is frolicking around, bullying little hare Russia, or being fussed over by his princesses. Anyway, they love to braid his long hair like a maiden and put beads and rings on it.

Russia sometimes mistakes Horde as a Mongol Princess because of it and Horde is so NOT amused. Cue Horde chasing Russia around.

Russia and Horde coincidentally bond over not liking studying and reading, and as kids they were illiterate. Their princes/advisors were this 👌 close to giving up teaching them to read. Horde says he’s an all powerful warrior of the steppe and he already has everything he wants and needs so why should he even study?? Meh.

At some point Horde also tried to shoot Russia’s cat because he was curious if it tasted good and that was the first time Russia smacked him. Horde was secretly impressed because apparently little hare could pack up a good punch.

Chagatai is rivals with Horde and he’s salty because his desire to make daddy Mongolia happy by besting that fucker-with-his illegitimate-Khans Horde results in Mongolia disinheriting their respective khans from the throne of Khagan altogether through Chinggis Khan. Eventually, Chagatai becomes estranged much like Horde did. His personality is serious and ruthless to a fault. Chagatai is a child of Mongolia and Qara-Khitai, who was a Khitan-ruled state in Central Asia. Khitans were a nomadic group related to Mongols as they were all similarly descended from Xianbei. Qara-Khitai however wasn’t purely Khitan because most of its subjects were Central Asian Turco-Persian Muslims under Karakhanids who then became vassal to the Khitans. Therefore by characteristics Chagatai was very much Central Asian and not Khitan… maybe Karakhanid was his actual second dad? Only Mongolia knows.

Ilkhanate is the child of Mongolia and Khwarazmian Empire (another Turco-Persian state, also both Karakhanid and Khwarezmia were descendants of Gokturks). His relationship to Mongolia is second to best, but even in time he’s more concerned with his own gains than being a filial son to Mongolia. He’s an excitable dude who’s also a wildman.

Yuan (Monchu love(hate)child) is possibly Mongolia’s favorite kid because he’s best behaved to him (including paying homage to him unlike his other hopeless brats). Has an ultra high self esteem because he’s most favored by Mongolia and because he lords over the mighty China. Lots wholesome moments between daddy Mongolia and Yuan with China totally NOT having a good time.

Yuan: “I am Great Yuan, bow down to me and my Father!!”

Horde, Chagatai, Ilkhanate: *leave*

Yuan: “No, come back here!!!!”

Except for China, Mongolia obliterated his kids’ second dads they are no more 💔 maybe he tried to do that to China too (like with Song whom Kublai subjugated) but too bad for him, China is eternal.

Yes, basically the other dads of Mongolia’s brats were the countries he subjugated and took over. He killed their personifications and gave the territories to his own.

I decided to not make Timurid a direct descendant of Mongolia, however he kinda larps as Mongol Empire following Tamerlane’s massive ambition (lol good luck). He also got important territory off Chagatai and he did it by cannibalizing parts of him (!!!). Timurid is a simpleton brute with singleminded focus who’s also a poet of many vulgar poems depicting his lover Horde. Also, I guess by the time Moghulistan happened there would be another personification in place (which means Chagatai would be dead by then) but idk yet.

Initially Horde and Timurid had it SO good but Horde had to betray him following the orders of his prince Tokhtamysh, and it made Timurid so livid he got batshit insane as if possessed. He chased after Horde and burnt his important cities when he couldn’t find him, further weakening Horde when he was already weakened from civil war and conflicts. They met one last time shortly before Horde’s death, though Horde’s death wasn’t actually by Timurid’s hands.

Mongolia finds it quite tragic that he lives on while his kids and many descendants couldn’t, but such is fate. He wouldn’t actually want to switch places with them tho (for nationverses, only one’s own survival really matters), but it would be nice to have his large family around him. He would love having his dining table brimming full with his offspring and relatives during Tsagaan Sar. Mongolia misses them sometimes even though their relationship wasn’t always so good.

Mongolia himself isn’t always a good father, and while he’s pretty attentive to his kids (the ones he had in the past or the ones he has had pretty recently) he’s an emotionally independent person and likes to encourage his brats to be independent sooner. Therefore, sometimes he can be quite neglectful, and it is even more the case these days though part of it is because he himself cannot support them much in many ways. Not saying he’s a 100% chill parent though, because like any kind of patriarch he expects and could demand proper filial piety from his brats, but these days perhaps following the pattern of chill urbanized fathers who are more of good friends to their kids than just reigning patriarchs, Mongolia is much more chill (in an egalitarian sense) with his remaining kids and relatives. Spanking your kids is bad, so he no longer does it.

#hetalia #aph mongolia #hws russia #aph china #hws mongolia #aph russia #hws china #oc golden horde #oc timurid empire #hws golden horde #hws timurid empire #oc chagatai khanate #oc ilkhanate #oc yuan dynasty #aph #hws #my headcanon

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maryrobinette · 10 months

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My Favorite Bit: Stephen Aryan Talks about THE JUDAS BLOSSOM

Stephen Aryan is joining us today to talk about his novel, The Judas Blossom. Here’s the publisher’s description: 1260, Persia: Due to the efforts of the great Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire covers a vast portion of the known world. In the shadow of his grandfather, Hulagu, ruler of the Ilkhanate, is determined to create a single empire that covers the entire world. His method? Violence. His…

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#My Favorite Bit

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lightdancer1 · 1 year

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Starting a new series of books:

These include a strong focus on aspects of history of the Muslim world with medieval Iran, modern Afghanistan, and the Crusades through Muslim eyes first (and what I've just started on now). There will also be a book on the Sikhs written by one and one on the campaign of Second Bull Run.

But first, this one which has its complement with the one I've started now and is one of the many books written on one of the great medieval European clashes, the holy wars called the Crusades. From the 1090s to the 1290s the Papacy engineered an effort at a pan-European holy war to send the knights to go bother the Seljuk Sultanate rather than rampaging and inconveniencing people in Europe, not least the Pope.

An ultimate reality of the Crusades is that the first succeeded by virtue of what to a secular historian is extremely precisely calibrated wonderful timing and even then it was a near-run thing. Even a secular history would look at cases like the Siege of Antioch and note that these were events that a more openly religious era would unhesitatingly see either as divine favor (the Christian view) or 'God hates us because we fucked up' (the Muslim view, insofar as they acknowledged it at all). That one Crusade was an exception in an otherwise consistently unbroken pattern of failure on smaller and larger scales culminating in the rise of the Mamluk Sultanate that quite literally drove the Crusaders into the sea.

Another factor is that the divisions among the Seljuks and Abbasids that contributed so heavily to the rise of Outremer correspondingly saw Outremer in turn spur the very unity it had succeeded by the absence thereof, first under the Abuyyids (aka Saladin and company) and then under the Mamluks.

Of course as the history I've just started with a reread, essentially, from a broader and more nuanced perspective than with this book the first time would note the Muslim world even in the early decades of the 11th Century was much broader than the Levant alone. And one of the key aspects of the age, the rise of the Mongol Empire and its geographic reality that the people who suffered from it the most were Muslims, Chinese, and East Slavs, was utterly unconcerned with the bloodbaths and butcheries between Seljuks and successors and the various Crusader states.

There is also the reality that the ethnocultural history of 200 years of Christian holy wars and Muslim holy wars in response reflects the kind of diversity one would expect, with the eyes of history differing greatly on the era and the relative strengths and weakness of Christian and Muslim leaders. The world of the Comnene era when the Byzantine Empire was still strong versus the one in the wake of 1204 when the Fourth Crusade dealt it a blow that started the doomsday clock to its ultimate collapse stands as one example, as does the world with the strong Sultans of Mesopotamia versus the one after Hulagu Khan turned Baghdad into a scene of horrors.

9/10.

#lightdancer comments on history #book reviews #medieval european history #medieval islamic history #crusades

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relative-dimension · 2 years

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“Five Hundred Eyes”

Season 1, episode 16 - 7th March 1964

[id: French orientalist Paul Pelliot examining a manuscript in the Library Cave of the Mogao Caves (the Caves of a Thousand Buddahs). He is sat on the floor, and around him are stacked many other manuscripts and books. /end id]

Okay, this review was going to be the part where I talked enthusiastically about the genuine attempt to depict Chinese culture in this serial, maybe talk about the lovely sets, and centre the entire discussion around Ping-Cho’s story in the middle of the episode. Fortunately, I decided to do some research around that story before writing it. You will see why I needed to do research and this may end up being a bit long and a bit of a rant but hey, I’m a history nerd and I don’t want to misrepresent anything, and I now have a lot of opinions about how John Lucarotti went about crafting a historical story. We’ll get there.

Is it an entertaining watch: 3/5, yeah, not much happens but I love the production and while watching it this was the point where I started to like this serial. Upon further research, I don’t any more.

Does the production hold up: 2/5, again, yellowface, but some of the sets in this serial are really nice, althought the Cave of Five Hundred Eyes itself really looks like shit from what I can tell.

Does it use its time well: 3/5, the first half drags a bit in a way that feels like it’s trying its hardest to move on, but by the middle it’s settled into a slow pace that feels deliberate, with time for Ping-Cho’s story (we get there when we GET there, I’m saying nice things at the moment) and the slow build-up of the threat at the end leading to the cliffhanger (more on that side of the story tomorrow).

Are the characters consistent and well-used: 4/5, yeah, they all get something to do, and there’s at least one fun or interesting scene for each of them. I saw some reviewers complain that Ian giving out fun facts about etymology

Is there anything actually going on under the surface: 1/5, as will become apparent, I suddenly don’t have much faith that John Lucarotti put any thought at all into this serial, and just wanted to put to screen as many things that Marco Polo said happened as possible.

Does it avoid being a bit dodge with its politics: 1/5, ah, and now we get to the good stuff. And by that I mean that bad stuff. I’m gonna have to actually organise this into paragraphs to properly explain what I mean.

As I mentioned earlier, in roughly the middle of the story, Ping-Cho tells a story about the Cave of Five Hundred Eyes, in which “Ala-eddin, the Old Man of the Mountains” uses “devious schemes” and the hashish drug to trick his soldiers into believing they were in paradise, then using that faith to convince them to give their lives for him, or else they would never see that paradise again, as only he had the power to take them there. Then, “mighty Hulagu” besieged their “lair” for three years, before killing them.

In my initial outline for this review, I praised the writing and production for giving the only actually Asian actor the monologue in which she tells a story from her culture and history. Unfortunately, upon even the smallest amount of research (I only had a day to write this, but I spent several hours reading various wikipedia articles and their sources to confirm this), I learned that this story isn’t a traditional Chinese legend about the Hashshashin, nor is it an accurate historical source. It is something that Marco Polo and other European scholars believed, as Marco Polo himself documented the story himself and is one of the original sources, but its authenticity has been thoroughly debunked.

The real history is that of the conflict between the Mongol empire, under Möngke Khan and Hülegü Khan, and the Nizari state of Alamut, ruled by Alā ad-Dīn Muḥammad, in which 100,000 Nizaris were massacred by the Mongols. However, this part is not the focus of Ping-Cho’s story, more of an afterthought and an explanation for why they aren’t around any more. The bulk of the story revolves around the story of The Old Man of the Mountains, which has a complicated history too. The real “Old Man” was Hasan-i Sabbah, founder of the Nizari Isma'ili state in c.1090 and its fida'i military group, who would eventually gain the name “Assassins”. The origin of this name for the group is disputed, but it’s not because of the hashish drug, Ian.

The most compelling piece of evidence I found against this story of the Nizari fida’i was that of Peter Willey, who argues that according to the esoteric doctrine of the Nizari, the Isma’ili understanding of paradise was spiritual, not simply physical. Therefore, they would not have been fooled by a pretty garden and hot women into believing they were in paradise, or that only Hassan-i Sabbah was able to get them there again. Willey also points out that Juvayni, courtier of Hulagu Khan, surveyed the Alamut castle where the Nizari were, and found no evidence of any garden - and given how Juvayni destroyed texts in the library he deemed heretical, it would be surprising if he saw the drug use and temptation of this supposed garden and didn’t make note of it.

So if, even in contemporary non-Ismaili Muslim sources which were hostile to the Ismailis, there is no evidence of this story or any link of hashish to the Assassins, where did this come from, and why did John Lucarotti put it here? Well, that’s part of a long history of orientalism that I don’t have the time, energy, or knowledge to get too deep into, but I’ll give it my best shot.

The Nizari fida’i soldiers were known for not fearing injury or death, and the Crusaders, being the Crusaders, didn’t understand how they could be so loyal to their cause as to throw their own lives away (one story of similarly dubious origin describes them literally throwing themselves off cliffs at the order of their commander, as proof to an enemy leader that they were more loyal and therefore dangerous than the other larger army).

The term “hashishi” was used by 1122, with derogatory connotations of outcasts and rabble, to refer to the Nizaris, by their enemies, the term having its origin describing criminals who were mentally absent, and therefore similar to the effects of the hashish drug. However, no evidence points to the drug being used by the Assassins, or there being a link to the word being used for them and the taking of the drug, not even from the anti-Isma’ili Muslim sources at the time. However, the Crusaders and other Europeans at the time didn’t know this, which is why Marco Polo describes a legend involving the drug.

The fear of the Isma’ili as deadly, radical, and bloodthirsty assassins was linked to the hashishi term and therefore the hashish drug, and also to William of Tyre’s “Old Man of the Mountain” description of the Isma’ili leader at Alamut, and was filtered through various orientalist tropes around the secret practices of the Nizaris created by Crusaders ignorant of Islam, and through the 12th and 13th centuries this combination become a legend similar to that which Ping-Cho describes. These stories were popularised in the 19th century by orientalists such as Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, and presumably through these sources, along with translations of Marco Polo’s writings, eventually reached John Lucarotti.

Now, my first instinct after learning all of that was to think “ah, but it was the 1960s! The main book that you looked at was published in 1995, there just wasn’t much research put into this by the 1960s.” And while yes, there wasn’t as much research, there was still some. Modern Isma'ili scholarship, pioneered by historians such as Vladimir Ivanov at the Islamic Research Association in the 1930s and 40s, laid the groundwork for disproving these legends, and all of that could have been researched by Lucarotti when writing this. Now, maybe he didn’t think to check that Marco Polo wasn’t 100% right about everything, or maybe the intention was to provide a depiction of Marco Polo’s perspective on ancient China, or maybe Lucarotti thought that since this legend was around at the time, telling it in the story was historically accurate. However, I think all of this is giving Lucarotti too much credit. I think what happened is he read Marco Polo’s diaries, and adapted stories into this Doctor Who serial, and then, despite this being a supposedly educational show, didn’t think any more of it, resulting in an uncritical regurgitation of orientalist tropes and etymological misnomers that had me fooled into thinking he was providing an accurate depiction of this culture and time period. Ugh.

Overall Score (oh yeah this is a Dr Who review not a history essay) - 14/30

#i would like to apologise for any innacuracies i end up with trying to correct this 60 year old episode #i am just one woman and sourced most of this from wikipedia in one day. sorry im bound to get things wrong but im trying here #and i have already found a book on the subject i wanna read now 👀#anyway we'll see if i have enough energy to do this much thinking about the aztecs in a few weeks. we'll see.#doctor who #dw #first doctor #orientalism #dw review #ian chesterton #barbara wright #susan foreman #historical #marco polo #over a thousand words on one scene from one episode. god. autism.#11-15 #was tempted to give it a zero in the last category but im not breaking my system for comic effect THIS early its week 3 ffs #season 1

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saifbaghdadroleplay · 2 years

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Kitbuga era il luogotenente di Hulagu Khan, che lo aveva assistito durante l'invasione mongola del Medio Oriente. Poco prima della battaglia, Hulagu si ritirò dal Levante e lasciò lì Kitbuga.

La vittoria fu sancita quando Kitbuga fu catturato e giustiziato dai Mamelucchi. Ciò provocò la ritirata dei mongoli rimasti.

Con la vittoria sull'Ilkhanato, i Mamelucchi sotto il comando del sultano Saif al-Din Qutuz e di Rukn al-Din Baibars fermarono l'invasione mongola. La battaglia di Ain Jalut è stata rappresentata da numerosi storici accademici e popolari come una battaglia epocale.

In precedenza, nel 1243, i Mongoli avevano sconfitto i Selgiuchidi di Rum e li avevano costretti a riconoscere il Grande Han mongolo come suzerain. Dopo una temporanea ritirata nel 1252, il comandante mongolo Hulagu tornò a conquistare l'Iraq, devastando Baghdad e uccidendo l'ultimo califfo abbaside (1258) prima di spingersi in Siria.

I Mongoli arrivarono infine ad Aleppo nel dicembre 1259. Il 18 gennaio 1260 iniziarono l'assedio di Aleppo. La città si arrese il 24 gennaio 1260, dopo soli 6 giorni. Il massacro dei musulmani e degli ebrei di Aleppo durò sei giorni. Il 1° marzo 1260 anche Damasco cadde in mano ai Mongoli.

In risposta alla minaccia mongola, l'Egitto cadde sotto la dinastia schiavista dei Mamelucchi (1250-1517), che sconfisse le guarnigioni di Hulagu ad Ain Jalut (1260) e in Siria e Palestina, arrestando così il punto più alto dell'espansione mongola ma lasciando loro il controllo del resto del Medio Oriente.

Nel 1308, il sultano selgiuchide Mesud II fu assassinato e così i Selgiuchidi dell'Anatolia furono completamente rovesciati dai Mongoli. Ma presto, nel 1335, anche l'Ilkhanato fu disintegrato. Dopo la caduta dell'Ilkhanato, diverse piccole dinastie e principati indipendenti salirono al potere in Iran e in Anatolia.

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partly-hueman · 1 month

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Ramadan Kareem!

Little history lesson for you.

ℤ𝕚𝕠𝕟𝕚𝕤𝕥𝕤 𝕒𝕣𝕖 𝕖𝕧𝕚𝕝. It's just true. However I have some information about Al-Aqsa Mosque since it is in the news.

Umar ibn al-Khattab (r. 634-644 AD) IMPORTED 80 JEWISH families to COME to #Jerusalem and live in the Holyland. *Ashkenazi had NOT yet converted to Judaism. Ashkenazi converted 780 AD. Ashkenazi are NOT the ORIGINAL Jews, they are CONVERTS & 80% of the GLOBAL Jewish population. 90% of US Jews are Ashkenazi. Zionists require a history lesson since the Israeli and Western education system has FAILED to teach geography & history. Historically, Islam conquers the conquerors, On the 29th of Jan, 1258, Mongolian Hülegü, a grandson of Genghis Khan breached Baghdad's wall, Mongols destroyed the peaceful Muslims, and the city fell 10th of Feb, 1258. Baghdad was destroyed by Genghis's grandson Halaku, but his great-grandson Berek reverted to Islam. It took 25 years to translate all the Arabic Islamic texts into Mongolian, A direct descendent of Hulagu, Mahmud Ghazan (reigned 1295–1304) of the Il-Khans, was the first to officially declare Islam as the religion of his khanate, compelling other notable leaders to follow his lead. Contact with the Mongol chieftains in China was, by now, lost.

In 1295 a Buddhist named Maḥmūd Ghāzān became khan and declared himself Muslim, compelling other Mongol notables to follow suit. As history declares: Quran Verse (5:83) When they listen to that which hath been revealed unto the messengers, thou seest their eyes overflow with tears because of their recognition of the Truth. They say: Our Lord, we believe. Inscribe us as among the witnesses. By 2100, Islam will be the world's dominant religion. Current generations are watching for the first time in history a genocide against the Muslim and Christian people in #Palestine. Zionism is the adopted state religion with 2 sects. 'Jewish' & Evangelicalism, BOTH have been funded by Rothschild banker for gas. The Evangelical 'Christians' read from the Scofield Bible. The Scofield Bible was introduced in 1913, the same year as the federal reserve was opened in the USA to secure funding for #Israel, Rothschild's ultimate vanity project. 'Blood gas', 'blood oil'. Objectively, what do Zionists believe the rest of the world COMBINED think about Evangelical Zionist Christians and Jews?

#israel palestine conflict #genocide #israeli occupation

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night-visionary · 3 months

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I will bring you crashing down from the summit of the sky,

Like a lion I will throw you down to the lowest depths,

I will not leave a single person alive in your country,

I will turn your city, lands and empire into flames.

...Listen carefully to my advice. If you refuse to accept it, I will show you the meaning of the will of God.

Letter from Hulagu Khan to the Caliph Mustasim, September 1257.

#quotes #history #mongol empire #siege of baghdad #war #my posts

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americaisthetrueoldworld · 3 months

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The Black Khans of Asia Major were Americans

#black history #american history #asia #khan #ancient history #lost history #untold history

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mythistory · 4 months

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Hulagu Khan's Siege of Baghdad: Unraveling the Fall of an Empire

youtube

#HulaguKhan #SiegeOfBaghdad #MedievalHistory #MongolEmpire #HistoricalSiege #MiddleEastHistory #AbbasidCaliphate #HistoricalEvents #MilitaryHistory #Documentary #HistoryChannel #EducationalContent #TimeTravelTuesday #LearnFromThePast #HulaguInvasion #BaghdadFall #LegacyOfHistory #ExploreThePast #HistoryUnveiled #WarfareTactics #CulturalImpact #HistoryEnthusiasts

#Youtube

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irithnova · 1 year

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Mongolia and his sons (The Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhanate)

What was Mongolia's relationship with his children (golden horde, Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhanate) like? I say those three Khanates because I see Mongolia himself being the personification for the yuan, however he existed far before the yuan was established. I don't think he was born as a result of the Yuan, just that he was both the rep for himself and the yuan. I have a post explaining my reasoning.

This post is going to be quite historically dense.

The Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate, and Ilkhanate were all part of the Mongol Empire that started in the 13th century. The Golden Horde was in the west and led by Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan. The Chagatai Khanate was in Central Asia and led by Chagatai Khan, Genghis Khan's second son. The Ilkhanate was in Iran, Iraq, and Central Asia, and led by Hulagu Khan, another grandson of Genghis Khan. These khanates were all made by conquest and were run by different members of the Mongol family. The Mongols allowed local rulers to keep some power but still had to answer to the Great Khan, who was the top leader of the Mongol Empire.

The first of the three to be born was Chagatai Khanate was founded in 1226 by Chagatai Khan, the second son of Genghis Khan. Golden horde was next, which was founded in 1242 by Batu Khan, son of Jochi Khan who was Genghis Khan's first son. The Ilkhanate was last, established in 1256 by Hulagu Khan, another grandson of Genghis Khan.

Historically speaking, the relationship between the other Khanates (Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate, and Ilkhanate) and the Yuan Mongols (the yuan dynasty wasn't established until later in 1271, so technically I'm talking about the east Asian Mongols here however I'll simply be referring to them as the yuan Mongols throughout this post) started off well due to their shared ancestry and the Mongol Empire's practice of allowing local rulers some autonomy.

This is true for when Mongolia's sons were first born too. I believe they appeared a few years before the official establishment of their respective kingdoms.

As I've already established, golden horde was the first to be born. When it comes to the names that Mongolia have them, it looks like this

Golden horde - Ogtbish: Not at all

Ilkhanate - Khunbish : Not human

Chagatai Khanate - Khenbish : Nobody

All these names sound similar and have similar meanings right? But why would Mongolia give them names that mean "nothing?"

In short, these names were given to children to ward off bad spirits, almost like giving a kid a name like "not this one".

Mongolia gave his children these names to protect them in a way. Mongolia's childhood itself wasn't ideal (no nations really is) and he didn't really have any set person or people to take care of him, so it did feel lonely (not that he didn't have friends but they were never permanent obviously). He practically jumped at the idea of being able to have sons/children that he could take care of and who could rule alongside him. All nations know that different factions of their kingdoms rising usually is never a good sign, and at first, it was at the back of Mongolia's mind. That only made it bite him harder in the ass later.

During their early lives, Mongolia was more present for them than when they were older. Obviously because they were babies/very small children so he felt more obligated to take care of them. However, despite Mongolia wanting to be there for them because he knew what it was like to have no one, when they got older, he became less involved.

This is a bias from his own life seeping in, subconsciously he saw them began to mature and thought "oh well when I was that age I had a much harder life so maybe it's not bad if I just focus on campaigning a lot now lol" and yeah, when it came to personal relationships, this put a strain on them, especially with Ogtbish (golden horde). He felt like Mongolia didn't do enough to defend him against Khenbish (Chagatai), who would antagonise him and his legitimacy as a Khanate. This is due to Jochi, Genghis' eldest son, being speculated to be of a different father (it was Jochi's son Batu Khan who established the golden horde). Ogtbish and Khenbish's strained relationship reflects the strained relationship between Jochi and Chagatai (Genghis' second son who was the ruler of the Chagatai Khanate). On the otherhand, Khenbish (Chagatai Khanate) was frustrated at Mongolia for recognising Ogtbish (golden horde) as a legitimate kingdom and son in the first place.

Ilkhanate (Khunbish) joined in on the teasing against the golden horde however it was never as vitriolic as Chagatai's bullying. He was the more chill one of the brothers however he did feel a bit left out of the dynamic (even if it wasn't ideal) as he felt as if Mongolia was spending too much time trying to make Golden Horde and Chagatai get along. Kinda like a neglected youngest sibling.

Though Mongolia cared about them, he was similar to Genghis himself in a way that he was very much occupied with campaigning rather than parenthood. Let's not forget that Mongolia himself was quite mentally young at the time too, being physically and mentally in his late teens/early twenties. Though, when he did spend time with them, it would often be about Mongolia teaching them what it meant to be clever rulers and warriors.

Mongolia cared about them nonetheless, and he was uncharacteristically shortsighted as to the future of his empire in regards to it being split into different khanates (as I said before, usually never a good sign) and pretty much let them reign in their own lands, as long as they answered back to him. That didn't last particularly long.

Historical context:

After the death of Möngke Khan in 1259, the Mongol Empire split into four parts due to fighting among his relatives for the title of leader. The four parts were the Golden Horde in Eastern Europe, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Ilkhanate in Southwest Asia, and the Yuan dynasty in East Asia.

Möngke Khan's brothers Hulagu and Kublai fought for the title of Great Khan, leading to a civil war. Kublai emerged as the victor and became the Great Khan, but faced challenges from his cousin, the ruler of the Chagatai Khanate (one example of inter-khanate conflict and I will touch more upon this later), and from his brother Ariq Böke. Kublai's army defeated his opponents and he became the ruler of the Mongol Empire.

These four parts pursued their own interests and fell apart at different times. Although some of them asked Kublai to confirm the enthronement of their new leaders, the four parts functioned as independent sovereign states. The Ilkhanate and the Yuan dynasty had closer diplomatic relations, but military cooperation between all four parts of the Mongol Empire never happened again.

The Yuan dynasty had nominal power over the other three khanates, but conflicts and border clashes persisted. The four khanates remained separate states and eventually fell at different times.

Historically speaking , there are a myriad of factors that lead to the other Khanates splitting from the yuan. One factor was that the Yuan dynasty was based in China and had a different culture and way of life compared to the other khanates. This made it difficult for them to understand and relate to each other.

When I say this, this isn't me implying that the Mongols of the Yuan were sinicized, they weren't. The Mongols of the Yuan adopted and improved upon Chinese systems and even adopted some parts of Chinese culture, however they still retained their own identity. They created a caste system which put them on top and Southern Chinese on the bottom, imperial letters were written in Mongolian etc.

So basically, Mongols had conquered different regions with their own unique cultures and traditions.

The Mongols did try to impose their own cultural and religious beliefs within their own khanates to an extent, but they were met with resistance, especially in regions where Islam was the dominant religion.

For example, many of the Yassa laws that applied to Mongols of Mongol religion like Tengrism (established by Genghis Khan himself) were incompatible with the Muslim way of life for example (thought they did allow for some degree of legal pluralism, allowing people to follow their own religious laws in some cases).

It was difficult to manage such diversity. However we should remember that the Mongols were more religiously tolerant than other empires, and so allowed people to practise their beliefs for the most part. This was more for pragmatism rather than being open minded, but it was better than other empires nonetheless. This was also another factor in why the other Khanates became so different from their father; leniency towards the locals continued practice/culture and eventual assimilation to the culture.

The different Khanates got into conflict with one another, and competed for resources and power, which sometimes resulted in conflicts and wars (e.g, Berke-Hulagu war, the Golden horde vs the Ilkhanate).

The Mongols were essentially a minority trying to rule over many different groups. There are other reasons why it eventually fell, and to blame it all on this is an oversimplification, but I just wanted to elaborate on this reason in particular.

This is brief and is a bit of an oversimplification, but here are other reasons why the Mongol Empire divided and fell:

1) The empire was vast and the Yuan Mongols were stretching their resources too thin

2) Again, with the vastness of the empire, it made it difficult for yuan Mongols to keep control over such a vast land, this made it easy for the other khanates to question and challenge the yuan's authority

3) The Yuan dynasty suffered quite a few military losses which weakened the power and prestige it once had

4) The Yuan couldn't even control itself as they did not win over the loyalty of the Chinese people

5) As the Yuan dynasty weakened (because of the reasons above and also, inflation, natural disasters, bad economy, incompetent leaders), local elites took this as an opportunity to seize power.

The next part is going to be quite historically dense. It's following the timeline of each Khanate and how each eventually disintegrated. This is to give more context as to what I'm saying.

Golden horde (Ogtbish):

1242: Batu Khan founds and governs the Golden Horde in Russia.

1236-1242: Mongol armies launch offensives across western Asia and Europe.

1238: The Mongols invade Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia.

April 9, 1241: Henry the Pious, Duke of Silesia, leads an army that is defeated by the Mongols near Legnica.

April 10-11, 1241: King Bela IV of Hungary's army is defeated by the Mongols at the Battle of Mohi.

1251-1259: Mongke Khan rules over the Mongol Empire.

1257-1266: Berke rules the Golden Horde.

1260-1264: Kublai Khan engages in a civil war with his brother Ariq Boke for control of the Mongol Empire.

1262: Nogai leads the Golden Horde to victory over the Ilkhanate at the Battle of Terek.

1266-1280: Mengu-Temur rules the Golden Horde.

1271: Nogai's Golden Horde forces invade the Byzantine Empire.

1299: Nogai, the de facto leader of the Golden Horde, dies.

1313-1341: Uzbeg rules the Golden Horde and makes Islam the state religion.

1327: Uzbeg switches the Golden Horde's allegiance from Tver to Moscow.

1342-1357: Janibeg governs the Golden Horde.

1362: The Golden Horde is defeated by the Lithuanians at the Battle of Blue Waters.

1380: The Russians defeat the Golden Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo, turning the tide against Mongol rule.

1380-1395: Tokhtamysh briefly revives the Golden Horde as its ruler.

1382: Tokhtamysh and the Golden Horde pillage Moscow.

1465-1481: Ahmed becomes the last major ruler of the Golden Horde.

1480: The Russians decisively defeat the Golden Horde at the Battle of the Ugra River.

Chagatai Khanate (Khenbish):

Around 1227 to 1242: Chagatai Khan, the namesake of the khanate, holds the throne.

1242: Chagatai Khan dies, leading to a series of successions.

1251 to 1260: Mongke Khan is the leader of the Mongol Empire. During this time, Queen Orghina serves as regent of the Chagatai Khanate.

1260 to 1266: Alghu Khan becomes the ruler of the Chagatai Khanate.

1260 to 1264: Kublai Khan and his brother Ariq Boke fight for control of the Mongol Empire in a civil war.

1264: Alghu Khan marries Queen Orghina, who was once the regent of the Chagatai Khanate.

1266 to 1271: Baraq Khan is the khan of the Chagatai Khanate.

1270: Abaqa of the Ilkhanate defeats Baraq at the Battle of Herat.

1271 to 1275: Marco Polo embarks on his famous journey across Asia to China.

1272 to 1301: Qaidu II dominates Central Asia and installs khans to rule the Chagatai Khanate.

1273: Abaqa sacks Bukhara, a city within the Chagatai Khanate.

1318 to 1327: Kebek Khan rules over the Chagatai Khanate.

1331 to 1334: Tarmashirin Khan becomes the khan of the Chagatai Khanate.

1347 to 1363: Tughlugh Timur is the final khan of the Chagatai Khanate before it disintegrates following his death.

Ilkhanate (Khunbish):

1251-1259: Mongke Khan reigns as the ruler of the Mongol Empire. In 1253, a Mongol army led by Hulegu invades Persia and the Middle East, leading to the defeat of the Ismailis in Persia in 1256.

1258: The Mongols conquer the Abbasid Caliphate, sacking Baghdad and murdering the caliph during the campaign.

December 1259: The Mongols capture Aleppo in Syria after besieging it.

1260-1265: Hulegu rules the Ilkhanate, which dominates Iran and neighboring territories. During this time, Kublai Khan fights a civil war with his brother Ariq Boke for control of the Mongol Empire.

1262: Golden Horde forces under Nogai defeat the Ilkhanate at the Battle of Terek.

1265-1291: Abaqa rules the Ilkhanate from, followed by Ahmad Teguder from 1282 to 1284, and then Arghun from 1284 to 1291.

December 1288: The Ilkhanate agrees to a trade deal with Genoa.

1291-1304: Gaikhatu rules the Ilkhanate from

1291 to 1295, followed by Baidu in the same year. Ghazan then rules the Ilkhanate from 1295 to 1304, during which time he converts to Islam.

November 1299: The Ilkhanate briefly captures Mamluk-controlled Aleppo and Damascus, but the Mamluks ultimately defeat the Ilkhanate army in Syria at Marj al-Suffar in 1303.

1304-1316: Oljeitu rules the Ilkhanate from

1304 to 1316, followed by Abu Said from 1316 to 1335.

1322: The Ilkhanate and Mamluk Sultanate sign a peace treaty.

1335: The Ilkhanate disintegrates into smaller states following dynastic disputes.

Yuan dynasty (Mongolia/Baatar):

1268: Kublai Khan renews the Mongol attacks on China's Song Dynasty.

1270: The Mongol Empire conquers a portion of northern Korea.

1271: Yuan dynasty is established.

1274: The first invasion of Japan by Kublai Khan's forces ends in failure.

Late 13th century: Marco Polo serves in the Mongol Yuan Dynasty's administration.

1276: A Mongol army captures Lin'an, the capital of China's Song Dynasty.

1277: The Mongols/Yuan Dynasty launches an invasion of Burma.

1279: The Mongols secure their conquest of Song Dynasty China by defeating them in the naval battle of Yaishan.

1281: Kublai Khan's second invasion of Japan fails.

-1281: The Mongols/Yuan Dynasty invades Vietnam for the second time.

1286: The Mongols/Yuan Dynasty re-invades Vietnam.

1292: A Mongol/Yuan Dynasty naval force attacks Java.

1355: Zhu Yuanzhang takes charge of the Red Turbans Movement, a rebellion against the Yuan Dynasty.

1356: Zhu Yuanzhang takes control of Nanjing, a crucial city in China.

1360: Zhu Yuanzhang defeats Chen Youliang at the Battle of Poyang Lake, solidifying his position as a rival rebel leader.

1367: Zhu Yuanzhang defeats Zhang Shicheng, another rival rebel leader.

1368-1644: The Ming Dynasty reigns over China.

1368: Zhu Yuanzhang establishes himself as Emperor of China, using the reign name Hongwu.

1370: The last Yuan Dynasty emperor, Toghon Temur, dies in Karakorum.

So, what did Mongolia think of all this? While he enjoyed seeing how they took after him in terms of their military achievements, he was not pleased when his sons stopped regarding him as an authority figure in their lives. In 1304, there was a peace treaty among the four khanates that gave power to the yuan, however this did not have the strong backing as previous Khagans. They essentially began to function as separate states and, as I've pointed out before, they even came into conflict with each other, and never co-operated in military campaigns after a certain point.

As we can see, the Mongolia did keep in closer contact with the Ilkhanate initially, and this is (usually) when it came to scientific and cultural developments, so when he looks back on things now, he usually looks back on Ilkhanate the most favourably out of his sons (not by a huge margin though).

On Ilkhanate's personality, as I've said before, he felt left out of the (not exactly ideal) dynamic of Mongolia, golden horde and Chagatai Khanate because he felt as if Mongolia spent a lot of time trying to make them get along, however this doesn't mean that Mongolia neglected him. In general, Ilkhanate was quite relaxed personality wise and was arguably the most studious out of his brothers (though they were all intelligent). Being a bit closer to his father than his brothers later in life made him feel a bit better about the earlier relationship he had with Mongolia however like his brothers, he stopped answering back to his father eventually.

Mongolia saw/sees Ilkhanate as the easy son, the child that didn't really give him a headache for the most part. However Mongolia wrongfully would vent his frustrations about his brothers onto him because of this, almost parentifying him in a way. But it's important to note that Mongolia himself was young during this time too so he didn't exactly know better.

Ilkhanate was the first of his sons to die, however during this time, the Yuan dynasty was already in decline, so Mongolia could not mourn him (or Chagatai) properly during that era. I will talk about how exactly Mongolia mourned them later on.

On Chagatai Khanate, Chagatai was a bit more fiery compared to Ilkhanate, and quite stubborn about his beliefs; this was similar to Mongolia's personality at the time. Chagatai initially tried to prove himself more loyal/respectful to his father, and perhaps outcasting the golden horde was part of his attempt to do so. His loyalty to his father was shown through the culture of the Chagatai Khanate, which was the Khanate which retained its Mongolian cultural roots the most (remained largely nomadic until late 15th century). Like the others though, he too, broke away from his father's authority.

Mongolia saw a lot of himself in Chagatai Khanate personality wise, and was fond of him and still fond of his memory. However Chagatai Khanate did give him the most headaches when it came to his fighting with his brother. Chagatai Khanate's stubborn personality probably now gives Mongolia insight as to what it was like for others to deal with him at the time.

Okay let's get onto the most famous of the brothers, Golden Horde. Mongolia has quite a few feelings about him. Out of all of his brothers, he was the most aloof/introverted, however this isn't me saying that he was shy. Mongolia cared deeply about the golden horde, however the golden horde felt like Mongolia didn't love him enough, because although he chastised Chagatai Khanate for bullying him, he could not or did not fully stop it. Due to claims of Jochi, the father of Batu Khan, being not of Genghis' lineage, the golden horde already was insecure about his legitimacy as part of the greater Mongol Empire. He felt different from his brothers in that way and also personality wise, he was more introverted and so could not relate much to his brothers. While initially he sought approval from his family, he eventually learned to detach himself from them. Mongolia took notice of this, and while he tried to reign him in again, Mongolia felt as if he didn't do enough to make the golden horde feel supported (probably didn't, he busied himself with campaigns and then the yuan). Golden horde was the first to stop answering to his father, and was the longest lasting out of all of his brothers.

Looking back on him now, Mongolia feels a mixture of admiration, regret and, a few centuries ago, anger. This is true for all of his sons, as he is proud of what they were able to achieve and their legacy. However it's especially true for the golden horde, the Golden horde being the most famous out of all the Khanates other than the yuan.

Earlier, I talked about how Mongolia grieved the death of his sons at the time of their deaths. When it came to Ilkhanate and Chagatai khanate, they died during a time in which the yuan was beginning to decline. Because of this, Mongolia could not fully mourn their deaths. Also, let's not forget that Mongolia felt anger towards them for disregarding not only the authority of the Yuan, but his authority as a father, and blamed their disobedience for the decline of his empire. Yes, the division of the Mongol Empire was the beginning of the end, and inter-khanate warfare didn't hell, but there were a myriad of reasons as to why it fell. Mongolia knows this now and at the time he knew it too but was in denial.

I'll use the Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war as an example of inter-khanate warfare that took place in between them. This was a conflict between the Chagatai Khanate led by Esen Buqa I and the Yuan dynasty led by Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan (Emperor Renzong) and its ally the Ilkhanate under Öljaitü. The Yuan and Ilkhanate emerged victorious (adds to the reasons why Mongolia remembers Ilkhanate most favourably), but peace was not achieved until Esen Buqa's death in 1318.

There were a number of inter-khanate wars that took place which soured Mongolia's relationship with them at the time (and relationship with each other). This only further the degradation of their relationship with each other. Mongolia was unable to fully control them again despite attempts.

Let's get to the 15th century, when the golden horde finally died. Mongolia was still in conflict during this era, but the golden horde died quite a bit later than his brothers. Though Mongolia thought of Ilkhanate and Chagatai khanate from time to time, it was when his last son died that he finally tried to reflect on it. His feelings by now were a lot more forgiving as time had passed, almost like he was looking back with rose tinted glasses, especially when they were younger children. Memories of when they were children is what brought him the most sadness. This doesn't mean that he was blindly positive about them though.

I think this quote says everything and the mentality behind this quote is how Mongolia deals with his complex feelings towards his children for the most part:

"No nation has friends, only interests." - Charles de Gaulle.

This quote rings true when you see the conflicts the khanates got into with each other, and Mongolia acknowledges that he was short sighted in thinking that his sons would be extensions of himself, ruling alongside him, when in fact they were their own personifications who, like him, had their own goals and interests. This mentality is what made him let go of his bitterness towards them upon remembering them; it's just the nature of being a nation.

Nowadays he doesn't dwell on them too often and he accepts what's happened, he doesn't live in the past. But that doesn't mean that he doesn't have some moments, like, if he goes into a store and the cashier looks eerily similar to one of his sons or he hears someone speaking with a voice that's similar to one of his sons he'd probably be a bit taken aback.

If someone asks him about them he'd talk more about their achievements and personalities to be optimistic, but if someone asks him how he feels about him outlasting his own sons he would probably feel a bit uncomfortable answering it. It's not something he dwells on and it's not because he's trying to hide it, but asking anyone about their feelings about their dead children is a bit uhh well personal to say the least so he's reacting like anyone else would to that question.

When it comes to his son's personalities, it's almost as if they were mirrors of him.

Depending on the era/circumstances/situation, he can be aloof like, golden horde, stubborn like Chagatai Khanate and chill like Ilkhanate. Though all of his children broke away from him in the end (not saying they somehow managed to get rid of their Mongol roots lol), the influence of their father still shone through in their personalities.

Talking about the parallels Mongolia shares with his predecessors, this was both similar and vastly different to what happened to Xiongnu and his sons.

I'm basically incorporating @absolvtely-barbaric 's canon into mine right now lol. Chanyu, the ruler of the Xiongnu, his lands were divided after his death amongst his sons. This is similar to what happened to Genghis Khan and his sons. Xiongnu purposefully created his sons to carry on his lineage. Mongolia also hoped that his sons would carry on his rule or rule beside him. Both Xiongnu and Mongolia taught their sons about what it meant to be good rulers and warriors. And both Xiongnu and Mongolia both lost control of their sons.

However, unlike Xiongnu, Mongolia did not purposefully create his sons, they were born out of circumstance. Xiongnu saw his sons more as more of a power/political tool, whereas Mongolia, at least wanted to, be more fatherly towards them. Sorry, I love drawing parallels between Mongolia and his predecessors lol.

This is the post that the Xiongnu headcanons come from https://www.tumblr.com/absolvtely-barbaric/187052482856/for-more-background-information-on-the-xiongnu?source=share

So, in short, nowadays, Mongolia looks fondly back on them, and while he does have moments of remorse, he doesn't dwell on what happened and there is no anger left, just acceptance.

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