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snakeskinass · 6 days

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Random psychology disorder (somewhat) explained #3 (Factitious Disorder)

Diagnostic Criteria

Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self

A. Falsification of physical or psychological signs or symptoms, or induction of injury or disease, associated with identified deception.

B. The individual presents himself or herself to others as ill, impaired, or injured.

C. The deceptive behavior is evident even in the absence of obvious external rewards.

D. The behavior is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as delusional disorder or another psychotic disorder.

Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another (Previously Factitious Disorder by Proxy)

A. Falsification of physical or psychological signs or symptoms, or induction of injury or disease, in another, associated with identified deception.

B. The individual presents another individual (victim) to other as ill, impaired, or injured.

C. The deceptive behavior is evident even in the absence of external rewards.

D. The behavior is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as delusional disorder or another psychotic disorder.

Note: The perpetrator, not the victim, receives the diagnosis.

Diagnostic Features

The essential feature of factitious disorder is the falsification of medical or psychological signs and symptoms in the individual or others that are associated with the identified deception.

Individuals with factitious disorder can also seek treatment for themselves or another following induction of injury or disease.

The diagnosis requires demonstrating that the individual is taking surreptitious actions to misrepresent, simulate, or cause signs or symptoms of illness or injury even in the absence of obvious external rewards.

The diagnosis of factitious disorder emphasizes the objective identification of falsification of signs and symptoms of illness and not the individual motivations of the falsifier.

Methods of illness falsification can include exaggeration, fabrication, simulation, and induction.

While a preexisting medical condition may be present, the deceptive behavior or induction of injury associated with deception causes others to view such individuals (or, in the case of factitious disorder imposed on another, the victim) as more ill or impaired, and this can lead to excessive clinical intervention.

Individuals with factitious disorder might, for example, report feelings of depression and suicidal thoughts or behavior following the death of a spouse despite the death not being true or the individual's not having a spouse; deceptively report episodes of neurological symptoms (e.g., seizures, dizziness, or blacking out); manipulate a laboratory test (e.g., by adding blood to urine) to falsely indicate an abnormality; falsify medical records to indicate an illness; ingest a substance (e.g., insulin or warfarin) to induce an abnormal laboratory result or illness; or physically injure themselves or induce illness in themselves or another (e.g., by injecting fecal material to produce an abscess or to induce sepsis).

Although individuals with factitious disorder most often present to health care professionals for treatment of their factitious symptoms, some individuals with factitious disorder choose to mislead community members in person or online about illness or injury without necessarily engaging health care professionals.

Associated Features

Individuals with factitious disorder imposed on self or factitious disorder imposed on another are at risk for experiencing great psychological distress or functional impairment by causing harm to themselves and others.

Family, friends, faith leaders, and health care professionals are also often adversely affected by their behavior (e.g., devoted time, attention, and resources to provide medical care and emotional support to the falsifier).

Individuals with factitious disorder imposed on another sometimes falsely allege the presence of educational deficits or disabilities in their children for which they demand special attention, often at considerable inconvenience to education professionals.

Whereas some aspects of factitious disorders might represent criminal behavior (e.g., factitious disorder imposed on another, in which the parent's actions represent abuse and maltreatment of a child), such criminal behavior and mental illness are not mutually exclusive.

Moreover, such behaviors, including the induction of injury or disease, are associated with deception.

Differential Diagnosis

Deception to avoid legal liability. Caregivers who lie about abuse injuries in dependents solely to protect themselves from liability are not diagnosed with factitious disorder imposed on another because protection from liability is an external reward (Criterion C, the deceptive behavior is evident even in the absence of obvious external rewards).

Such caregivers who, upon observation, analysis of medical records, and/or interviews with others, are found to lie more extensively than needed for immediate self-protection are diagnosed with factitious disorder imposed on another.

Somatic symptom and related disorders. In somatic symptom disorder and the care-seeking type of illness anxiety disorder, there may be excessive attention and treatment seeking for perceived medical concerns, but there is no evidence that the individual is providing false information or behaving deceptively.

Malingering. Malingering is differentiated from factitious disorder by the intentional reporting of symptoms for personal gain (e.g., money, time off work).

In contrast, the diagnosis of factitious disorder requires that the illness falsification is not fully accounted for by external rewards.

Factitious disorder and malingering are not mutually exclusive, however.

The motives in any single case might be multiple and shifting depending on the circumstances and reactions of others.

Functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder). Functional neurological symptom disorder is characterized by neurological symptoms that are inconsistent with neurological pathophysiology.

Factitious disorder with neurological symptoms is distinguished from functional neurological symptom disorder by evidence of deceptive falsification of symptoms.

Borderline personality disorder. Deliberate physical self-harm in the absence of suicidal intent can also occur in association with other mental disorders such as borderline personality disorder.

Factitious disorder requires that the induction of injury occur in association with deception.

Medical condition or mental disorder not associated with intentional symptom falsifitcation. Presentation of signs and symptoms of illness that do not conform to an identifiable medical condition or mental disorder increases the likelihood of the presence of a factitious disorder.

However, the diagnosis of factitious disorder does not exclude the presence of a true medical condition or mental disorder, as comorbid illness often occurs in the individual along with factitious disorder.

For example, individuals who might manipulate blood sugar levels to produce symptoms may also have diabetes.

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snakeskinass · 7 days

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⚠️NOT EVERYONE WITH HPD/ASPD IS "EVIL", ASHLEY GRAVES IS FICTIONAL⚠️

Random (pop culture) psychology headcanon #12

Ashley "Leyley" Graves (from The Coffin of Andy and Leyley) has Histrionic personality disorder (with antisocial features).

#the coffin of andy and leyley #leyley graves #ashley graves #pychology #headcanon #histrionic personality disorder #histrionic pd #personality disorder #mental health #mental illness

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snakeskinass · 10 days

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Random psychology disorder (somewhat) explained #2 (Borderline personality disorder)

Diagnostic Criteria

A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:

1. Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. (Note: Do not include suicidal or self-mutilating behavior covered in Criterion 5.)

2. A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devastation.

3. Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self.

4. Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g., spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating). (Note: Do not include suicidal or self-mutilating behavior covered in Criterion 5.)

5. Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior.

6. Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g., intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days).

7. Chronic feelings of emptiness.

8. Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e.g., frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights).

9. Transient, stress-related paranoia ideation or severe dissociative symptoms.

Diagnostic Features

The essential feature of borderline personality disorder is a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity that begins by early adulthood and is present in a variety of contexts.

Individuals with borderline personality disorder make frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment (Criterion 1).

The perception of impending separation or rejection, or the loss of external structure, can lead to profound changes in self-image, affect, cognition, and behavior.

These individuals are very sensitive to environmental circumstances.

They experience intense abandonment fears and inappropriate anger even when faced with a realistic time-limited separation or when there are unavoidable changes in plans (e.g., sudden despair in reaction to a clinician's announcing the end of the hour; panic or fury when someone important to them is just a few minutes late or must cancel an appointment).

They may believe that this "abandonment" implies they are "bad."

These abandonment fears are related to an intolerance of being alone and a need to have other people with them.

Their frantic efforts to avoid abandonment may include impulsive actions such as self-mutilating or suicidal behaviors, which are described separately in Criterion 5 (see also "Association With Suicidal Thoughts or Behavior").

Individuals with borderline personality disorder have a pattern of unstable and intense relationships (Criterion 2).

They may idealize potential caregivers or lovers at the first or second meeting, demand to spend a lot of time together, and share the most intimate details early in a relationship.

However, they may switch quickly from idealizing other people to devaluing them, feeling that the other person does not care enough, does not give enough, or is not "there" enough.

These individuals can empathize with and nurture other people, but only with the expectation that the other person will "be there" in return to meet their own needs on demand.

These individuals are prone to sudden and dramatic shifts in their view of others, who may alternatively be seen as beneficent supports or as cruelly punitive.

Such shifts often reflect disillusionment with a caregiver whose nurturing qualities had been idealized or whose rejection or abandonment is expected.

There may be an identity disturbance characterized by markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self (Criterion 3).

There are sudden and dramatic shifts in self-image (e.g., suddenly changing from the role of a needy supplicant for help to that of a righteous avenger of past mistreatment).

Although they usually have a self-image that is based on the feeling of being bad or evil, individuals with this disorder may at times have feelings that they do not exist at all.

This can be both painful and frightening to those with this disorder.

Such experiences usually occur in situations in which the individual feels a lack of a meaningful relationship, nurturing, and support.

These individuals may show worse performance in unstructured work or school situations.

This lack of a full and enduring identity makes it difficult for the individual with borderline personality disorder to identify maladaptive patterns of behavior and can lead to repetitive patterns of troubled relationships.

Individuals with borderline personality disorder display impulsivity in at least two areas are potentially self-damaging (Criterion 4).

They may gamble, spend money irresponsibly, binge eat, abuse substances, engage in unsafe sex, or drive recklessly.

Individuals with this disorder display recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior (Criterion 5).

Recurrent suicidal thoughts or behavior are often the reason that these individuals present for help.

These self-destructive acts are usually precipitated by threats of separation or rejection or by expectations that the individual assume increased responsibility.

Self-mutilative acts (e.g., cutting or burning) are very common and may occur during periods in which the individual is experiencing dissociative symptoms.

These acts often bring relief by reaffirming the individual's ability to feel or by expiating the individual's sense of being evil.

Individuals with borderline personality disorder may display affective instability that is due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g., intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days) (Criterion 6).

The basic dysphoric mood of those with borderline personality disorder is often disrupted by periods of anger, panic, or despair and is rarely relieved by periods of well-being or satisfaction.

These episodes may reflect the individual's extreme reactivity to interpersonal stresses.

Individuals with borderline personality disorder may be troubled by chronic feelings of emptiness, which can co-occur with painful feelings of aloneness (Criterion 7).

Easily bored, they may frequently seek excitement to avoid their feelings of emptiness.

Individuals with this disorder frequently express inappropriate, intense anger or have difficulty controlling their anger (Criterion 8).

They may display extreme sarcasm, enduring bitterness, or verbal outbursts.

The anger is often elicited when a caregiver or lover is seen as neglectful, withholding, uncaring, or abandoning.

Such expressions of anger are often followed by shame and guilt and contribute to the feeling they have of being evil.

During periods of extreme stress, transient paranoid ideation or dissociative symptoms (e.g., depersonalization) may occur (Criterion 9), but these are generally of insufficient severity or duration to warrant an additional diagnosis.

These episodes occur most frequently in response to a real or imagined abandonment.

Symptoms tend to be transient, lasting minutes or hours.

The real or perceived return of the caregiver's nurturance may result in a remission of symptoms.

Associated Features

Individuals with borderline personality disorder may have a pattern of undermining themselves at the moment a goal is about to be realized (e.g, dropping out of school just before graduation; regressing severely after a discussion of how well therapy is going; destroying a good relationship just when it is clear that the relationship could last).

Some individuals develop psychotic-like symptoms (e.g., hallucinations, body-image distortions, ideas of reference, hypnagogic phenomena) during times of stress.

Individuals with this disorder may feel more secure with transitional objects (i.e., a pet or inanimate possession) than in interpersonal relationships.

Premature death from suicide may occur in individuals with borderline personality disorder, especially in those with co-occurring depressive disorders or substance use disorders.

However, deaths from other causes. such as accidents or illness, are more than twice as common as deaths by suicide in individuals with borderline personality disorder.

Physical handicaps may result from self-inflicted abuse behaviors or failed suicide attempts.

Recurrent job losses, interrupted education, and separation or divorce are common.

Physical and sexual abuse, neglect, hostile conflict, and early parental loss are more common in the childhood histories of those with borderline personality disorder.

Differential Diagnosis

Depressive and bipolar disorders. Borderline personality disorder often co-occurs with depressive or bipolar disorders, and when criteria for both are met, both should be diagnosed.

Because the cross-sectional presentation of borderline personality disorder can be mimicked by an episode of depressive or bipolar disorder, the clinician should avoid giving an additional diagnosis of borderline personality disorder based only on cross-sectional presentation without having documented that the pattern of behavior had an early onset and a long-standing course.

Separation anxiety disorder in adults. Separation anxiety disorder and borderline personality disorder are characterized by fear of abandonment by loved ones, but problems in identity, self-direction, interpersonal functioning, and impulsivity are additionally central to borderline personality disorder.

Other personality disorders. Other personality disorders may be confused with borderline personality disorder because they have certain features in common.

It is therefore important to distinguish among these disorders based on differences in their characteristic features.

However, if an individual has personality features that meet criteria for one or more personality disorders in addition to borderline personality disorder, all can be diagnosed.

Although histrionic personality disorder can also be characterized by attention seeking, manipulative behavior, and rapidly shifting emotions, borderline personality disorder is distinguished by self-destructiveness, angry disruptions in close relationships, and chronic feelings of deep emptiness and loneliness.

Paranoid ideas or illusions may be present in both borderline personality disorder and schizotypal personality disorder, but these symptoms are more transient, interpersonally reactive, and responsive to external structuring in borderline personality disorder.

Although paranoid personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder may also be characterized by an angry reaction to minor stimuli, the relative stability of self-image, as well as the relative lack of physical self-destructiveness, repetitive impulsivity, and profound abandonment concerns, distinguishes these disorders from borderline personality disorder.

Although antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder are both characterized by manipulative behavior, individuals with antisocial personality disorder are manipulative to gain profit, power, or some other material gratification, whereas the goal in borderline personality disorder is directed more toward gaining the concern of caretakers.

Both dependent personality disorder and borderline personality disorder are characterized by fear of abandonment; however, the individual with borderline personality disorder reacts to abandonment with feelings of emotional emptiness, rage, and demands, whereas the individual with dependent personality disorder reacts with increasing appeasement and submissiveness and urgently seeks a replacement relationship to provide caregiving and support.

Borderline personality disorder can farther be distinguished from dependent personality disorder by the typical pattern of unstable and intense relationships.

Personality change due to another medical condition. Borderline personality disorder must be distinguished from personality change due to another medical condition, in which the traits that emerge are a direct physiological consequence of another medical condition.

Substance use disorders. Borderline personality disorder must also be distinguished from symptoms that may develop in association with persistent substance use.

Identity problems. Borderline personality disorder should be distinguished from an identity problem, which is reserved for identity concerns related to a developmental phase (e.g., adolescence) and does not qualify as a mental disorder.

Adolescents and young adults with identity problems (especially when accompanied by substance use) may transiently display behaviors that misleadingly give the impression of borderline personality disorder.

Such situations are characterized by emotional instability, existential dilemmas, uncertainty, anxiety-provoking choices, conflicts about sexual orientation, and competing social pressures to decide on careers.

Comorbidity

Common co-occurring disorders include depressive and bipolar disorders, substance use disorders, anxiety disorders (particularly panic disorder and social anxiety disorder), eating disorders (notably bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder), post-traumatic stress disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Borderline personality disorder also frequently co-occurs with the other personality disorders.

#borderline personality disorder #borderline pd #personality disorder #long post #psychology #mentalheathawareness #dsm 5 #mental heath support #mental illness #mental health #I love you BPD bitches #cluster b #cluster b personality disorder

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snakeskinass · 11 days

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Random (pop culture) psychology headcanon #11

Bianca Abercrombie(from Clinic of Horrors) has Schizoid personality disorder

#clinic of horrors #pychology #headcanon #bianca abercrombie #mentalheathawareness #mental illness #mental health #schizophrenic spectrum #schizoid pd #schizoid personality disorder #schizoid #schizospec #personality disorder

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snakeskinass · 13 days

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Random psychology disorder (somewhat) explained #1 (Trichotillomania/Hair-Pulling Disorder)

Diagnostic Criteria

A. Recurrent pulling out of one’s hair, resulting in hair loss.

B. Repeated attempts to decrease or stop hair pulling.

C. The hair pulling causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

D. The hair pulling or hair loss is not attributable to another medical condition (e.g., a dermatological condition).

E. The hair pulling is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder (e.g., attempts to improve a perceived defect or flaw in appearance in body dysmorphic disorder).

Diagnostic Features

The essential feature of trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) is the recurrent pulling out of one’s own hair (Criterion A).

Hair pulling may occur from any region of the body in which hair grows; the most common sites are the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelids, while less common sites are axillary, facial, pubic, and perirectal regions.

Hair-pulling sites may vary over time.

Hair pulling may occur in brief episodes scattered throughout the day or during less frequent but more sustained periods that can continue for hours, and such hair pulling may endure for months or years.

Criterion A requires that hair pulling lead to hair loss, although individuals with this disorder may pull hair in a widely distributed pattern (i.e., pulling single hairs from all over a site) such that hair loss may not be clearly visible.

In addition, individuals may attempt to conceal or camouflage hair loss (e.g., by using makeup, scarves, or wigs).

Individuals with trichotillmania have made repeated attempts to decrease or stop hair pulling (Criterion B).

Criterion C indicates that hair pulling causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

The term distress includes negative affects that may be experienced by individuals with hair pulling, such as feelings a loss of control, embarrassment, and shame.

Significant impairment may occur in several different areas of functioning (e.g., social, occupational, academic, and leisure), in part because of avoidance of work, school, or other public situations.

Associated Features

Hair pulling may be accompanied by a range of behaviors or rituals involving hair.

Thus, individuals may search for a particular kind of hair to pull (e.g., hairs with specific texture or color), may try to pull out hair in a specific way (e.g., so that the root comes out intact), or may visually examine or tactilely or orally manipulate the hair after it has been pulled (e.g., rolling the hair between the fingers, pulling the strand between the teeth, biting the hair into pieces, or swallowing the hair).

Hair pulling may also be preceded or accompanied by various emotional states; it may be triggered by feelings of anxiety or boredom, may be preceded by an increasing sense of tension (either immediately before pulling out the hair or when attempting to resist the urge to pull), or may lead to gratification, pleasure, or a sense of relief when the hair is pulled out.

Hair-pulling behavior may involve varying degrees of conscious awareness, with some individuals displaying more focused attention on the hair pulling (with preceding tension and subsequent relief), and other individuals displaying more automatic behavior (in which the hair pulling seems to occur without full awareness).

Many individuals report a mix of both behavioral styles.

Some individuals experience an “itch-like” or tingling sensation in the scalp that is alleviated by the act of hair pulling.

Pain does not usually accompany hair pulling.

Patterns of hair loss are highly variable.

Areas of complete alopecia, as well as areas of thinned hair density, are common.

When the scalp is involved, there may be a predilection for pulling out hair in the crown or parietal regions.

There may be a pattern of nearly complete baldness except for a narrow perimeter around the outer margins of the scalp, particularly at the nape of the neck (“tonsure trichotillmania”).

Eyebrows and eyelashes may be completely absent.

Hair pulling does not usually occur in the presence of other individuals, except immediate family members.

Some individuals have urges to pull hair from other individuals and may sometimes try to find opportunities to do so surreptitiously.

Some individuals may pull hairs from pets, dolls, and other fibrous materials (e.g., sweaters or carpets).

Some individuals may deny their hair pulling to others.

The majority of individuals with trichotillmania also have one or more other body-focused repetitive behaviors, including skin picking, nail biting, and lip chewing.

Differential Diagnosis

Normative hair removal/manipulation. Trichotillmania should not be diagnosed when hair removal is performed solely for cosmetic reasons (i.e., to improve physical appearance).

Many individuals twist and play with their hair, but this behavior does not usually qualify for a diagnosis of trichotillmania.

Some individuals may bite rather than pull hair; again, this does not qualify for a diagnosis of trichotillmania.

Other obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Individuals with OCD and symmetry concerns may pull out hairs as part of their symmetry rituals, and individuals with body dysmorphic disorder may remove body hair that they perceive as ugly, asymmetrical, or abnormal; in such cases a diagnosis of trichotillmania is not given.

Stereotypic movement disorder. Stereotypic movement disorder can sometimes involve hair-pulling behavior.

For example, a child with intellectual developmental disorder (intellectual disability) or autism spectrum disorder may engage in stereotypic head banging, hand or arm biting, and hair pulling when frustrated or angry, and sometimes when excited.

This behavior, if impairing, would be diagnosed as stereotypic movement disorder (co-occurring with intellectual developmental disorder or autism spectrum disorder) rather than trichotillmania.

Psychotic disorder. Individuals with a psychotic disorder may remove hair in response to a delusion or hallucination.

Trichotillmania is not diagnosed in such cases.

Another medical condition. Trichotillmania is not diagnosed if the hair pulling or hair loss is attributed to another medical condition (e.g., inflammation of the skin or other dermatological conditions).

Other causes of noncicatricial (nonscarring) alopecia (e.g., alopecia areata, androgenic alopecia, telogen effluvium) or cicatricial (scarring) (e.g., chronic discoid lupus erythematosus, lichen planopilaris, central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, pseudopelade, folliculitis decalvans, dissecting folliculitis, acne keloidalis nuchae) should be considered in individuals with hair loss who deny hair pulling.

Skin biopsy or dermoscopy can be used to differentiate individuals with trichotillmania from those with dermatological disorders.

Substance-related disorders. Hair-pulling symptoms may be exacerbated by certain substances-for example, stimulants-but it is less likely that substances are the primary cause of persistent hair pulling.

Comorbidity

Trichotillmania is often accompanied by other mental disorders, most commonly major depressive disorder and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder.

Repetitive body-focused symptoms other than hair pulling or skin picking (e.g., nail biting) occur in the majority of individuals with trichotillmania and may deserve an additional diagnosis or other specified obsessive-compulsive and related disorder (i.e., other body-focused repetitive behavior disorder).

#taken straight from the DSM-5-TR #trichotillomania #hair-pulling disorder #dsm 5 #psychology #obsessive-compulsive spectrum #kill me #this took way too long #I honestly just want to talk about psychology #obsessive compulsive spectrum #obsessive compulsive behavior #can you tell that my special interest is psychology?#mental illness #mental health #mentalheathawareness #mental heath support #long post #long ramble #special interest

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