Educating the princesses
“All of these princesses, both foreign and French, had received a first-rate education. Some were raised at the French court from childhood, such as Philip IV’s wife Joan of Navarre and Charles VIII’s young fiancée Margaret of Austria. Others were educated within their own families in their respective principalities.
Educators had long debated what women should be taught. In 1265,
Philip of Novara had advised against teaching girls—except for nuns— how to read and write. He was, however, in the minority. Far from being neglected when it came to aristocratic education, women were the recipients of veritable miroirs aux princesses (didactic works presenting the exemplary image of the good ruler or, for women, the ideal princess), which reveal all the care that went into their training—as religious as it was moral and intellectual.
(...)
Beyond these theoretical treatises, sources on the practice of that time provide information about the educational methods of the period. Young princesses learned to read and often write. Such instruction often took place within the palace under a tutor. At the court of Savoy in the mid-fifteenth century, Pierre Aronchel was the schoolmaster of Louis and Anne of Cypress’s eldest daughters Margaret and Charlotte (future wife of Louis XI).
Like their brothers, young princesses first learned reading and religion. They learned to read using an alphabet book (Margaret of Austria learned the alphabet using a book handsomely bound in black velvet) and continued with psalters and books of hours. At the age of seven, young Joan of France, who was married to the Count of Montfort, received a richly illuminated book of hours of Notre-Dame from her mother Isabeau of Bavaria. During the fourteenth century, young girls at the court of Savoy practiced reading using liturgical collections, matins and penitential psalms, which were replaced by books of hours in the fifteenth century. Like their brothers, Savoyard princesses also learned to write.
Latin, however, was reserved for boys, which was one of the primary differences when it came to education. Princesses only knew the necessary prayers and formulas for following mass and reading their books of hours. There were a few exceptions nonetheless. Saint Louis’s sister Isabella of France (d. 1270), for example, was reputedly an excellent Latinist.
Failing Latin, aristocratic ladies knew other languages. John II’s future wife Bonne of Luxembourg, who had been raised in Bohemia, spoke Czech, German and French. Yolanda of Bar —daughter of Robert, Duke of Bar, and wife of John I, King of Aragon—could read ‘Limousin’ and Latin in addition to being able to write in French and Catalan. Others had a harder time learning a foreign language. During her entry ceremony in Paris in 1389, Isabeau of Bavaria was criticized for her poor understanding of French—four years after she had arrived in the kingdom.”
Queenship in medieval france 1300-1500, Murielle Gaude-Ferragu
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Hi! I’m reading “Later Plantagenet and Wars of the Roses Consorts” after seeing several interesting posts on it, and I’m a little confused because in Joan of Navarre’s section, Elena Woodacre said that Joan “was certainly the only English queen to have been supposedly accused of witchcraft, even if other royal women were rumored to have dabbled in dark arts”. I may have misunderstood, but didn’t Richard III accuse Elizabeth Woodville of the same in formal Parliament? I think his (Richard’s) accusation was far more explicit, actually: Henry V’s Parliament Rolls say “Joan, queen of England, had plotted and schemed for the death and destruction of our said lord the king in the most evil and terrible manner imaginable”. It’s evident that they probably mean witchcraft, but it’s the Chronicles of London that specify what she was accused of; Henry’s Parliament does not. In Richard’s “Titulus Regius”, however, it’s explicitly stated that “by Sorcery and Witchcraft, committed by the said Elizabeth, and her Mother, Jacquetta" (doubly striking because Jacquetta had already stood trial and been cleared of those charges, with her innocence recorded in Parliament). I think it was probably just a confusing wording choice; I think Woodacre probably meant that Joan was the only queen to be *detained* on the basis of witchcraft (which she mentions in another chapter), although the book also mentions that Joan was never actually formally tried or charged for witchcraft or any other crime (the way Eleanor Cobham and Jacquetta were) so I'm a little confused whether the causes for her detainment were formal or informal or even specified. I don't know much about Joan, though, so maybe I've gotten a few things mixed up.
Hello! Yeah, honestly I don't see how you can say Elizabeth Woodville wasn't actually accused of witchcraft. The allegation against her in parliament doesn't go in full detail but none of the allegations in Titulus Regius do, including the allegation of bigamy, which according to all logic should be really detailed and discussed at length yet it's not. There's also a letter by Richard to his adherents in the North dated 10 June 1483 accusing Elizabeth and her kin to plan his and Buckingham's murder by casting their horoscope, which was something that Eleanor Cobham was also accused of, if I'm not mistaken. I'm calling my friend @une-sanz-pluis here to see if she has any clue about what they mean about Joan's uniqueness in witchcraft allegations.
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Hi! I'm not not as familiar with 14th/15th century English history as I am with earlier and later periods, and I'm getting conflicting information online, so I wanted to ask: Where Philippa of Hainault and Joan of Navarre formally regents during Edward III and Henry V's reigns? I know Isabella of France technically wasn't, but I'm a little confused regarding Philippa and Joan since different sites are telling me different things, and the book "Later Plantagenet consorts" that I recently read doesn't specify anything.
I wasn't sure whether to send this ask to this blog or your Lancaster side blog so I'm really really sorry if it's inconvenient
Thank you!
No worries, I'll take asks on either of my blogs. 💖 And I'm sorry it took me awhile to answer this; I was trying to finish off the ask about Jacqueline of Hainault and wanted to check some references because I'm not very familiar with Philippa's life. It's actually a very simple answer: neither Philippa or Joan were officially regents for their husband and stepson respectively.
I'm not sure where the story of Philippa's regency comes from; possibly from Froissart who wrote about her leading the English army at the Battle of Neville's Cross but in 1346, England was nominally led by Lionel of Antwerp (who was seven years old) and Philippa had joined Edward III in Calais the month before the Battle of Neville's Cross. It does seem like she had a great deal of authority when Edward was away but lacked the formal position of regent. From Lisa Benz St. John's Three Medieval Queens:
There were never any queen regents or keepers in England, as there were in France. However, fourteenth-century English queens acted in administrative capacities when the king was absent from the realm. Isabella [of France] and Philippa were never officially made regents or custos [keepers], but they played a significant part in ruling the kingdom as one of the king’s central administrators. They administered the kingdom in several ways: they aided the king and chancellor in the chancery; and they acted as part of the institution supporting the regent, who was often one of their sons.
Likewise, Joan of Navarre did not serve as regent during Henry V's absence. From Elena Woodacre's Joan of Navarre: Infanta, Duchess, Queen, Witch?:
In June, before Henry's departure, he formally bid Joan farewell and gave her leave to stay in several royal residences during his absence. He did not, however, entrust her with the governance of the realm—while later sixteenth-century chronicles claim this was the case, it is clear that Henry named his brother John, duke of Bedford, as lieutenant in the king's absence.
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Queen Isabella: The She-Wolf of France
Isabella's coat of arms shows four quarters: the first of her husband, Edward II of England, the second of her father, Philip IV of France, the third and fourth of her mother, Joan I of Navarre, Countess of Champagne.
Image of Isabella, click to enlarge.
Isabella was born the sixth child of King Philip IV of France and Queen Joan I of Navarre. She was the third daughter born, but their only surviving daughter eventually (Margaret had died in childhood in 1300 and Blanche had died after 13th April, 1294). Although Isabella's date of birth is uncertain, both the French chronicler Guillaume de Nangis and the English chronicler Thomas Walshingam describe her as 12 years old at the time of her marriage in January 1308, making it seem that her likely birthdate was between January 1295 and 1296. During her lifetime, she would see three of her brothers, Louis, Philip, and Charles become kings of France.
Isabella was given a good education, taught to read and write, and eventually developed a love of books. She, much like the rest of her siblings, was promised in marriage at a young age. Her father secured a match with Prince Edward, the future King Edward II of England, son of King Edward I of England. The marriage was made with the intentions to resolve the conflicts between England and France over possession and claims of land such as Gascony, Normandy, Anjou and Aquitaine. Pope Boniface VIII had urged for the wedding to go ahead as early as 1298, meaning Isabella would be around only 3 years old while Edward would have been around 14 years old. Edward I of England attempted to break the engagement several times, and it only went ahead when Edward I died in 1307.
Edward, now King Edward II of England, married Isabella of France on the 25th of January, 1308 at Boulogne-sur-Mer in France. Isabella was probably around 12 years old at the time of her marriage. She was now the Queen consort of England. Edward was 23 years old. During the wedding feast, Edward chose to sit with Piers Gaveston, a favourite of his, rather than Isabella. She soon complained to her father that she received insufficent funds and that Edward visited Galveston's bed more than her own. Eventually, Edward was force to exile Gaveston to Ireland for a period of time to show respect to Isabella.
Isabella depicted as queen.
Edward had male favourites at court: Piers Gaveston and Hugh Despenser the Younger. When Edward became king, he had inherited a country at war with Scotland, and with his own barons, in particular his first cousin, Thomas, the 2nd Earl of Lancaster, who was a grandson of Henry III of England, and who's uncle had been Edward I of England. Isabella found her way through these challenges, forming a successful alliance with Gaveston, until his death at the hands of the barons. Isabella found herself at increasing odds with her husband when Edward allied himself with the Despenser family, particular Hugh the Younger.
Between the years of 1312 and 1321, Isabella gave birth to four children and is said to have suffered at least one miscarriage. A son, Edward, the future Edward III, was born in 1312; another son, John, Earl of Cornwall, was born in 1316; a daughter, Eleanor of Woodstock, was born in 1318; and another daughter, Joan of the Tower, was born in 1312. Her daughter Joan went on to marry King David II of Scotland in accordance with the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton.
There even appears to have been an attempt to capture Isabella at one point in 1319. The Scottish general, Sir James Douglas, who was a war leader for Robert I of Scotland, personally tried to capture Isabella at York and almost succeeded, however Isabella just barely escaped. It was unproven though suspicions fell of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, and a knight of Edward's, Edmund Darel. It was during this time that Edward had begun a sexual relationship with Hugh the Younger, and had begun making enemies in the form of the Mortimer's. With Lancaster moving against them, Isabella pleaded with Edward on her knees to send the Despensers into exile, which he did and vowed to bring them back at the first opportunity available to him.
By January 1322, Edward's army was reinforced with the Despensers returning from exile. They had forced surrender from the Mortimers and by March 1322, Lancaster had been captured after the Battle of Boroughbridge and executed. Another campaign for Scotland resulted in failure when Isabella was cut off from the South, refused help from the Despenser forces, and her husband had retreated south and had left her and her household. Eventually, Isabella made it to York but she was furious with both Edward and the Despensers.
Isabella had efectively separated from Edward from here onwards and by the end of 1322 had left for a 10 month long pilgramage around England by herself. By 1324, tensions between England and France had grown, and Edward and the Despensers had confiscated all of Isabella's lands, began running Isabella's household, arrested and imprisoned her French staff, and had taken away her children from her, putting them in the custody of the Despensers.
Hugh Despenser the Younger and Edmund Fitzalan brought before Isabella for trial in 1326 before they were executed.
Future Edward III as a boy showing homage to his uncle, Charles IV of France centre right, with his mother, Isabella, in September 1325.
When Charles IV of France, Isabella's brother, seized Edward II's French possesions in 1325, Isabella returned to France. Initially, she was to be a delegate to negotiate a peace treaty between the two nations, however Isabella gathered an army to oppose Edward, in alliance with Roger Mortimer, the 1st Earl of March, with whom she had entered into a relationship. When they returned to England with their army, they quickly took the country, forcing Edward's abdication and executing the Despensers. Edward was held in the custody of Henry of Lancaster, the brother of the late Thomas, Earl of Lancaster.
Isabella had her son, Edward, confirmed as Edward III of England with herself being appointed as regent in January of 1327. On the 23rd of September of the same year, Isabella and Edward III were informed of Edward's death while imprisoned in Berkeley Castle on the Welsh borders. Though described as a "fatal accident", there was a rumour that Isabella and Roger Mortimer had had Edward murdered, and another rumour that said he was alive somewhere in Europe.
During her regency, Isabella had her son, Edward, married to Philippa of Hainault in 1328, something she had agreed to before the invasion of England had taken place. She had her daughter, Joan, married to David, the son of Robert the Bruce, in 1328 also. She also had Edward III renounce any claims on Scottish lands in exchange for the promise of Scottish military aid against any enemy, except the French, and £20,000 in compensation for the raids across northern England. Isabella tried to claim the French throne on behalf of her son, demanding France to recognise her sons claim. When that failed, she decided to court France's neighbours by proposing marriage between her son, John, into the Castilian royal family.
Isabella practically ruled England for her child as regent along with Mortimer for four years, until Edward III deposed Mortimer in a coup and taking the authority for himself in mid-1330. Mortimer was executed at Tyburn on the 29th of November, 1330, aged 43 years.
In Isabella's final years, she became close to her daughter, Joan, doted on her grandchildren, including Edward, the Black Prince, and became interested in religion. She took the nun's habit of the Poor Clares before she died on the 22nd of August in 1358 at Hertford Castle. Her body was returned to London and buried at the Franciscan church at Newgate. At her request, she was buried in the mantle she had worn at her wedding. Her husband's heart was interred with her. She left the bulk of her property to Edward, the Black Prince, reported to be her favourite grandchild, and some person effects to her daughter, Joan.
Over the years, she has been portrayed in both theatre and film, most notably by Tilda Swinton in Edward II (1991) and by French actress Sophie Marceau in Braveheart (1995).
(Information cited from Wikipedia, History of Royal Women, Britannica, World of History, and History Extra)
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