#hermann j muller

[whats-in-a-sentence]

(Theodosius Dobzhansky, of Rockefeller University, a renowned evolutionist and population geneticist, had reminded biologists, at a 1961 conference that took up H. J. Muller's ideas of genetic load and germinal choice, that "usefulness and harmfulness are not the intrinsic properties of a variant gene; genes are useful, neutral, or harmful only in a certain environment," and he had continued, "What is good in the Arctic is not necessarily good on the equator; what was good in man in the ice age is not necessarily good now; what is good in a democracy is not necessarily good under a dictatorship.")

"In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity" - Daniel J. Kevles

#book quotes #in the name of eugenics #daniel j kevles #nonfiction #theodosius dobzhansky #rockefeller university #evolutionist #evolution #population genetics #reminder #biology #biologist #60s #1960s #conference #hermann muller #hermann j muller #genetic load #germinal choice #eugenics #useful #harmful #genes #neutral #arctic #equator #ice age #modern man #democracy #dictatorship

[tenth-sentence]

Yet well into the sixties Muller and his ideas occupied center stage at scientific symposia, and he saw several versions of his 1959 paper into learned print.

"In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity" - Daniel J. Kevles

#book quote #in the name of eugenics #daniel j kevles #nonfiction #60s #1960s #20th century #hermann muller #hermann j muller #eugenics #symposium #50s #1950s

[girlactionfigure]

Immense pride, tinged with sadness. 

For those who would like to read the full list:

1908 MECHNIKOV, ELIE 

FOR THEIR WORK ON IMMUNITY

1908 EHRLICH, PAUL

FOR THEIR WORK ON IMMUNITY

1914 BARANY, ROBERT

FOR HIS WORK ON THE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS

1922 MEYERHOF, OTTO FRITZ 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF THE FIXED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONSUMPTION OF 

OXYGEN AND THE METABOLISM OF LACTIC ACID IN THE MUSCLE

1930 LANDSTEINER, KARL 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS

1936 LOEWI, OTTO 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES RELATING TO CHEMICAL TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSES

1944 ERLANGER, JOSEPH 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES RELATING TO THE HIGHLY DIFFERENTIATED FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE NERVE FIBRES

1945 CHAIN, ERNST BORIS 

FOR THE DISCOVERY OF PENICILLIN AND ITS CURATIVE EFFECT IN VARIOUS INFECTIOUS DISEASES

1946 MULLER, HERMANN J. 

FOR THE DISCOVERY OF THE PRODUCTION OF MUTATIONS BY MEANS OF X-RAY IRRADIATION

1947 CORI, GERTY THERESA, RADNITZ 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF THE COURSE OF THE CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF GLYCOGEN

1950 REICHSTEIN, TADEUS 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES RELATING TO THE HORMONES OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX, THEIR STRUCTURE AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

1952 WAKSMAN, SELMAN A. 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF STREPTOMYCIN, THE FIRST ANTIBIOTIC EFFECTIVE AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS

1953 LIPMANN, FRITZ ALBERT 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF CO-ENZYME A AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM

1953 KREBS, HANS ADOLF 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE

1958 LEDERBERG, JOSHUA 

FOR HIS DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC RECOMBINATION AND THE ORGANISATION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF BACTERIA

1959 KORNBERG, ARTHUR 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF THE MECHANISMS IN THE BIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID AND DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

1964 BLOCH, KONRAD 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE MECHANISM AND REGULATION OF THE CHOLESTEROL AND FATTY ACID METABOLISM

1965 JACOB, FRANCOIS 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC CONTROL OF ENZYME AND VIRUS SYNTHESIS

1965 LWOFF, ANDRE

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC CONTROL OF ENZYME AND VIRUS SYNTHESIS

1967 WALD, GEORGE 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL VISUAL PROCESSES IN THE EYE

1968 NIRENBERG, MARSHALL W. 

FOR THEIR INTERPRETATION OF THE GENETIC CODE AND ITS FUNCTION IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

1969 LURIA, SALVADOR E. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE REPLICATION MECHANISM AND THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF VIRUSES

1970 KATZ, BERNARD

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE HUMORAL TRANSMITTERS IN THE NERVE TERMINALS AND THE MECHANISM

FOR THEIR STORAGE, RELEASE AND INACTIVATION

1970 AXELROD, JULIUS 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE HUMORAL TRANSMITTERS IN THE NERVE TERMINALS AND THE MECHANISM

FOR THEIR STORAGE, RELEASE AND INACTIVATION

1972 EDELMAN, GERALD M. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODIES

1975 TEMIN, HOWARD M.

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TUMOR VIRUSES AND THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF THE CELL

1975 BALTIMORE, DAVID 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TUMOR VIRUSES AND THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF THE CELL

1976 BLUMBERG, BARUCH S. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING NEW MECHANISMS FOR THE ORIGIN AND DISSEMINATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

1977 YALOW, ROSALYN 

FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RADIOIMMUNOASSAYS OF PEPTIDE HORMONES

1977 SCHALLY, ANDREW V. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE PEPTIDE HORMONE PRODUCTION OF THE BRAIN

1978 NATHANS, DANIEL 

FOR THE DISCOVERY OF RESTRICTION ENZYMES AND THEIR APPLICATION TO PROBLEMS OF MOLECULAR GENETICS

1980 BENACERRAF, BARUJ 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETICALLY DETERMINED STRUCTURES ON THE CELL SURFACE THAT

REGULATE IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS

1984 MILSTEIN, CESAR 

FOR THEORIES CONCERNING THE SPECIFICITY IN DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THE DISCOVERY OF THE

PRINCIPLE FOR PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

1985 BROWN, MICHAEL S. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE REGULATION OF CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM

1985 GOLDSTEIN, JOSEPH L. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE REGULATION OF CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM

1986 COHEN, STANLEY 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF GROWTH FACTORS

1986 LEVI-MONTALCINI, RITA 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF GROWTH FACTORS

1988 ELION, GERTRUDE B. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES FOR DRUG TREATMENT

1989 VARMUS, HAROLD E. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF THE CELLULAR ORIGIN OF RETROVIRAL ONCOGENES

1994 RODBELL, MARTIN 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF G-PROTEINS AND THE ROLE OF THESE PROTEINS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN CELLS

1994 GILMAN, ALFRED G. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF G-PROTEINS AND THE ROLE OF THESE PROTEINS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN CELLS

1997 PRUSINER, STANLEY B. 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF PRIONS - A NEW BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE OF INFECTION

1998 FURCHGOTT, ROBERT F. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING NITRIC OXIDE AS A SIGNALING MOLECULE IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

2000 GREENGARD, PAUL 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

2000 KANDEL, ERIC R. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

2002 BRENNER, SYDNEY 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC REGULATION OF ORGAN DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH

2002 HORVITZ, H. ROBERT 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC REGULATION OF ORGAN DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH

2004 AXEL, RICHARD

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF ODORANT RECEPTORS AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM

2006 FIRE, ANDREW Z. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF RNA INTERFERENCE - GENE SILENCING BY DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA

2011 STEINMAN, RALPH M. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE ACTIVATION OF INNATE IMMUNITY

2011 BEUTLER, BRUCE A. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE ACTIVATION OF INNATE IMMUNITY

2013 SCHEKMAN, RANDY W.

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF MACHINERY REGULATING VESICLE TRAFFIC, A MAJOR TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN OUR CELLS

2013 ROTHMAN, JAMES E. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF MACHINERY REGULATING VESICLE TRAFFIC, A MAJOR TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN OUR CELLS

2017 ROSBASH, MICHAEL

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS CONTROLLING THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

Likud Herut UK

#Israel #Nobel prize #Jewish Pride

[scienza-magia]

Nel 1953 veniva scoperto "Il segreto della vita"

70 anni fa scoprivamo la struttura del dna: ecco come ci ha cambiato la vita. Ripercorriamo le tappe che hanno preceduto questo importante risultato e il modo in cui ha rivoluzionato il futuro della genetica con l’aiuto dello storico della medicina. La scoperta della struttura del dna ha 70 anni. Il 28 febbraio 1953 è passato alla storia come il giorno in cui un inglese e un americano entrarono in un pub e annunciarono di aver risolto un enigma su cui buona parte della comunità scientifica dell’epoca si scervellava ormai da decenni. I due uomini in questione erano naturalmente James D. Watson e Francis Crick e la scoperta a cui si riferivano riguardava nientemeno che “il segreto della vita”. Erano più di cinquant’anni che medici, fisici e biologi si interrogavano riguardo l’esistenza e la natura dei geni. Perciò, quando i due studiosi avanzarono una teoria che contemplava un codice della vita basato su un “alfabeto” di quattro “lettere” disposte in una struttura a doppia elica (scoperta che valse loro e al fisico Maurice Wilkins il premio Nobel per la medicina nel 1962), si posero le basi per una vera e propria rivoluzione copernicana nel campo della biologia e per un cambio di paradigma che avrebbe orientato il futuro della ricerca biomedica, aprendo la strada a possibilità di intervento terapeutico fino ad allora impensabili. I passi della scoperta La scoperta del Dna ha 70 anni e noi ripercorriamo le principali tappe che hanno preceduto e reso possibile questo risultato e il modo in cui esso ha cambiato la storia della medicina insieme ad Andrea Grignolio, docente di storia della medicina presso l’Università Vita-Salute S. Raffaele di Milano e di bioetica presso il Cnr, Centro Interdipartimentale per l’Etica e l’Integrità nella Ricerca CID-Ethics. “All’inizio del Novecento vennero riscoperte le leggi di Mendel sull'ereditarietà dei caratteri e la comunità scientifica iniziò perciò a interrogarsi sulla natura del gene e, eventualmente, su quale fosse il suo sostrato chimico”, racconta Grignolio. “Nei primi anni del secolo scorso vennero condotti, in particolare, due importanti esperimenti che indirizzarono biologi, medici e chimici nella giusta direzione. Il primo fu quello del biologo Thomas Hunt Morgan che grazie allo studio della drosofila (il moscerino della frutta) dimostrò come i geni fossero disposti sui cromosomi; il secondo fu quello di Hermann J. Muller, che scoprì che l’esposizione ai raggi X aumentava il tasso di mutazione di alcune cellule riproduttive”. Nonostante questo, fino all’inizio degli anni Cinquanta, ovvero pochissimo tempo prima della scoperta di Watson e Crick, ancora si discuteva per capire se i geni fossero composti dalle proteine o dagli acidi nucleici (come di fatto è, ndr). Com’era già noto allora, i “mattoni” che formano le proteine, ovvero gli aminoacidi, sono di venti tipi differenti, al contrario degli acidi nucleici, che sono costituiti dalla combinazione di sole quattro basi azotate. In altre parole, un alfabeto di venti lettere sembrava più adatto a codificare progetti di sviluppo di interi organismi complessi, rispetto a uno di quattro. I momenti chiave Per dirimere la questione fu rilevante l’esperimento di Avery del 1944. Il medico canadese Oswald T. Avery intervenne su alcune cellule infettate dal batterio dello pneumococco privandone alcune delle proteine, altre dei polisaccaridi, e altre del dna. Appurò quindi che fosse quest’ultimo a detenere la capacità che lui chiamò “principio trasformante”, ovvero quella di ricevere il materiale genetico proveniente dal batterio. Infatti, solo nelle cavie le cui cellule ancora contenevano dna e rna avveniva il contagio veicolato dal batterio. Dopo pochi anni, nel 1950, il celebre biochimico austriaco Erwin Chargaff condusse alcuni esperimenti che dimostrarono che il rapporto tra le quattro basi azotate che compongono il dna fosse molto più sofisticato di quanto sembrasse. Scoprì infatti che in ogni molecola di dna il numero di basi A (Adenina) corrispondeva a quello del numero di basi T (Timina) e che il numero di basi C (Citosina) corrispondeva a quello delle basi G (Guanina), nonché che la composizione in basi del DNA variava da una specie all'altra e non era modificata in base all'età. Alcuni conclusero che le 4 basi potessero costruire un “codice” con le istruzioni necessarie per portare le informazioni genetiche”. Parallelamente a tutte queste ricerche condotte nell’ambito della biologia, traguardi altrettanto importanti furono raggiunti grazie al lavoro dei fisici, che a partire dagli anni Trenta contribuirono a gettare le prime basi per lo studio della biologia molecolare. “Uno dei protagonisti di questo filone di studi fu il fisico austriaco Erwin Schrödinger che nel 1944 scrisse What is life, il primo best seller della biologia molecolare”, prosegue Grignolio. “In quest’opera Schrödinger ipotizzava, in maniera geniale, che il gene assomigliasse a un “cristallo aperiodico”, la cui struttura chimica doveva essere molto stabile (proprio come quella di un cristallo) ma allo stesso tempo irregolare, e che contenesse al suo interno una sorta di “codice morse” composto di pochissimi elementi di base in grado però, combinandosi, di trasmettere molte informazioni”. La svolta (e una grossa scorrettezza) E arriviamo così a Watson e Crick. “Negli anni Cinquanta in Inghilterra vi erano due laboratori in cui si lavorava con la spettroscopia a raggi X, una tecnologia sviluppata durante la rivoluzione industriale per analizzare i tessuti artificiali e successivamente applicata all’indagine della materia vivente”, spiega Grignolio. “Il primo era quello del King's College di Londra, dove sotto la direzione di Maurice Wilkins lavorava anche Rosalind Franklin, la chimica che per prima sarebbe riuscita a fotografare con precisione una molecola di dna; l’altro era il Cavendish laboratory dell’università di Cambridge. Fu qui che si incontrarono e iniziarono a collaborare James D. Watson, che si era da poco trasferito dal King’s College – continuando le sue ricerche di dottorato dirette dal medico e genetista italiano Salvatore Luria – e Francis Crick”. Watson e Crick si misero al lavoro per cercare di mettere insieme, come i pezzi di un puzzle, tutti quei risultati scientifici cui abbiamo accennato e che erano stati acquisiti nel corso degli ultimi decenni in ambiti di ricerca differenti. È interessante ricordare che i due studiosi riuscirono a costruire il loro modello sulla struttura del dna senza condurre alcun esperimento. Ciò non toglie nulla alla loro genialità, che permise loro di unire tutte quelle informazioni “sparse” in un’unica teoria coerente”. Va anche ricordato, però, che la conferma definitiva della loro teoria avvenne in seguito a una delle più famose scorrettezze ai danni di una donna nella storia della scienza. Fu infatti Wilkins a rubare a Franklin la celebre fotografia 51, in cui la chimica era riuscita a immortalare una molecola di dna di cui era possibile distinguere la struttura a doppia elica, e a mostrarla a Watson. “La mossa di Wilkins fu certamente scorretta”, commenta Grignolio “e altrettanto sbagliato fu non riconoscere fin da subito a Franklin il dovuto merito per il suo lavoro – ciò invece avvenne solo dopo il 1968, grazie al racconto autobiografico della scoperta da parte di Watson con il suo best seller La doppia elica. Detto ciò, va comunque rimarcato che la fotografia in questione, la famosa 51, fu senza dubbio molto utile, ma comunque non essenziale alla scoperta di Watson e Crick, i quali, oltre alla foto, raccolsero e riordinarono i risultati tratti da almeno altre otto ricerche per completare quel rebus”. Nell’articolo che pubblicarono su Nature il 25 aprile del 1953 per comunicare la loro scoperta, Watson e Crick avanzarono, con una elegante frase tipica dell’understatement britannico (“Non è sfuggito alla nostra attenzione”) anche l’ipotesi che l'alternanza delle basi azotate probabilmente nascondesse la complessità dell’informazione genetica. Questo, però, fu dimostrato in seguito: fu infatti nel 1961 che i biochimici Marshall W. Nirenberg e J. Heinrich Matthaei scoprirono l’esistenza dei codoni, ovvero di quelle triplette di basi azotate che codificano i diversi aminoacidi. Le basi per il nostro futuro Nei decenni successivi, la scoperta del codice genetico, identico dalle drosofile sino ad Einstein, ha permesso l’esplosione della biologia molecolare e anche dell’ingegneria genetica. Quando infatti venne scoperta all’inizio degli anni Settanta l’esistenza degli enzimi di restrizione, capaci di tagliare e sostituire pezzetti di dna, si iniziò a discutere della possibilità di intervenire sul genoma umano per alterare artificialmente la trasmissione dell’informazione genetica. Per la prima volta nella storia si apriva per gli esseri umani la possibilità di modificare a proprio piacimento il piano di sviluppo di un organismo vivente e nel 1975, durante la Conferenza di Asilomar, la comunità scientifica si ritrovò per discutere i possibili pericoli e le sfide etiche che si prospettavano all’orizzonte. Oltre ai pericoli derivanti dalle possibilità di applicazione dell’ingegneria genetica, fu presto chiaro anche il potenziale terapeutico di una tecnologia in grado di manipolare il dna. “All’epoca era già ben nota l’esistenza di quelli che il medico ottocentesco Archibald Garrod aveva definito inborn errors (“problemi congeniti”), ovvero di determinate malattie ereditarie la cui frequenza familiare non poteva essere altro che genetica”, ricorda Grignolio. “Nel 1949 la scoperta delle basi genetico-molecolari dell’anemia falciforme da parte di Linus Pauling, premio Nobel per la chimica nel 1954, lasciò intuire che l’individuazione delle cause genetiche delle malattie ereditarie avrebbe permesso, in futuro, di applicare l’ingegneria genetica a fini terapeutici per cercare di correggere a monte le mutazioni del dna associate all’insorgenza di alcune patologie. Diverse scoperte successive confermarono questa idea che a metà anni Ottanta prese il nome di Progetto genoma umano, il cui ambizioso obiettivo era quello di mappare l’intero codice genetico degli esseri umani per cercare di individuare e di eliminare i geni difettosi e di comprendere i maccanismi di molte altre malattie, tra cui il cancro. Non a caso, con un celebre articolo del 1986 su Science, uno dei promotori del Progetto genoma umano fu l’italiano Renato Dulbecco, premio Nobel nel 1975 per gli studi sugli oncogeni. “Come sappiamo, ci sono voluti quindici anni per portare a termine la prima fase dell’impresa, ma il sequenziamento del genoma umano ha consentito, negli ultimi decenni, lo sviluppo delle più avanzate terapie geniche, cellulari e tissutali (specialmente quelle a base di cellule staminali) attualmente disponibili. Grazie ad esse è oggi possibile trattare malattie che fino a pochi anni fa erano incurabili, come molti tumori del sangue infantili e malattie genetiche, e ricostruire e rigenerare interi tessuti in pazienti in vita”. Read the full article

#cellulestaminali #Dna #doppiaelica #genetica #GenomaUmano #raggix #terapiegeniche

[eukaryotic-gene-regulation]

Drosophila é um gênero de moscas muito utilizado dentro da genética, sendo organismo modelo para muitos experimentos. E é claro que ao estudar a regulação da expressão gênica em eucariotos não seria diferente.

Ao analisar sua morfologia, vemos que elas apresentam diversos polimorfismos, entre eles a coloração de seus olhos. As drosófilas podem apresentar olhos de duas cores diferentes: olhos vermelhos,sendo expresso por um alelo selvagem, ou olhos brancos, sendo expresso por um alelo mutante. Os genes responsáveis por esses dois fenótipos são encontrados no cromossomo X do organismo, sendo o gene white o responsável pelo fenótipo branco.

Um experimento realizado pelo geneticista Hermann Muller (1890 - 1946) foi realizado com essas moscas e teve um resultado muito expressivo para o estudo da regulação da expressão gênica em eucariotos. Esse experimento mostrou que genes podem ser silenciados por vizinhanças cromossômicas por meio de realocações dos próprios para outras regiões do cromossomo.

O experimento se baseia em irradiar com raio x uma quantidade significativa de moscas, a fim de produzir mutações em suas células germinativas. Ao analisar o efeito que a mutação, ele percebeu que muitas drosófilas adquiriram olhos muito incomuns, com manchas brancas e vermelhas. Ao fazer um exame citológico, foi revelado que houve um rearranjo cromossomo X nestas moscas mutantes, rearranjo que houve bem na região do gene write, que normalmente está presente em uma região eucromática do cromossomo X, mas agora estava rearranjado próximo do centrômero heterocromático.

Como conclusões deste experimento, Hermann Muller observou que os olhos com manchas de tecido branco são originados de uma única célula no qual o gene foi silenciado, por causa dessa mudança de posição que o rearranjo lhe trouxe, e continuou silenciado durante as divisões celulares. Já as manchas vermelhas fora aquela que as células tiveram sua heterocromatina não fundida para o gene write, fazendo com que ele permanecesse ativo em todos os descendentes.

Esse experimento nos mostrou que nem sempre a expressão de um gene é silenciada por mutação no DNA, e que sim, ela pode ser reprimida apenas pela posição em que aquele gene se encontra no cromossomo, mostrando assim que a cromatina pode sim regular a expressão gênica.

Referência:

GRIFFITHS, Anthony J F.; WESSLER, Susan R.; CARROLL, Sean B.; et al. Introdução à Genética. Rio de Janeira: Grupo GEN, 2016.

#ciência #genética #genética molecular

[the-garbanzo-annex-jr]

In 1598, following in the tradition of previous Popes, Pope Clement VIII ruled that no Christian could be treated by a Jewish Doctor, thus barring Christians from seeking treatment from any Jewish Physician. Bear in mind that virtually every Pope in history had had a personal Physician who was Jewish. In May 2020, the so-called 'Palestinian Leadership' ruled that no 'Palestinian' could be treated for COVID-19 using equipment sent by the UAE that had landed on Israeli soil. Bear in mind that virtually every 'Palestinian Leader' (or a member of their family) had at some point received potentially life-saving treatment in an Israeli Hospital. This is the vile hypocrisy of Antisemitism. COVID-19, like Ebola, Dengue, Smallpox and Sars before it, will eventually fade into the background, with a potential vaccine at hand to combat it should it reoccur. Sadly, there is no known cure (or vaccine) for Antisemitism. 80 years ago, it went unchecked, and killed over 6 million men, women and children. NEVER AGAIN * For those who are finding it difficult to read the (very long) list of Jewish Nobel Prize Winners in the Medical Field on our meme, here it is. A few people have asked why Jonas Salk, who discovered the Polio vaccine is not on the list. Sadly (and totally unjustly), Salk was never awarded a Nobel Prize :

1908 MECHNIKOV, ELIE FOR THEIR WORK ON IMMUNITY 1908 EHRLICH, PAUL FOR THEIR WORK ON IMMUNITY 1914 BARANY, ROBERT FOR HIS WORK ON THE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS 1922 MEYERHOF, OTTO FRITZ FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF THE FIXED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONSUMPTION OF OXYGEN AND THE METABOLISM OF LACTIC ACID IN THE MUSCLE 1930 LANDSTEINER, KARL FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS 1936 LOEWI, OTTO FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES RELATING TO CHEMICAL TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSES 1944 ERLANGER, JOSEPH FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES RELATING TO THE HIGHLY DIFFERENTIATED FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE NERVE FIBRES 1945 CHAIN, ERNST BORIS FOR THE DISCOVERY OF PENICILLIN AND ITS CURATIVE EFFECT IN VARIOUS INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1946 MULLER, HERMANN J. FOR THE DISCOVERY OF THE PRODUCTION OF MUTATIONS BY MEANS OF X-RAY IRRADIATION 1947 CORI, GERTY THERESA, RADNITZ FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF THE COURSE OF THE CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF GLYCOGEN 1950 REICHSTEIN, TADEUS FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES RELATING TO THE HORMONES OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX, THEIR STRUCTURE AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 1952 WAKSMAN, SELMAN A. FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF STREPTOMYCIN, THE FIRST ANTIBIOTIC EFFECTIVE AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS 1953 LIPMANN, FRITZ ALBERT FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF CO-ENZYME A AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM 1953 KREBS, HANS ADOLF FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE 1958 LEDERBERG, JOSHUA FOR HIS DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC RECOMBINATION AND THE ORGANISATION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF BACTERIA 1959 KORNBERG, ARTHUR FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF THE MECHANISMS IN THE BIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID AND DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID 1964 BLOCH, KONRAD FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE MECHANISM AND REGULATION OF THE CHOLESTEROL AND FATTY ACID METABOLISM 1965 JACOB, FRANCOIS FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC CONTROL OF ENZYME AND VIRUS SYNTHESIS 1965 LWOFF, ANDRE FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC CONTROL OF ENZYME AND VIRUS SYNTHESIS 1967 WALD, GEORGE FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL VISUAL PROCESSES IN THE EYE 1968 NIRENBERG, MARSHALL W. FOR THEIR INTERPRETATION OF THE GENETIC CODE AND ITS FUNCTION IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1969 LURIA, SALVADOR E. FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE REPLICATION MECHANISM AND THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF VIRUSES 1970 KATZ, BERNARD FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE HUMORAL TRANSMITTERS IN THE NERVE TERMINALS AND THE MECHANISM FOR THEIR STORAGE, RELEASE AND INACTIVATION 1970 AXELROD, JULIUS FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE HUMORAL TRANSMITTERS IN THE NERVE TERMINALS AND THE MECHANISM FOR THEIR STORAGE, RELEASE AND INACTIVATION 1972 EDELMAN, GERALD M. FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODIES 1975 TEMIN, HOWARD M. FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TUMOR VIRUSES AND THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF THE CELL 1975 BALTIMORE, DAVID FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TUMOR VIRUSES AND THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF THE CELL 1976 BLUMBERG, BARUCH S. FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING NEW MECHANISMS FOR THE ORIGIN AND DISSEMINATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1977 YALOW, ROSALYN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RADIOIMMUNOASSAYS OF PEPTIDE HORMONES 1977 SCHALLY, ANDREW V. FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE PEPTIDE HORMONE PRODUCTION OF THE BRAIN 1978 NATHANS, DANIEL FOR THE DISCOVERY OF RESTRICTION ENZYMES AND THEIR APPLICATION TO PROBLEMS OF MOLECULAR GENETICS 1980 BENACERRAF, BARUJ FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETICALLY DETERMINED STRUCTURES ON THE CELL SURFACE THAT REGULATE IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS 1984 MILSTEIN, CESAR FOR THEORIES CONCERNING THE SPECIFICITY IN DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THE DISCOVERY OF THE PRINCIPLE FOR PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES 1985 BROWN, MICHAEL S. FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE REGULATION OF CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM 1985 GOLDSTEIN, JOSEPH L. FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE REGULATION OF CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM 1986 COHEN, STANLEY FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF GROWTH FACTORS 1986 LEVI-MONTALCINI, RITA FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF GROWTH FACTORS 1988 ELION, GERTRUDE B. FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES FOR DRUG TREATMENT 1989 VARMUS, HAROLD E. FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF THE CELLULAR ORIGIN OF RETROVIRAL ONCOGENES 1994 RODBELL, MARTIN FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF G-PROTEINS AND THE ROLE OF THESE PROTEINS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN CELLS 1994 GILMAN, ALFRED G. FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF G-PROTEINS AND THE ROLE OF THESE PROTEINS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN CELLS 1997 PRUSINER, STANLEY B. FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF PRIONS - A NEW BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE OF INFECTION 1998 FURCHGOTT, ROBERT F. FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING NITRIC OXIDE AS A SIGNALING MOLECULE IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2000 GREENGARD, PAUL FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 2000 KANDEL, ERIC R. FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 2002 BRENNER, SYDNEY FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC REGULATION OF ORGAN DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH 2002 HORVITZ, H. ROBERT FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC REGULATION OF ORGAN DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH 2004 AXEL, RICHARD FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF ODORANT RECEPTORS AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM 2006 FIRE, ANDREW Z. FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF RNA INTERFERENCE - GENE SILENCING BY DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA 2011 STEINMAN, RALPH M. FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE ACTIVATION OF INNATE IMMUNITY 2011 BEUTLER, BRUCE A. FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE ACTIVATION OF INNATE IMMUNITY 2013 SCHEKMAN, RANDY W. FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF MACHINERY REGULATING VESICLE TRAFFIC, A MAJOR TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN OUR CELLS 2013 ROTHMAN, JAMES E. FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF MACHINERY REGULATING VESICLE TRAFFIC, A MAJOR TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN OUR CELLS 2017 ROSBASH, MICHAEL FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS CONTROLLING THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

Source: Likud-Herut UK

#jews #medicine #nobel prize #antisemitism #vaccine

[jaimeariansencespedes]

015 – BIOLOGÍA – FICHAS (246-257) - 

246 - Entre 1914 y 1917 - Leonard Troland propone que el primer organismo vivo debió de ser una enzima autorreplicante, lo que constituye el primer precedente teórico del mundo de ARN.

247 - Incluso la llega a denominar como "enzima genética". No mucho después, Hermann Joseph Muller, un colaborador del redescubridor de las leyes de Mendel, Morgan, corrige a Troland y afirma que esta enzima autorreplicante debió ser un gen o conjunto de genes, y que debían de ser autótrofos.

248 - Sin embargo, dada la complejidad de los mecanismos de nutrición autótrofa actuales, varios autores, como Charles Lipman y Rodney Beecher Harvey, ambos en 1924, comienzan a proponer un origen heterótrofo de la vida. Harvey incluso propone un origen de la vida en fuentes hidrotermales, siendo ésta la primera propuesta de este tipo.

249 - El mismo año, Aleksandr Oparin publica su obra El origen de la vida en la Tierra, ​ Asumiendo que el primer ser vivo debió ser heterótrofo, se hacía necesario que estuvieran presentes en la tierra los nutrientes necesarios, procedentes o bien del espacio o bien de algún tipo de síntesis inorgánica natural. Sin embargo, en ningún momento asumió ningún tipo de atmósfera anóxica primitiva.

250 - También ese mismo año J.B.S. Haldane sugirió que los océanos prebióticos de la Tierra, muy diferentes a los actuales, habrían formado una «sopa caliente diluida» en la cual se podrían haber formado los compuestos orgánicos constituyentes elementales de la vida gracias a la ausencia de oxígeno, influido por los experimentos de Edward Charles Cyril Baly, que había sintetizado azúcares mediante una disolución acuosa de dióxido de carbono y radiación ultravioleta.

251 - Esta idea se llamó biopoesis, es decir, el proceso por el cual la materia viva surge de moléculas autorreplicantes, pero no vivas.

252 - Familiarizado con los trabajos de D'Herelle, propone que los virus fueron el paso intermedio entre la sopa prebiótica y la vida.

253 - Posteriormente, en la edición en ruso de 1936 de El origen de la vida, Oparin también adoptaría el punto de vista de una atmósfera original altamente reductora, en parte debido al conocimiento de la composición atmosférica de Júpiter, y en parte por las observaciones de Vladímir Vernadski de que el oxígeno procedía de la actividad biológica.

254 - Oparin era un evolucionista convencido, y por ello estableció una secuencia de acontecimientos por la que estas primeras sustancias orgánicas se transformaban gradualmente mediante selección natural hasta formar un organismo vivo.

255 - Uno de los escollos era la necesidad de concentrar dentro de una localización varios sustratos que actuaban conjuntamente formando un metabolismo, evitando la dilución.

256 - Oparin fue un firme partidario, y tal vez el primer postulante de la idea de "metabolismo primero" en el origen de la vida. Y por ello propuso que los coacervados eran las estructuras químicas más idóneas para ello.

257 - Sin embargo, posteriormente, dadas las evidencias experimentales que se acumularon rechazando esta posibilidad, se arrepentiría de esta idea afirmando que si pudiera volver atrás, investigaría en los liposomas. Historia de la Vida.

[spookyengineerinfluencer]

“As science is more and more subject to grave misuse as well as to use for human benefit it has also become the scientist's responsibility to become aware of the social relations and applications of his subject.”

— Hermann J. Muller

#hermann muller #misuse of technology #weaponization

[tukangbuang]

3 Kontribusi Penting dari Lalat untuk Manusia

Lalat, yang sekalipun kehadirannya sering mengganggu kita, ternyata bukanlah mahluk yang tidak berguna. 

bahkan naturalis Peter Marren menyatakan bahwa lalat ialah serangga yang paling berharga. Tanpa lalat, lingkungan kita akan dipenuhi oleh bangkai, sampah, dan kotoran lainnya.

Selain itu, lalat juga merupakan salah satu hewan yang digemari oleh para ilmuwan untuk melakukan suatu ujicoba. 

Tiga fakta di bawah ini ialah buktinya.

1.Makhluk pertama di luar angkasa

Bukan manusia, melainkan lalat, yang kali pertama berangkat dari Bumi ke luar angkasa. Pada bulan Februari 1947,

ilmuwan Amerika meluncurkan sekelompok lalat buah ke luar angkasa sebagai bagian dari penelitian efek radiasi.  

Setelah mencapai ketinggian 67,5 kilometer dari Bumi, Drosophila melanogaster lantas diterjunkan ke tanah dalam sebuah wadah. 

Ketika mendarat, para ilmuwan memastikan bahwa lalat masih dalam kondisi kesehatan yangsempurna.

Sampai sekarang, lalat buah masih dikirim ke luar angkasa untuk menjadi model genetik bagi para astronaut,karena lalat buah dan manusia dinilai memiliki beberapa kemiripan secara genetik.

2.Tanpa lalat, tidak ada cokelat

Semua cokelat yang kita makan diolah dari biji kakao. Pohon kakao ini memiliki bunga yang kecil dan membutuhkan penyerbuk bertubuh kecil.

Lalat Forcipomyia, yang ukurannya tidak lebih besar dari kepala peniti, sangat berperan dalam penyerbukan bunga itu. 

Binatang ini pun menjadi satu-satunya makhluk yang dapat masuk dan menyerbuki bunga kakao.

3.Pemenang "Bayangan" Hadiah Nobel

Lalat buah telah membantu para ilmuwan memenangkan empat Hadiah Nobel dalam bidang Fisiologi atau Kedokteran.  

Pada tahun 1933, Thomas Hunt Morgan memenangkan Hadiah Nobel untuk karyanya tentang warisan genetik.

Penelitiannya tentang mutasi pada lalat buah mengarah pada teori bahwa gen dibawa pada kromosom dan diturunkan dari generasi ke generasi.

Hermann J. Muller dianugerahi Hadiah Nobel pada tahun 1946 untuk penemuannya tentang sinar-X yang dapat menyebabkan mutasi genetik. Ia menggunakan lalat buah dalam penelitiannya.

Pada tahun 1995, Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, dan Eric F. Wieschaus, memenangkan Hadiah Nobel untuk studi mereka ke dalam kontrol genetik perkembangan embrio awal. Mereka pun menggunakan lalat buah dalam penelitian mereka.

Pada abad ke-21, Jules A. Hoffman dan Bruce Beutler memenangkan Hadiah Nobel pada tahun 2011 untuk studi kekebalan. Lagi-lagi, mereka menggunakan lalat buah sebagai dari bagian penelitian.

Kendati kesal sulit dihindarkan ketika diganggu oleh lalat, ternyata binatang ini menawarkan banyak informasi

yang menarik untuk ditelusuri. Tentu saja, jika kita mau cukup bersabar memahaminya

SUMBER : KUMPARAN

#lalat #hewat #bermanfaat #binatang #manusia #nobel #kontribusi #penting #umat #luarangkasa #penelitian #ujicoba #artikel #itudewa #berita #judi #judionline #deposit pulsa #withdraw #telkomsel #xl #gameonline #capsa #blackjack #ceme #poker #capsasusun #cemekeliling #domino #dominoqq

[inknscroll]

#OTD: Today is the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. On June 28, 1919, it was signed in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles in France. #postwwi 📖 “The #TreatyofVersailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on June 28, 1919 in Versailles, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which had directly led to the war. The other Central Powers on the German side signed separate treaties. Although the armistice, signed on Nov. 11, 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on Oct. 21, 1919.” (Wikipedia) ---- This painting is a view of the interior of the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles with the heads of state sitting and standing before a long table. 🎨(#Painter: Orpen, Sir William. Date: 1919) 📖(Description: Front Row: Dr Johannes Bell (Germany) signing with Herr Hermann Muller leaning over him. *Middle row (seated, left to right): General Tasker H Bliss, Col E M House, Mr Henry White, Mr Robert Lansing, President Woodrow Wilson (United States); M Georges Clemenceau (France); Mr D Lloyd George, Mr A Bonar Law, Mr Arthur J Balfour, Viscount Milner, Mr G N Barnes (Great Britain); The Marquis Saionzi (Japan). *Back row (left to right): M Eleutherios Venizelos (Greece); Dr Affonso Costa (Portugal); Lord Riddell (British Press); Sir George E Foster (Canada); M Nikola Pachitch (Serbia); M Stephen Pichon (France); Col Sir Maurice Hankey, Mr Edwin S Montagu (Great Britain); the Maharajah of Bikaner (India); Signor Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (Italy); M Paul Hymans (Belgium); General Louis Botha (South Africa); Mr W M Hughes(Australia). 📖(Source: Imperial War Museum; © IWM (Art.IWM ART 2856) #books #diplomacy #American #history #British #French #Allies #writer #worldwari #Versailles #France #amwriting #art #painting #goodreads #writersofinstagram #nonfiction #biography #memoirs #wwi #thankyouveterans #PostWWI 📚🎨 https://www.instagram.com/p/BzR47Jlh4M3/?igshid=12oa5twkjcts1

#otd #postwwi #treatyofversailles #painter #books #diplomacy #american #history #british #french #allies #writer #worldwari #versailles #france #amwriting #art #painting #goodreads #writersofinstagram #nonfiction #biography #memoirs #wwi #thankyouveterans

[jirafih-blog]

NAO GOSTO DE FALAR DE MIM MESMO NAO, MAS AS VEZES NAO TEM COMO EVITAR, SOU UM PROJETO DE DEUS NA TERRA, COM UMA MISSAO ESPECIFICA, TUDO QUE TENHO E TUDO QUE SOU DEVO A DEUS, POIS FUI FORJADO NA FORNALHA DA AFLIÇÃO, NA EXPERIENCIA, NAS TRIBULAÇOES DA VIDA, NAS ENFERMIDADES, NA DOR, NOS VALES, NO DESERTO, NA POBREZA E NA RIQUEZA, NO MUITO E NO POUCO, NA SOLIDAO, NOS LIVRAMENTOS, NAS CURAS DE ENFERMIDADES, ETC...MAS DEUS NESTE PANORAMA ME CAPACITOU INTELECTUALMENTE, ESPIRITUALMENTE, COMO NINGUEM, TUDO QUE EU TENHO E SOU, RETORNAREI A DEUS, ME DEIXANDO SER USADO POR DEUS NA TERRA, TUDO O QUE ELE ME FEZ E ME DEU, É DELE POR DIREITO. TUDO QUE EU FIZER PARA DEUS, EM SUA OBRA, POSSO FAZER EM PORTUGUES, INGLES, FRANCES, ESPANHOL, ITALIANO, ALEMAO, COM UM POUCO MAIS DE ESFORÇO EM ARABE TAMBEM, ADORO ESTUDAR E ENSINAR TERMOS TEOLOGICOS E FILOSOFICOS NO GREGO E NO LATIM, ESTUDEI TEOLOGIA SISTEMATICA, INTRODUÇÃO A HISTORIA DA FILOSOFIA, INTRODUÇÃO A MITOLOGIA GREGA, MINISTREI CURSO DE INTRODUÇÃO A FONETICA DA LINGUA INGLESA, JA LI A BIBLIA NA LINGUA PORTUGUESA INTEIRA POR TRES VEZES, JA LI A BIBLIA EM LATIM E EM GREGO, E TENHO PROMESSAS DE FECHAR MEU MINISTERIO COM CHAVE DE OURO, RECEBENDO DA PARTE DE DEUS ATRAVES DA UNÇÃO DO ESPIRITO SANTO OS DONS ESPIRITUAIS PARA QUE EU POSSA CUMPRIR MINHA MISSAO NA TERRA E NA OBRA DE DEUS. ADORO PREGADORES, ALGUNS VIVOS E OUTROS JA FALECIDOS, EMBORA FALHOS, IMPERFEITOS, MAS AUTENTICOS, SINCEROS COMO : LEONARD RAVENHILL DAVID WILKERSON CHARLES SPURGEON D L MOODY GEORGE MULLER WILLIAM MARRION BRANHAM JONATHAN EDWARDS LLOYD JONES CARTER CONLON STEVEN LAWSON J F MACARTHUR JOHN PIPER PAUL WASHER PAULO JUNIOR ENTRE OUTROS FILOSOFOS CLASSICOS QUE GOSTO DE LER: SOCRATES PLATAO ARISTOTELES ESCRITORES SANTO AGOSTINHO SAO TOMAS DE AQUINO EDGAR ALLAN POE HERMANN HESSE FILMES (YOUTUBE) RAZAO E SENSIBILIDADE ORGULHO E PRECONCEITO O ESPELHO DOS MARTIRES O PEREGRINO O FORA DA LEI DE DEUS A INQUISIÇÃO CATOLICA A INQUISIÇÃO PROTESTANTE OS HEROIS DA FE COMO MORRERAM OS DISICIPULOS DE CRISTO ENTRE OUTROS DETESTO E JAMAIS FAREI PARTE: TEOLOGIA DA PROSPERIDADE MERCADO GOSPEL ARTISTA GOSPEL MERCADEJAR ALMAS HUMANAS FALSA FILANTROPIA OBRIGATORIEDADE DOS DIZIMOS E OFERTAS DICAS DE LEITURA: SUMA TEOLOGICA CONFIÇOES (SANTO AGOSTINHO) CORPUS ARISTOTELICUM A REPUBLICA DE PLATAO A CIDADE DE DEUS SOLILOQUIOS ELOGIO DA LOUCURA CANTICOS E LOUVORES A DEUS ADORO LOUVORES ANTIGOS E MODESTOS ABOMINO RITIMOS MUNDANOS, DE ROCK, RAGGAE, FUNK , AFROS, SAMBA, ETC... PENSO QUE FAREI UM BOM TRABALHO PARA DEUS

[whats-in-a-sentence]

Francis Crick pronounced himself in agreement with "practically everything" that Muller had to say, and went on to wonder "why people should have the right to have children". (Perhaps, Crick mused, one might have a "licensing scheme," so that "if the parents were genetically unfavorable, they might be allowed to have only one child, or possibly two under special circumstances.")

"In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity" - Daniel J. Kevles

#book quotes #in the name of eugenics #daniel j kevles #nonfiction #francis crick #in agreement #hermann muller #hermann j muller #licensing #children #eugenics

[tenth-sentence]

Similarly, it would be considered "a social service for those more fortunately endowed to reproduce to more than the average extent."

"In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity" - Daniel J. Kevles

#book quote #in the name of eugenics #daniel j kevles #nonfiction #social service #duty #fortunate #human genetics #reproduction #hermann muller #hermann j muller

[girlactionfigure]

This gives us a feeling of immense pride, tinged with sadness. 

For those who would like to read the full list:

1908  MECHNIKOV, ELIE  

FOR THEIR WORK ON IMMUNITY

1908  EHRLICH, PAUL

FOR THEIR WORK ON IMMUNITY

1914  BARANY, ROBERT

FOR HIS WORK ON THE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS

1922  MEYERHOF, OTTO FRITZ 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF THE FIXED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONSUMPTION OF 

OXYGEN AND THE METABOLISM OF LACTIC ACID IN THE MUSCLE

1930  LANDSTEINER, KARL 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS

1936  LOEWI, OTTO 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES RELATING TO CHEMICAL TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSES

1944  ERLANGER, JOSEPH 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES RELATING TO THE HIGHLY DIFFERENTIATED FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE NERVE FIBRES

1945  CHAIN, ERNST BORIS 

FOR THE DISCOVERY OF PENICILLIN AND ITS CURATIVE EFFECT IN VARIOUS INFECTIOUS DISEASES

1946  MULLER, HERMANN J.  

FOR THE DISCOVERY OF THE PRODUCTION OF MUTATIONS BY MEANS OF X-RAY IRRADIATION

1947  CORI, GERTY THERESA, RADNITZ 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF THE COURSE OF THE CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF GLYCOGEN

1950  REICHSTEIN, TADEUS 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES RELATING TO THE HORMONES OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX, THEIR STRUCTURE AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

1952  WAKSMAN, SELMAN A. 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF STREPTOMYCIN, THE FIRST ANTIBIOTIC EFFECTIVE AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS

1953  LIPMANN, FRITZ ALBERT 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF CO-ENZYME A AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM

1953  KREBS, HANS ADOLF 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE

1958  LEDERBERG, JOSHUA 

FOR HIS DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC RECOMBINATION AND THE ORGANISATION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF BACTERIA

1959  KORNBERG, ARTHUR 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF THE MECHANISMS IN THE BIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID AND DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

1964  BLOCH, KONRAD 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE MECHANISM AND REGULATION OF THE CHOLESTEROL AND FATTY ACID METABOLISM

1965  JACOB, FRANCOIS 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC CONTROL OF ENZYME AND VIRUS SYNTHESIS

1965  LWOFF, ANDRE

 FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC CONTROL OF ENZYME AND VIRUS SYNTHESIS

1967  WALD, GEORGE 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL VISUAL PROCESSES IN THE EYE

1968  NIRENBERG, MARSHALL W. 

FOR THEIR INTERPRETATION OF THE GENETIC CODE AND ITS FUNCTION IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

1969  LURIA, SALVADOR E. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE REPLICATION MECHANISM AND THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF VIRUSES

1970  KATZ, BERNARD

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE HUMORAL TRANSMITTERS IN THE NERVE TERMINALS AND THE MECHANISM

FOR THEIR STORAGE, RELEASE AND INACTIVATION

1970  AXELROD, JULIUS 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE HUMORAL TRANSMITTERS IN THE NERVE TERMINALS AND THE MECHANISM

FOR THEIR STORAGE, RELEASE AND INACTIVATION

1972  EDELMAN, GERALD M. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODIES

1975  TEMIN, HOWARD M.

 FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TUMOR VIRUSES AND THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF THE CELL

1975  BALTIMORE, DAVID 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TUMOR VIRUSES AND THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF THE CELL

1976  BLUMBERG, BARUCH S. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING NEW MECHANISMS FOR THE ORIGIN AND DISSEMINATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

1977  YALOW, ROSALYN 

FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RADIOIMMUNOASSAYS OF PEPTIDE HORMONES

1977  SCHALLY, ANDREW V. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE PEPTIDE HORMONE PRODUCTION OF THE BRAIN

1978  NATHANS, DANIEL 

FOR THE DISCOVERY OF RESTRICTION ENZYMES AND THEIR APPLICATION TO PROBLEMS OF MOLECULAR GENETICS

1980  BENACERRAF, BARUJ 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETICALLY DETERMINED STRUCTURES ON THE CELL SURFACE THAT

REGULATE IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS

1984  MILSTEIN, CESAR 

FOR THEORIES CONCERNING THE SPECIFICITY IN DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THE DISCOVERY OF THE

PRINCIPLE FOR PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

1985  BROWN, MICHAEL S. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE REGULATION OF CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM

1985  GOLDSTEIN, JOSEPH L. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE REGULATION OF CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM

1986  COHEN, STANLEY 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF GROWTH FACTORS

1986  LEVI-MONTALCINI, RITA 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF GROWTH FACTORS

1988  ELION, GERTRUDE B. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES FOR DRUG TREATMENT

1989  VARMUS, HAROLD E. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF THE CELLULAR ORIGIN OF RETROVIRAL ONCOGENES

1994  RODBELL, MARTIN 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF G-PROTEINS AND THE ROLE OF THESE PROTEINS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN CELLS

1994  GILMAN, ALFRED G. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF G-PROTEINS AND THE ROLE OF THESE PROTEINS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN CELLS

1997  PRUSINER, STANLEY B. 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF PRIONS - A NEW BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE OF INFECTION

1998  FURCHGOTT, ROBERT F. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING NITRIC OXIDE AS A SIGNALING MOLECULE IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

2000  GREENGARD, PAUL 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

2000  KANDEL, ERIC R. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

2002  BRENNER, SYDNEY 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC REGULATION OF ORGAN DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH

2002  HORVITZ, H. ROBERT 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC REGULATION OF ORGAN DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH

2004  AXEL, RICHARD

 FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF ODORANT RECEPTORS AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM

2006  FIRE, ANDREW Z. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF RNA INTERFERENCE - GENE SILENCING BY DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA

2011  STEINMAN, RALPH M. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE ACTIVATION OF INNATE IMMUNITY

2011  BEUTLER, BRUCE A. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE ACTIVATION OF INNATE IMMUNITY

2013  SCHEKMAN, RANDY W.

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF MACHINERY REGULATING VESICLE TRAFFIC, A MAJOR TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN OUR CELLS

2013  ROTHMAN, JAMES E. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF MACHINERY REGULATING VESICLE TRAFFIC, A MAJOR TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN OUR CELLS

2017  ROSBASH, MICHAEL

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS CONTROLLING THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

Likud UK

[ptsdtrbl1]

Subject:

Jewish Boycott

Iran's Supreme Leader Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei once urged the Muslim World to boycott anything and everything that originates with the Jewish people.

In response, Meyer M. Treinkman, a pharmacist, out of the kindness of his heart, offered to assist them in their boycott as follows:

"Any Muslim who has Syphilis must not be cured by Salvarsan discovered by a Jew, Dr. Ehrlich. He should not even try to find out whether he has Syphilis, because the Wasserman Test is the discovery of a Jew. If a Muslim suspects that he has Gonorrhea, he must not seek diagnosis, because he will be using the method of a Jew named Neissner.

"A Muslim who has heart disease must not use Digitalis, a discovery by a Jew, Ludwig Traube.

Should he suffer with a toothache, he must not use Novocaine, a discovery of the Jews, Widal and Weil.

If a Muslim has Diabetes, he must not use Insulin, the result of research by Minkowsky, a Jew. If one has a headache, he must shun Pyramidon and Antypyrin, due to the Jews, Spiro and Ellege.

Muslims with convulsions must put up with them because it was a Jew, Oscar Leibreich, who proposed the use of Chloral Hydrate.

Arabs must do likewise with their psychic ailments because Freud, father of psychoanalysis, was a Jew.

Should a Muslim child get Diphtheria, he must refrain from the Schick" reaction which was invented by the Jew, Bella Schick.

"Muslims should be ready to die in great numbers and must not permit treatment of ear and brain damage, work of Jewish Nobel Prize winner, Robert Baram.

They should continue to die or remain crippled by Infantile Paralysis because the discoverer of the anti-polio vaccine is a Jew, Jonas Salk.

"Muslims must refuse to use Streptomycin and continue to die of Tuberculosis because a Jew, Zalman Waxman, invented the wonder drug against this killing disease.

Muslim doctors must discard all discoveries and improvements by dermatologist Judas Sehn Benedict, or the lung specialist, Frawnkel, and of many other world renowned Jewish scientists and medical experts.

"In short, good and loyal Muslims properly and fittingly should remain afflicted with Syphilis, Gonorrhea, Heart Disease, Headaches, Typhus, Diabetes, Mental Disorders, Polio Convulsions and Tuberculosis and be proud to obey the Islamic boycott."

Oh, and by the way, don't call for a doctor on your cell phone because the cell phone was invented in Israel by a Jewish engineer.

Meanwhile I ask, what medical contributions to the world have the Muslims made?"

The Global Islamic population is approximately 1,200,000,000; that is ONE BILLION TWO HUNDRED MILLION or 20% of the world's population.

They have received the following Nobel Prizes:

Literature:

1988 - Najib Mahfooz

Peace:

1978 - Mohamed Anwar El-Sadat

1990 - Elias James Corey

1994 - Yaser Arafat:

1999 - Ahmed Zewai

Economics:

(zero)

Physics:

(zero)

Medicine:

1960 - Peter Brian Medawar

1998 - Ferid Mourad

TOTAL: 7 SEVEN

The Global Jewish population is approximately 14,000,000; that is FOURTEEN MILLION or about 0.02% of the world's population.

They have received the following Nobel Prizes:

Literature:

1910 - Paul Heyse

1927 - Henri Bergson

1958 - Boris Pasternak

1966 - Shmuel Yosef Agnon

1966 - Nelly Sachs

1976 - Saul Bellow

1978 - Isaac Bashevis Singer

1981 - Elias Canetti

1987 - Joseph Brodsky

1991 - Nadine Gordimer World

Peace:

1911 - Alfred Fried

1911 - Tobias Michael Carel Asser

1968 - Rene Cassin

1973 - Henry Kissinger

1978 - Menachem Begin

1986 - Elie Wiesel

1994 - Shimon Peres

1994 - Yitzhak Rabin

Physics:

1905 - Adolph Von Baeyer

1906 - Henri Moissan

1907 - Albert Abraham Michelson

1908 - Gabriel Lippmann

1910 - Otto Wallach

1915 - Richard Willstaetter

1918 - Fritz Haber

1921 - Albert Einstein

1922 - Niels Bohr

1925 - James Franck

1925 - Gustav Hertz

1943 - Gustav Stern

1943 - George Charles de Hevesy

1944 - Isidor Issac Rabi

1952 - Felix Bloch

1954 - Max Born

1958 - Igor Tamm

1959 - Emilio Segre

1960 - Donald A. Glaser

1961 - Robert Hofstadter

1961 - Melvin Calvin

1962 - Lev Davidovich Landau

1962 - Max Ferdinand Perutz

1965 - Richard Phillips Feynman

1965 - Julian Schwinger

1969 - Murray Gell-Mann

1971 - Dennis Gabor

1972 - William Howard Stein

1973 - Brian David Josephson

1975 - Benjamin Mottleson

1976 - Burton Richter

1977 - Ilya Prigogine

1978 - Arno Allan Penzias

1978 - Peter L Kapitza

1979 - Stephen Weinberg

1979 - Sheldon Glashow

1979 - Herbert Charles Brown

1980 - Paul Berg

1980 - Walter Gilbert

1981 - Roald Hoffmann

1982 - Aaron Klug

1985 - Albert A. Hauptman

1985 - Jerome Karle

1986 - Dudley R. Herschbach

1988 - Robert Huber

1988 - Leon Lederman

1988 - Melvin Schwartz

1988 - Jack Steinberger

1989 - Sidney Altman

1990 - Jerome Friedman

1992 - Rudolph Marcus

1995 - Martin Perl

2000 - Alan J. Heeger

Economics:

1970 - Paul Anthony Samuelson

1971 - Simon Kuznets

1972 - Kenneth Joseph Arrow

1975 - Leonid Kantorovich

1976 - Milton Friedman

1978 - Herbert A. Simon

1980 - Lawrence Robert Klein

1985 - Franco Modigliani

1987 - Robert M. Solow

1990 - Harry Markowitz

1990 - Merton Miller

1992 - Gary Becker

1993 - Robert Fogel

Medicine:

1908 - Elie Metchnikoff

1908 - Paul Erlich

1914 - Robert Barany

1922 - Otto Meyerhof

1930 - Karl Landsteiner

1931 - Otto Warburg

1936 - Otto Loewi

1944 - Joseph Erlanger

1944 - Herbert Spencer Gasser

1945 - Ernst Boris Chain

1946 - Hermann Joseph Muller

1950 - Tadeus Reichstein

1952 - Selman Abraham Waksman

1953 - Hans Krebs

1953 - Fritz Albert Lipmann

1958 - Joshua Lederberg

1959 - Arthur Kornberg

1964 - Konrad Bloch

1965 - Francois Jacob

1965 - Andre Lwoff

1967 - George Wald

1968 - Marshall W. Nirenberg

1969 - Salvador Luria

1970 - Julius Axelrod

1970 - Sir Bernard Katz

1972 - Gerald Maurice Edelman

1975 - Howard Martin Temin

1976 - Baruch S. Blumberg

1977 - Roselyn Sussman Yalow

1978 - Daniel Nathans

1980 - Baruj Benacerraf

1984 - Cesar Milstein

1985 - Michael Stuart Brown

1985 - Joseph L. Goldstein

1986 - Stanley Cohen [& Rita Levi-Montalcini]

1988 - Gertrude Elion

1989 - Harold Varmus

1991 - Erwin Neher

1991 - Bert Sakmann

1993 - Richard J. Roberts

1993 - Phillip Sharp

1994 - Alfred Gilman

1995 - Edward B. Lewis

1996- Lu RoseIacovino

TOTAL: 129!

The Jews are NOT promoting brainwashing children in military training camps, teaching them how to blow themselves up and cause maximum deaths of Jews and other non-Muslims.

The Jews don't hijack planes, nor kill athletes at the Olympics, or blow themselves up in German restaurants.

There is NOT one single Jew who has destroyed a church.

There is NOT a single Jew who protests by killing people. The Jews don't traffic slaves, nor have leaders calling for Jihad and death to all the Infidels.

Perhaps the world's Muslims should consider investing more in standard education and less in blaming the Jews for all their problems.

Muslims must ask 'what can they do for humankind' before they demand that humankind respects them.

Regardless of your feelings about the crisis between Israel and the Palestinians and Arab neighbors, even if you believe there is more culpability on Israel 's part, the following two sentences really say it all:

'If the Arabs put down their weapons today, there would be no more violence. If the Jews put down their weapons today, there would be no more Israel."

Benjamin Netanyahu: General Eisenhower warned us. It is a matter of history that when the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, General Dwight Eisenhower, found the victims of the death camps he ordered all possible photographs to be taken, and for the German people from surrounding villages to be ushered through the camps and even made to bury the dead.

He did this because he said in words to this effect: 'Get it all on record now - get the films - get the witnesses - because somewhere down the road of history some bastard will get up and say that this never happened'

Recently, the UK debated whether to remove The Holocaust from its school curriculum because it 'offends' the Muslim population which claims it never occurred.

It is not removed as yet. However, this is a frightening portent of the fear that is gripping the world and how easily each country is giving into it.

It is now more than 65 years after the Second World War in Europe ended.

Now, more than ever, with Iran, among others, claiming the Holocaust to be 'a myth,' it is imperative to make sure the world never forgets.

This e-mail is intended to reach 400 million people. Be a link in the memorial chain and help distribute this around the world.

How many years will it be before the attack on the World Trade Center 'NEVER HAPPENED' because it offends some Muslim?

[the-daily-tizzy]

Muslim Boycott of Everything Jewish

A short time ago, Iran's Supreme Leader Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei urged the Muslim World to boycott anything and everything that originates with the Jewish people.

In response, Meyer M. Treinkman, a pharmacist, out of the kindness of his heart, offered to assist them in their boycott as follows: "Any Muslim who has Syphilis must not be cured by Salvarsan discovered by a Jew, Dr. Ehrlich. He should not even try to find out whether he has Syphilis, because the Wasserman Test is the discovery of a Jew. If a Muslim suspects that he has Gonorrhea, he must not seek diagnosis, because he will be using the method of a Jew named Neissner. "A Muslim who has heart disease must not use Digitalis, a discovery by a Jew, Ludwig Traube. “Should he suffer with a toothache, he must not use Novocaine, a discovery of the Jews, Widal and Weil. “If a Muslim has Diabetes, he must not use Insulin, the result of research by Minkowsky, a Jew. If one has a headache, he must shun Pyramidon and Antypyrin, due to the Jews, Spiro and Ellege. “Muslims with convulsions must put up with them because it was a Jew, Oscar Leibreich, who proposed the use of Chloral Hydrate. “Arabs must do likewise with their psychic ailments because Freud, father of psychoanalysis, was a Jew. Should a Muslim child get Diphtheria, he must refrain from the “Schick" reaction which was invented by the Jew, Bella Schick. "Muslims should be ready to die in great numbers and must not permit treatment of ear and brain damage, work of Jewish Nobel Prize winner, Robert Baram. “They should continue to die or remain crippled by Infantile Paralysis because the discoverer of the anti-polio vaccine is a Jew, Jonas Salk. "Muslims must refuse to use Streptomycin and continue to die of Tuberculosis because a Jew, Zalman Waxman, invented the wonder drug against this killing disease. “Muslim doctors must discard all discoveries and improvements by dermatologist Judas Sehn Benedict, or the lung specialist, Frawnkel, and of many other world renowned Jewish scientists and medical experts. "In short, good and loyal Muslims properly and fittingly should remain afflicted with Syphilis, Gonorrhea, Heart Disease, Headaches, Typhus, Diabetes, Mental Disorders, Polio Convulsions and Tuberculosis and be proud to obey the Islamic boycott." “Oh, and by the way, don't call for a doctor on your cell phone because the cell phone was invented in Israel by a Jewish engineer. “Meanwhile I ask, what medical contributions to the world have the Muslims made?" The Global Islamic population is approximately 1,200,000,000; that is ONE BILLION TWO HUNDRED MILLION or 20% of the world's population. They have received the following Nobel Prizes: Literature:1988 - Najib Mahfooz Peace:1978 - Mohamed Anwar El-Sadat 1990 - Elias James Corey 1994 - Yaser Arafat: 1999 - Ahmed Zewai Economics:(zero) Physics:(zero) Medicine:1960 - Peter Brian Medawar 1998 - Ferid Mourad TOTAL: 7 SEVEN The Global Jewish population is approximately 14,000,000; that is FOURTEEN MILLION or about 0.02% of the world's population. They have received the following Nobel Prizes: Literature:1910 - Paul Heyse 1927 - Henri Bergson 1958 - Boris Pasternak 1966 - Shmuel Yosef Agnon 1966 - Nelly Sachs 1976 - Saul Bellow 1978 - Isaac Bashevis Singer 1981 - Elias Canetti 1987 - Joseph Brodsky 1991 - Nadine Gordimer World Peace:1911 - Alfred Fried 1911 - Tobias Michael Carel Asser 1968 - Rene Cassin 1973 - Henry Kissinger 1978 - Menachem Begin 1986 - Elie Wiesel 1994 - Shimon Peres 1994 - Yitzhak Rabin Physics:1905 - Adolph Von Baeyer 1906 - Henri Moissan 1907 - Albert Abraham Michelson 1908 - Gabriel Lippmann 1910 - Otto Wallach 1915 - Richard Willstaetter 1918 - Fritz Haber 1921 - Albert Einstein 1922 - Niels Bohr 1925 - James Franck 1925 - Gustav Hertz 1943 - Gustav Stern 1943 - George Charles de Hevesy 1944 - Isidor Issac Rabi 1952 - Felix Bloch 1954 - Max Born 1958 - Igor Tamm 1959 - Emilio Segre 1960 - Donald A. Glaser 1961 - Robert Hofstadter 1961 - Melvin Calvin 1962 - Lev Davidovich Landau 1962 - Max Ferdinand Perutz 1965 - Richard Phillips Feynman 1965 - Julian Schwinger 1969 - Murray Gell-Mann 1971 - Dennis Gabor 1972 - William Howard Stein 1973 - Brian David Josephson 1975 - Benjamin Mottleson 1976 - Burton Richter 1977 - Ilya Prigogine 1978 - Arno Allan Penzias 1978 - Peter L Kapitza 1979 - Stephen Weinberg 1979 - Sheldon Glashow 1979 - Herbert Charles Brown 1980 - Paul Berg 1980 - Walter Gilbert 1981 - Roald Hoffmann 1982 - Aaron Klug 1985 - Albert A. Hauptman 1985 - Jerome Karle 1986 - Dudley R. Herschbach 1988 - Robert Huber 1988 - Leon Lederman 1988 - Melvin Schwartz 1988 - Jack Steinberger 1989 - Sidney Altman 1990 - Jerome Friedman 1992 - Rudolph Marcus 1995 - Martin Perl 2000 - Alan J. Heeger Economics:1970 - Paul Anthony Samuelson 1971 - Simon Kuznets 1972 - Kenneth Joseph Arrow 1975 - Leonid Kantorovich 1976 - Milton Friedman 1978 - Herbert A. Simon 1980 - Lawrence Robert Klein 1985 - Franco Modigliani 1987 - Robert M. Solow 1990 - Harry Markowitz 1990 - Merton Miller 1992 - Gary Becker 1993 - Robert Fogel Medicine:1908 - Elie Metchnikoff 1908 - Paul Erlich 1914 - Robert Barany 1922 - Otto Meyerhof 1930 - Karl Landsteiner 1931 - Otto Warburg 1936 - Otto Loewi 1944 - Joseph Erlanger 1944 - Herbert Spencer Gasser 1945 - Ernst Boris Chain 1946 - Hermann Joseph Muller 1950 - Tadeus Reichstein 1952 - Selman Abraham Waksman 1953 - Hans Krebs 1953 - Fritz Albert Lipmann 1958 - Joshua Lederberg 1959 - Arthur Kornberg 1964 - Konrad Bloch 1965 - Francois Jacob 1965 - Andre Lwoff 1967 - George Wald 1968 - Marshall W. Nirenberg 1969 - Salvador Luria 1970 - Julius Axelrod 1970 - Sir Bernard Katz 1972 - Gerald Maurice Edelman 1975 - Howard Martin Temin 1976 - Baruch S. Blumberg 1977 - Roselyn Sussman Yalow 1978 - Daniel Nathans 1980 - Baruj Benacerraf 1984 - Cesar Milstein 1985 - Michael Stuart Brown 1985 - Joseph L. Goldstein 1986 - Stanley Cohen [& Rita Levi-Montalcini] 1988 - Gertrude Elion 1989 - Harold Varmus 1991 - Erwin Neher 1991 - Bert Sakmann 1993 - Richard J. Roberts 1993 - Phillip Sharp 1994 - Alfred Gilman 1995 - Edward B. Lewis 1996- Lu RoseIacovino TOTAL: 129! The Jews are NOT promoting brainwashing children in military training camps, teaching them how to blow themselves up and cause maximum deaths of Jews and other non-Muslims. The Jews don't hijack planes, nor kill athletes at the Olympics, orblow themselves up in German restaurants. There is NOT one single Jew who has destroyed a church. There is NOT a single Jew who protests by killing people. The Jews don't traffic slaves, nor have leaders calling for Jihad and death to all the Infidels. Perhaps the world's Muslims should consider investing more in standard education and less in blaming the Jews for all their problems. Muslims must ask 'what can they do for humankind' before they demand that humankind respects them. Regardless of your feelings about the crisis between Israel and the Palestinians and Arab neighbors, even if you believe there is more culpability on Israel 's part, the following two sentences really say it all: 'If the Arabs put down their weapons today, there would be no more violence. If the Jews put down their weapons today, there would be no more Israel." Benjamin Netanyahu: General Eisenhower warned us. It is a matter of history that when the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, General Dwight Eisenhower, found the victims of the death camps he ordered all possible photographs to be taken, and for the German people from surrounding villages to be ushered through the camps and even made to bury the dead. He did this because he said in words to this effect: 'Get it all on record now - get the films - get the witnesses - because somewhere down the road of history some bastard will get up and say that this never happened' Recently, the UK debated whether to remove The Holocaust from its school curriculum because it 'offends' the Muslim population which  claims it never occurred. It is not removed as yet. However, this is a frightening portent of the fear that is gripping the world and how easily each country is giving into it. It is now more than 65 years after the Second World War in Europe ended. Now, more than ever, with Iran, among others, claiming the Holocaust to be 'a myth,' it is imperative to make sure the world never forgets. How many years will it be before the attack on the World Trade Center 'NEVER HAPPENED' because it offends some Muslim in the United States?