#Harlem riot of 1943 | Explore Tumblr Posts and Blogs

if-you-fan-a-fire · 9 months

Text

"DEWEY MUSTERS STATE GUARD; 5 DIE IN HARLEM," New York Daily News. August 3, 1943. Page 2. ---- By Edward Dillon and Neal Patterson ---- Gov. Dewey last night mobilized 8,000 State Guardsmen of New York City and surrounding counties and ordered them to stand by in their armories, ready for duty if rioting and bloodshed flare up again in Harlem. ---- Members of the 17th Regiment, New York Guard. receive rifles at their armory, 34th St, and Park Ave., after they were mobilized by Gov. Dewey last night. ---- The order swelled to more than 16,000 the number of troops, policemen and other forces patroling the streets of the riot-torn Negro community or held in reserve for any emergency.

The Governor's move came as the war-time dim-out was lifted in Harlem, liquor sales were barred, and a 10:30 o'clock amusement curfew was clamped on on the community to help heavily-reinforced police patrols maintain order.

Reports late yesterday showed that five men - all Negroes - had been shot to death, 545 had been injured and more than 500 arrested in Sunday night's rioting.

$5,000,000 Damage. Harlem's night of terror - touched off by a false report that a policeman had killed a Negro - and marked by looting, fist fights, stabbings, gunfire and the hurling of missiles from windows and roofs also had cost merchants and property owners an estimated $5,000,000. This is five times the damage suffered in the Harlem riots of 1935.

Gov. Dewey's order, transmitted through Major Gen. William Ottmann, State Guard commander, directed guardsmen of the five New York City counties and of Westchester, Nassau and Suffolk to report immediately to their armories. Negro members in Harlem also were called.

Of the 8,000, 1,300 were at Camp Smith, Peekskill, for training. These, it was indicated, will be brought back to New York today. Reached at the Hotel Roosevelt, Gov. Dewey said no formal request for mobilization had been (Continued on page 15, col. 1)

Picture caption: Resplendent in tail coats and high hats, which they lifted from a Harlem clothing store, three Negro lads (hats of two visible in background) leave W. 123d St. police station after their arrest.

"DEWEY CALLS STATE GUARD; 5 DIE IN HARLEM," New York Daily News. August 3, 1943. Page 15. --- (Continued from page 2) ---- ....made by city authorities. It was learned, however, that he had been in touch with Mayer LaGuardia and Commissioner Valentine.

The city officials, while confident of their ability to control matters, reportedly agreed it would be a good idea to have the Guard standing by.

Although a few persons were arrested for drunkenness or looting early last night, the community was quiet and Mazer LaGuardia, in a radio report to the people of Harlem at 9:45 P. M. his fourth radio speech since the rioting started said the situation was "under complete control."

The 10:30 P. M. curfew, announced by the Mayer after a conference with Army Army and police officers, shuttered every store and amusement place from 110th St. te 170th St. and from river to river.

Movies Stop in Middle. Movies stopped on the dot, right in the middle of their pictures, and restaurants turned out lights and sent their patrons home.

Few persons were on the streets after 10:00, although the curfew order permitted pedestrians to remain outside if they were orderly and did not gather in groups of more than four. Quiet groups sat on their front stoops er peered from their windows.

End Dimout, Ban Liquor. Return of the area to prewar lighting was ordered shortly afterward by Police Commissioner Valentine. The dimout was ended, commencing last night, for the section bounded by 110th and 155th Sts. and Fifth to Eighth Aves.

Harlem's streets were almost as dark as ever last night, however, since most store lights had been broken and few of the blackened bulbs in street lights had been replaced with bright ones.

As a further damper on mob violence, the State Liquor Authority banned the sale of liquor from 100th to 170th Sts., and from river to riser. Grocers and delicatessens were forbidden even to sell beer.

The Mayor's order closing Harlem to vehicles of all kinds, except police-escorted food and milk trucks, remained in effect.

Negro pastors and civic leaders toured the streets in sound trucks, urging residents to remain indoors, Mayor LaGuardia late yesterday established his headquarters in the W. 123d St. police station, saying, "I'm going to stay right here until it's over." But apparently he reached the conclusion that it was over at 1:15 this morning, when he left his temporary headquarters and went home.

Orders from Police Commissioner Valentine moved 3,700 police into Harlem, recalled ranking police officers from their vacations and canceled all pending vacations.

1,500 Volunteers on Duty Reinforcing the police were 1,500 volunteer auxiliary policemen, many of them Negroes led by Maj. Sam Battle, Negro City Patrol Corps officer and former police lieutenant; 2,000 air raid wardens, and 300 extra firemen on reserve at their stations.

Also touring Harlem were squads of M. P.s who had been busy, since the outbreak of the disorders, removing soldiers from the trouble zone.

Major Gen. Thomas A. Terry, chief of the Second Service Command, who conferred during the afternoon with LaGuardia, police officials and Negro leaders, said upon emerging:

"The Military Police will remain here, but only as protection for soldiers and not for other duties."

A number of Negro soldiers were arrested, or were reported as aiding the rioters. On the other hand Negro soldiers in several instances rescued white men from threatened attack by other Negroes.

Zoot Suited Boys Held. Also among the prisoners were a number of teen-age Negro girls and youths in zoot suits - the same age group that figured in the Los Angeles clashes between sailors and zoot-suiters.

The dead were listed by police as:

Vincent Randolph, 35, of Savannah, Ga, shot at A. M. by Patrolman Benjamin Wallace, Negro, as he ran from a grocery at Seventh Ave. and 136th St.

Frank Stoner, 40, no address, shot by a patrolman as he emerged from a looted luggage store at 130 W. 127th St. Stoner dropped suitcase, tried to draw a six-inch pocketknife, according to police.

Michael Young, 43, of 271 W. 113th St. found dead of gunshot that end of gunshot wounds in the chest in the doorway of a pawnshop at 2117 Eighth Avn. Police had fired several shots in ejecting about 50 looters.

Stanley Stokes, 20, Savannah, found dying at Seventh Ave, and 1224 St. at 2:00 A. M., with a let wound in his thigh.

Neil Lucas, no address, shut and fatally injured at 4:19 A. M. after be and another Negro allegedly kicked kicked in the windows of the Morningside Bar and Grill, 2118 Eighth Ave. The bartender, Justice Thornsberry of 211 W. 11th St, was arrested on charges of homicide and Sullivan Law violation.

Confusion in records led police to list a sixth fatality, an unidentified man, but he proved to have been Lucas.

Started With Woman's Arrest. The Harlem powder keg, which Mayor LaGuardia had taken the utmost precautions to shield from matches since the recent racial clashes in Detroit, was exploded by a Negro soldier's attempt to rescue a Negro woman from a patrolman who had arrested her in the Hotel Braddock, W. 120th St., at 7:30 o'clock Sunday night for using loud and boisterous language.

The patrolman, James Collins of the W. 135th St. station, was at the Braddock en a raided premises assignment. Police have been maintaining a 24-hour watch there fol lowing a complaint from military officials early this year that 20 soldiers and sailors had become ill with venereal disease after being exposed to the danger at the Braddock.

As Patrolman Collins sought to arrest Margaret Polite, 35, of 368 W. 127th St., Pvt. Robert Bandy, a Negro M. P. of the 730th Regiment, stationed in Jersey City, allegedly, moved out of a crowd, grabbed the officer's nightstick and whacked Collins over the head.

Bandy then fled - but Collins drew his revolver and fired, striking the soldier in the back. Collins placed Bandy under arrest for assault and sent him to Sydenham Hospital, Manhattan Ave. and 123d St.

Wild rumors spread quickly through Harlem. About 3,000 Negroes gathered around the ham, many of of them screaming and yelling. Police dispersed the crowd. Throngs massed elsewhere in Harlem. Trouble makers cried that a cot had "murdered" a Negro soldier.

The crowds began to move, yelling, smashing windows, snatching objects from windows and stores. Soon a major part of its energy was diverted to robbery and looting.

Thousands poured from Harlem's crowded tenements - some to take part, many merely to watch. Being an onlooker was almost as perilous as being a looter. Pots, old bricks, kettles and garbage cans rained down from windows and rooftops upon rioters and spectators alike. Police estimated that a large number of the injured fell under this indiscriminate shower of missiles.

Outnumbered, the police broke up looting wherever they could. Revolvers popped all over the area. For the most part, police fired warning shots into the air. Here and there, bullets of police or rioters dropped men in the street, to die or to lie, groaning, until hard-pressed ambulances could pick them up. Mob Boos Mayor Window after window was shattered, and stores of all kinds were pillaged. Liquor stores suffered most, many were completely emptied of whisky stocks. But food. furniture, big rolls of linoleum, furs, clothing and dozens of other items also were lugged away.

Police reserves, meanwhile were rushed to Harlem from all over the city and sent out, in helmets, to aid the precinct men. Police Chart No. 2, putting the entire Police Department on a tour of eight hours of duty, eight hours of reserve, eight hours more of duty and then 16 hours off, went into effect at 3:30 A. M.

Mayor LaGuardia hurried to the W. 1234 St. station, which was surrounded by a threatening mob and guarded by Negro infantrymen.

He ordered Harlem's saloon's to close at 2 A. M., and barred all traffic from the area bounded by Fifth and Eighth Aves. W. 125th St. Stoner dropped a area. For the most part, police traffic from the area bounded by Fifth and Eight Aves. and 119th and 155th Sts.

From the steps of the police station he pleaded with the crowd to disperse, but the throng only booed.

Both LaGuardia and Commissioner Valentine stressed the fact that the disturbance was not a race riot and that there was little fighting between white persons and Negros.

(Other pictures an pages 1, 22, 23 and back page)

Harlem to Get Meat Today Meat shops in Harlem will be open today and will have on hand comparatively plentiful supplies of meat, Albert Weslel, president of the New York State Association Retail Meat Dealers, said yesterday. Markets Commissioner Woolley told him there would be meat in the wholesale market and that he had subsequently notified his members to open up their shops regardless of damage done Sun-day night or yesterday.

Top picture: Under arrest, Charles Geard carries case of gin from Manhattan police headquarters. Legal residence of the gin is being sought. Another prisoner, pulling his hat down over his face. follows him.

"HARLEM HURRICANE: A Mortal Storm, Causing Death, Wounds and Destruction," New York Daily News. August 3, 1943. Page 22. --- Top left: AFTERMATH. Damaged merchandise litters sidewalk in front of a Harlem pawnshop at 145th St. and Eighth Ave, following rioting. One jewelry store reported many thousands of dollars worth of valuables missing.

Bottom left: ARRESTED. Covered with blood a man is being taken to the West 123d St. precinct station. He was arrested in bar and grill at 124th St. and Seventh Avenue. Station houses were crowded with arrested looters.

Bottom right: DAMAGED DUMMIES are strewn outside this wrecked store in West 125th St. Broken plate glass windows helped to run property damage figures inte the millions. A 10:30 curfew was enforced last night. Dimout was suspended in that area.

Top right and next page: NEW SHIFT Lined up in West 123d St. is new force of police to take over from those who had been on duty all night. At one time during Harlem disorders there were 6,000 cops an duty in that area.

"ILLEGAL SELF-SERVICE: Looters at Work During Height of Harlem Disorders," New York Daily News. August 3, 1943. Page 23. ---- Top right: LOOTING. An actual fotograph taken at height of rioting, shows youths merrily cleaning out a Harlem store of its provisions. One looter hands dowa goods from shelves to eager hands. Another, his bag filled, makes for home. He was probably intercepted by cops

Bottom left: VOLUNTEERS. Residents of Harlem were quick to volunteer their services to help restore order to district. Major Samuel J. Battle (in uniform) and Edward S. Lewis, executive secretary of the N. Y. Urban League, pin auxiliary arm hands on the volunteers, who will patrol the streets. Mayor LaGuardia emphasized that disturbance was not a race riot.

Bottom right RIOT VICTIM. Michael Young, fatally injured in the Harlem disturbances, is being carried to a waiting ambulance by policemen. Mayor said last night: "We have the situation under complete control"

"Woman Who Started Riots Held in $10,000," New York Daily News. August 3, 1943. Page B12. ---- By VINCENT ADAMS The woman whose loud and boisterous behavior in a hotel lobby Sunday night precipitated Harlem's wave of riots and pillage played a silent and sullen role yesterday as more than 500 prisoners were arraigned in four Manhattan courts.

Held in $10,000 bail on an assault charge in Felony Court, which was operating in shifts to take care of the swarm of prison ers, Margaret (Margie) Polite, 35, of 368 W. 127th St., pouted and glared when asked if she "felt sorry."

Like the Polite woman, all of the prisoners appeared to be Negroes. This fact was cited by various officials as an evidence that there was no element of a "race riot" in the mob scenes which spread through Harlem like wildfire Sunday night and early yesterday.

More than 400 persons had been arraigned in Felony Court alone when that court adjourned at 7:30 P. M. until 10 this morning. In Harlem Magistrates Court 78 persons were arraigned and in Washington Heights Magistrates Court 10.

Twelve persons were arraigned in Night Court before Magistrate Alfred M. Lindau, on disorderly conduct charges. Seven were paroled for further hearing in Washington Heights Court on Aug. 10; three drew suspended sentences; one was fined, and the 12th was held was in $100 bail.

Four magistrates sat in Felony Court. Magistrates Thomas A. Aurelio and Thomas H. Cullen Jr. were replaced shortly after 4 P. M. by Magistrate Charles E. Ramsgate, who was relieved at 6 P. M. by Magistrate Raphael P. Koenig. As each magistrate was relieved a fresh Assistant District Attorney and court staff of clerks and stenographers appeared on the scene so that the procession of prisoners could go on until all had an opportunity to request bail.

Next to the Polite woman, the prisoner who attracted most attention was Mrs. Florine orine Rob. erta, 40, of 135 Mt. Vernon St., Middletown, Conn. Mrs. Roberts is the mother of Pvt. Robert Bandy, of the 730th Regiment, Jersey City, who came to the Polite woman's assistance when she was placed under arrest.

Mrs. Roberts was also held in $10,000 bail in Felony Court on a charge of assault. She was said to have struck Patrolman James Collins of the E. 135th St. station, who had been stationed in the lobby of the Hotel Braddock, Eighth Ave. and 126th St.

Magistrate Aurelio, during the arraignment of prisoners who were brought into court in batches of 25 at a time, remarked: "This outburst of lawlessness is not understandable. As far back as I can remember, the residents of Harlem have lived in harmony. Now, of late, on the slightest provocation, large numbers are moved to disorder, as if giving in to some pent-up feeling. It would seem as if some insidious propaganda is misleading otherwise would be peaceful people."

Picture caption: Standing beside a detective (left) at their arraignment in Felony Court are Margie Polite (second from left). Mrs. Florine Roberts and Frank Valdez. Riot reportedly started when son of Mrs, Roberts interfered with a patrolman who was arresting Miss Polite.

"Harlem Heavily Guarded. While Pvt. Robert Bandy, Negro M. P., whose shooting precipitated Harlem rioting, recuperates [left] in Bellevue Hospital, troops of the 17th Regiment of the New York Guard prepare [Above] their equipment at the 71st Regiment Armory. They were part of 8,000 Guardsmen mobilized as a precautionary measure last night by Gov. Thomas E. Dewey. Army troops, policemen and other forces patrolled the streets of Harlem last night where war-time dimout was lifted, liquor sales banned and a 10:30 o'clock amusement curfew imposed. Damage caused by rioters has been estimated at $5,000,000. Story on page 2; other pictures in center fold and back page." - from the New York Daily News. August 3, 1943. Back page.

#harlem #new york #race riot #1943 harlem riot #police shooting #police killing #police racism #african americans #world war ii #nypd #new york national guard #rioting #law and order politics #history of crime and punishment

0 notes

ausetkmt · 11 months

Text

CHRONOLOGY OF AMERICAN RACE RIOTS AND RACIAL VIOLENCE p.3

1911

National Urban League founded. 1914 Marcus Garvey establishes the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). November William Monroe Trotter confronts Woodrow Wilson in the White House over the president’s support for segregation in federal offices. 1915 Debut of the D.W. Griffith film, The Birth of a Nation. Failure of African American lawsuit against the U.S. Treasury Department for compensation for labor rendered under slavery. CHRONOLOGY OF AMERICAN RACE RIOTS AND RACIAL VIOLENCE lvii November William J. Simmons refounds the Ku Klux Klan at Stone Mountain in Georgia. 1916 Madison Grant publishes The Passing of the Great Race, detailing his drastic prescription—including eugenics—to save the white race from being overwhelmed by ‘‘darker races.’’ May Jesse Washington, a seventeen-year-old illiterate black farm hand, is lynched in Waco, Texas. 1917 May–July East St. Louis, Illinois, riots. August Houston, Texas, mutiny of black soldiers at Camp Logan. 1918 After protesting the lynching of her husband, Mary Turner, then eight months pregnant, is herself brutally lynched in Valdosta, Georgia. April Congressman Leonidas C. Dyer of Missouri introduces an anti-lynching bill into Congress (the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill is defeated in 1922). July Chester and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, riots. 1919 NAACP publishes Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States: 1889–1918 by Martha Gruening and Helen Boardman. May Charleston, South Carolina, riot. Summer Known as ‘‘Red Summer’’ because of the great number of people killed in various race riots around the country. July Longview, Texas, riot. Publication of Claude McKay’s sonnet, ‘‘If We Must Die.’’ Chicago, Illinois, riot. Washington, D.C., riot. August Knoxville, Tennessee, riot. September Omaha, Nebraska, riot. September– October Elaine, Arkansas, riot. 1920 Founding of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation, a major interracial reform organization in the South. 1921 April Tulsa, Oklahoma, riot. 1922 Anti-Lynching Crusaders are formed to educate Americans about lynching and work for its elimination.

Chicago Commission on Race Relations issues its influential report on the 1919 Chicago riots. lviii CHRONOLOGY OF AMERICAN RACE RIOTS AND RACIAL VIOLENCE 1923 January Rosewood, Florida, riot. February U.S. Supreme Court decision in Moore v. Dempsey leads to eventual release of twelve African Americans in Arkansas who were convicted in perfunctory mobdominated trials of killing five whites during the Elaine, Arkansas, riots of 1919. 1929 Publication of Walter White’s Rope and Faggot: A Biography of Judge Lynch. 1930 Nation of Islam (Black Muslims) is founded in Detroit, Michigan, by W.D. Fard.

Formation of the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, the first organization of white women opposed to lynching. October Sainte Genevieve, Missouri, riot. 1931 Scottsboro Case occurs in Alabama; the case comprises a series of trials arising outof allegations that nine African American youths raped two white girls in Scottsboro, Alabama. 1932 Supreme Court renders a decision in Powell v. Alabama, a case related to the Scottsboro, Alabama, incident of 1931. 1934 Elijah Muhammad assumes leadership of the Nation of Islam. 1935 March Harlem, New York, riot. 1936 First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt addresses the annual conventions of both the NAACP and National Urban League. 1939 Billie Holiday’s first performance of the anti-lynching song Strange Fruit occurs at Cafe´ Society, New York’s only integrated nightclub. 1941 Supreme Court decision in Mitchell v. United States spurs integration of first-class railway carriages. 1942 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is founded as the Committee of Racial Equality. February Double V Campaign is launched to popularize the idea that blacks should fight for freedom abroad to win freedom at home. 1943 May Mobile, Alabama, riot. June Beaumont, Texas, riot. June ‘‘Zoot Suit’’ riots in Los Angeles, California. July Detroit, Michigan, riot. August New York City (Harlem) riot. 1944 Publication of Karl Gunnar Myrdal’s An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy.

#CHRONOLOGY OF AMERICAN RACE RIOTS AND RACIAL VIOLENCE p.3

16 notes · View notes

petervintonjr · 10 months

Text

"True emancipation lies in the acceptance of the whole past in deriving strength from all of my roots, in facing up to the degradation as well as the dignity of my ancestors."

As we come to the end of Pride Month 2023, I wanted to devote a little time to the remarkable life of Rev. Anna Pauline "Pauli" Murray --civil rights attorney, Episcopal priest, scholar, and advocate. Born in 1910 Baltimore, their mother tragically died when Murray was only four, and their father succumbed to depression and was later murdered in a mental hospital, and so Murray was raised by an aunt and grandparents, in a time when the threat of violence from the Ku Klux Klan was never too far away. Murray later moved to New York City and graduated from Hunter College in 1933 (as Columbia College did not at the time admit women). Throughout the 1930's Murray grappled with sexual and gender identity --this is in fact when they took on the preferred male-identifying name of "Pauli." A gifted photographer but an even more prolific author, Murray worked as a teacher with the New York City Remedial Reading Project, which offered a great deal of opportunity to write and publish. Among other publications, Pauli's essays and articles about civil rights would regularly appear in The Crisis and in Common Sense (both publications of the NAACP).

Pauli took the unusual (and risky!) step of petitioning to apply to graduate school at the University of North Carolina (current events alert!) --at the time an all-white institution. Such a prospect was considered sufficiently unobtainable that even the NAACP declined to actively support this effort. Pauli had in the meantime cultivated the acquaintance of then-First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, as well as A. Philip Randolph (see Lesson #68 in this series); associations which would later carry consequences. Pauli is listed as one of the founders of CORE (Congress of Racial Equality), along with Bayard Rustin (see Lesson #5 in this series), and James Farmer (Lesson #17). In 1943 they published a hugely important essay: "Negroes Are Fed Up;" and also a poem, Dark Testament, both of which spoke to the Harlem Race Riot of 1935.

In 1944 Murray graduated from Howard University Law School --while largely identifying as a man but still presenting as a woman, Murray famously coined the expression "Jane Crow" to describe the experience. They then applied to Harvard Law for an advanced degree on a Rosenwald Fellowship but was turned down --reportedly not due to racism (exact same current events alert!) but definitely due to sexism. They instead opted for the University of California Boalt School of Law; their graduate thesis was titled "The Right to Equal Opportunity in Employment." In 1945 Murray was named deputy attorney general for the state of California; the first African American to hold that post. In 1951 Pauli published States' Laws On Race and Color, a book that would later be described by Thurgood Marshall as the "Bible" for civil rights litigation, and was conspicuously referenced during Brown v. Board of Education arguments.

In 1952 the scourge of McCarthyism caught up with Murray and cost them a number of prestigious posts due to affiliation with "radicals" like Marshall, Randolph, and particularly Ms. Roosevelt. Unbowed, Pauli went on to publish the gripping biographical account Proud Shoes, which led in turn to a job offer in the litigation dept. of Paul, Weiss, Rifkin, Wharton, and Garrison (as in, Lloyd), where she would meet lifelong partner Irene Barlow. In 1960 Pauli was appointed by President John F. Kennedy to the Committee on Civil And Political Rights, but the issue of intersectionality was never far from their priorities; notably in 1963 Murray took Bayard Rustin, A. Philip Randolph, and Martin Luther King to task for not including a single woman speaker at the March On Washington. Perhaps the most fascinating coda to this remarkable life comes in 1977, when in the wake of Irene Barlow's passing, Murray became the very first African-American woman Episcopal priest. Pauli died in 1985, having never come out publicly.

For a comprehensive listing of Pauli's writings, visit the Pauli Murray Center for History and Social Justice: https://www.paulimurraycenter.com/paulis-writing

#black lives matter #teachtruth #dothework #blm blacklivesmatter #pride month #pride #pauli murray

11 notes · View notes

readyforevolution · 1 year

Text

Sonia Sanchez was born Wilsonia Benita Driver in Birmingham, Alabama. After her mother’s death in 1935 she lived with her grandmother. Her grandmother taught her to read at age four and write at age six. When her grandmother passed away in 1943 she moved to Harlem, New York where she stayed with her father Wilson Driver.

Driver attended Hunter College in New York City where she took creative writing courses although she graduated with a B.A. in Political Science in 1955. Continuing her education at New York University, Driver focused on the study of poetry. She also married and divorced Puerto Rican immigrant Albert Sanchez, although she retained his surname. She later married poet Etheridge Knight and together they had three children. They would later divorce.

In 1965 Sanchez taught at San Francisco State University. The course she offered at San Francisco State in 1966 on the literature of African Americans is generally considered the first of its kind taught at a predominately white university.

Sonia Sanchez released her first collection of poetry in 1969 entitled Homecoming. Her poetry was described at experimental and innovative; Sanchez was the first to blend the musical elements of the blues with the haiku and tanka poetry styles. She tackled many genres of literary art such as writing children’s books, and plays. Sanchez is most famous for her Spoken Word poetry books. She was awarded the American Book Award in 1985 for one of her best-known books, Home girls and Hand grenades.

Sanchez was a major influence in the Black Arts and Civil Rights Movements of the 1960s. She was an active member in the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) as well as the Nation of Islam. She was inspired when she met Malcolm X and used his vernacular in some of her poems. She left the Nation of Islam after three years of affiliation in protest of their mistreatment of women. She continues to advocate for the rights of oppressed women and minority groups.

Sanchez has received countless awards for her work including the P.E.N. Writing Award (1969), the National Academy of Arts Award (1978), and the National Education Association Award (1977-1988). She has guest lectured in over 500 colleges and universities. Her poetry has been heard worldwide in Africa, Australia, Canada, the Caribbean Islands, China, Cuba, Europe, and Nicaragua. Sanchez’s last faculty appointment was at Temple University in Philadelphia where she was the first Presidential Fellow at that institution and the first to hold the Laura Carnell Chair. Sanchez taught courses in English and Women’s Studies until her retirement in 1999.

Ms. Sanchez now resides in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Black Wall Street Book eStore

https://blackwallstreet.org/books

Support the Black Wall Street Movement

https://blackwallstreet.org/join

Top Seller: The 1619 Project

https://amzn.to/3Z5dVaj

The Victory of Greenwood

https://amzn.to/3ymULRs

Tulsa's Legacy: A Greenwood Novel

https://amzn.to/3FcnbRZ

The Burning: Tulsa Massacre

https://amzn.to/3YFfTgH

Hidden History of Tulsa

https://amzn.to/422YPEj

Dreamland: The Burning of Black Wall Street

https://amzn.to/404tGyB

The Photographic 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre

https://amzn.to/3YHztcf

From Burning to Blueprint: Rebuilding Black Wall Street

https://amzn.to/3J86ZTi

Tulsa, 1921: Reporting a Massacre

https://amzn.to/402dfm3

Tulsa's Black Wall Street: The Story of Greenwood

https://amzn.to/3yyARTY

Black Wall Street 100

https://amzn.to/4203qqV

Black Wall Street: From Riot to Renaissance

https://amzn.to/3Lj010s

I Am Black Wall Street

https://amzn.to/3ZGxlCQ

Black Wall Street and the Tulsa Race Massacre

https://amzn.to/3Lg6lpe

The Destruction of Black Wall Street

https://amzn.to/3l08X01

Death in a Promised Land

https://amzn.to/3mMLorI

Angel of Greenwood

https://amzn.to/3LfcKku

Unspeakable: The Tulsa Race Massacre

https://amzn.to/3J4adXM

Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921

https://amzn.to/3l7c0n2

The Nation Must Awake

https://amzn.to/3TcxYS3

Black Wall Street Burning

https://amzn.to/3JxqIgo

The Tulsa Massacre of 1921: America’s Worst Race Riot

https://amzn.to/3l406u9

Riot And Remembrance Tulsa Massacre

https://amzn.to/3J2vy3G

Hiding The Tulsa Massacre

https://amzn.to/3mJZkmy

#blacktumblr

11 notes · View notes

zayaanhashistory · 1 year

Text

Zoot Suit Riots

The Zoot Suit Riots were a series of violent clashes during which mobs of U.S. servicemen, off-duty police officers and civilians brawled with young Latinos and other minorities in Los Angeles. The June 1943 riots took their name from the baggy suits worn by many minority youths during that era, but the violence was more about racial tension than fashion.

During the 1930s, dance halls were popular venues for socializing, swing dancing and easing the economic stress of the Great Depression. Nowhere was this truer than in the New York City neighborhood of Harlem, home of the famed Harlem Renaissance. Style-conscious Harlem dancers began wearing loose-fitting clothes that accentuated their movements. Men donned baggy trousers with cuffs carefully tapered to prevent tripping; long jackets with heavily padded shoulders and wide lapels; long, glittering watch chains and hats ranging from porkpies and fedoras to broad-brimmed sombreros. The image of these so-called “zoot suits” spread quickly and was popularized by performers such as Cab Calloway, who, in his Hepster’s Dictionary, called the zoot suit “the ultimate in clothes. The only totally and truly American civilian suit.” As the zoot suit became more popular among young men in Black, Mexican American and other minority communities, the clothes garnered a somewhat racist reputation. Latino youths in California known as “pachucos”—often wearing flashy zoot suits, porkpie hats and dangling watch chains—were increasingly viewed by affluent whites as menacing street thugs, gang members and rebellious juvenile delinquents.

Wartime patriotism didn’t help matters: After the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the U.S. entry into World War II, wool and other textiles were subject to strict rationing. The U.S. War Production Board regulated the production of civilian clothing containing silk, wool and other essential fabrics. Despite these wartime restrictions, many bootleg tailors in Los Angeles, New York and elsewhere continued to make the popular zoot suits, which used profligate amounts of fabric. Servicemen and many other people, however, saw the oversized suits a flagrant and unpatriotic waste of resources. The local media was only too happy to fan the flames of racism and moral outrage: On June 2, 1943, the Los Angeles Times reported: “Fresh in the memory of Los Angeles is last year’s surge of gang violence that made the ‘zoot suit’ a badge of delinquency. Public indignation seethed as warfare among organized bands of marauders, prowling the streets at night, brought a wave of assaults, [and] finally murders.”

In the summer of 1943, tensions ran high between zoot-suiters and the large contingent of white sailors, soldiers and Marines stationed in and around Los Angeles. Mexican Americans were serving in the military in high numbers, but many servicemen viewed the zoot-suit wearers as World War II draft dodgers (though many were in fact too young to serve in the military). On May 31, a clash between uniformed servicemen and Mexican American youths resulted in the beating of a U.S. sailor. Partly in retaliation, on the evening of June 3, about 50 sailors from the local U.S. Naval Reserve Armory marched through downtown Los Angeles carrying clubs and other crude weapons, attacking anyone seen wearing a zoot suit or other racially identified clothing. In the days that followed, the racially charged atmosphere in Los Angeles exploded in a number of full-scale riots. Mobs of U.S. servicemen took to the streets and began attacking Latinos and stripping them of their suits, leaving them bloodied and half-naked on the sidewalk. Local police officers often watched from the sidelines, then arrested the victims of the beatings. Thousands more servicemen, off-duty police officers and civilians joined the fray over the next several days, marching into cafes and movie theaters and beating anyone wearing zoot-suit clothing or hairstyles (duck-tail haircuts were a favorite target and were often cut off). Blacks and Filipinos—even those not clad in zoot suits—were also attacked and bloodied.

By June 7, the rioting had spread outside downtown Los Angeles to Watts, East Los Angeles and other neighborhoods. Taxi drivers offered free rides to servicemen to rioting areas, and thousands of military personnel and civilians from San Diego and other parts of Southern California converged on Los Angeles to join the mayhem. Leaders of the Mexican American community implored state and local officials to intervene—The Council for Latin American Youth even sent a telegram to President Franklin D. Roosevelt—but their pleas met with little action. One eyewitness, writer Carey McWilliams, painted a terrifying picture: “On Monday evening, June seventh, thousands of Angelenos … turned out for a mass lynching. Marching through the streets of downtown Los Angeles, a mob of several thousand soldiers, sailors, and civilians, proceeded to beat up every zoot-suiter they could find. Street cars were halted while Mexicans, and some Filipinos and Negroes, were jerked out of their seats, pushed into the streets, and beaten with sadistic frenzy.”

Local papers framed the racial attacks as a vigilante response to an immigrant crime wave, and police generally restricted their arrests to the Latinos who fought back. The riots didn’t die down until June 8, when U.S. military personnel were finally barred from leaving their barracks. The Los Angeles City Council issued a ban on zoot suits the following day. Amazingly, no one was killed during the weeklong riot, but it wasn’t the last outburst of zoot suit-related racial violence. Similar incidents took place that same year in cities such as Philadelphia, Chicago and Detroit. A Citizens’ Committee appointed by California Governor Earl Warren to investigate the Zoot Suit Riots convened in the weeks after the riot. The committee’s report found that, “In undertaking to deal with the cause of these outbreaks, the existence of race prejudice cannot be ignored.”

Additionally, the committee described the problem of juvenile delinquency youth as “one of American youth, not confined to any racial group. The wearers of zoot suits are not necessarily persons of Mexican descent, criminals or juveniles. Many young people today wear zoot suits.”

6 notes · View notes

pagets · 4 years

Photo

This is clearly not about individual officers. It's about a structure built on systemic racism that this country created intentionally and now needs to dismantle intentionally and replace with one that takes into account the needs of the people that it actually serves and this is gonna take sustained pressure and attention over a long period of time from all of us.

Black communities have had to be perpetual activists while also routinely being disenfranchised and it is long past time that the rest of us joined to make sure that their voices are heard and acted upon because it's going to be far too easy for nothing to meaningfully change here. That is what has always happened before.

After the unrest in the late ’60s, a commission was set up to investigate and issue advice. Many of its conclusions resemble ideas like a police demilitarization and broad reinvestment in marginalized communities that are still being pushed today.

Testifying before that commission was the social scientist Kenneth Clark and he made this observation which remains depressingly true. He said, “I read the report of the 1919 riot in Chicago and it's as if I were reading the report of the investigating committee of the Harlem riot of 1935, the report of the investigating committee of the right of 1943, the report of the Macomb Commission of the Watts riot of 1965. I must again in candor say to you it is the kind of Alice in Wonderland with the same moving picture reshown over and over again. The same analysis, the same recommendations, and the same inaction.”

We're in the same shit now that we were in back then and if you're not directly impacted by it, it is tempting to look for a reason to feel better about the world, to look at some cops kneeling and think “Oh, well we just need more of that.” But we need so much more than that.

Because ours is a firmly entrenched system in which the roots of white supremacy run deep and it is critical that we all grab a fucking shovel. To do anything less would be absolutely unforgivable.

Last Week Tonight with John Oliver: Police June 8th, 2020

#last week tonight #last week with john oliver #john oliver #defund the police #*#gifs

1K notes · View notes

nowthisnews · 4 years

Photo

New York City was under a citywide curfew Tuesday after a fifth night of protests. The curfew will last from 8 pm to 5 am every night until Sunday. Vehicle traffic below 96th Street will be banned within that time frame, with certain exemptions. The city’s last time enacting such an order was during the Harlem riots in 1943 that broke out in response to a white police officer shooting Private Robert Bandy, a Black WWII soldier on leave from his post in Jersey City. Bandy and his mother were staying at the Braddock Hotel when they came across the officer in an altercation with a Black woman. Bandy tried to intervene in the arrest but was shot in the shoulder. Rumors of a Black soldier’s death circulated and riots broke out. The citywide curfew lasted several days and resulted in hundreds of injuries, $5 million in property damage, and at least 5 deaths. Harlem community leaders said the riots were a result of the suppression of Black Americans. [Rolling Stone]

#NYC #curfew #Harlem riots #history #Black Lives Matter #police brutality #police killing #news #nowthis

641 notes · View notes

aiiaiiiyo · 3 years

Photo

Young men pose in zoot suits taken from a formalwear shop during the Harlem riot of August, 1943 Check this blog!

#duluththrowaway #oldschool

32 notes · View notes

rockislandadultreads · 3 years

Photo

Black History Month: some reading to get you started

Celebrate Black excellence with these titles

A Black Women's History of the United States by Daina Ramey Berry, Kali Nicole Gross

A vibrant and empowering history that emphasizes the perspectives and stories of African American women to show how they are--and have always been--instrumental in shaping our country In centering Black women's stories, two award-winning historians seek both to empower African American women and to show their allies that Black women's unique ability to make their own communities while combatting centuries of oppression is an essential component in our continued resistance to systemic racism and sexism. Daina Ramey Berry and Kali Nicole Gross offer an examination and celebration of Black womanhood, beginning with the first African women who arrived in what became the United States to African American women of today. A Black Women's History of the United States reaches far beyond a single narrative to showcase Black women's lives in all their fraught complexities. Berry and Gross prioritize many voices: enslaved women, freedwomen, religious leaders, artists, queer women, activists, and women who lived outside the law. The result is a starting point for exploring Black women's history and a testament to the beauty, richness, rhythm, tragedy, heartbreak, rage, and enduring love that abounds in the spirit of Black women in communities throughout the nation.

Black Detroit: A People's History of Self-Determination by Herb Boyd

The author of Baldwin’s Harlem looks at the evolving culture, politics, economics, and spiritual life of Detroit—a blend of memoir, love letter, history, and clear-eyed reportage that explores the city’s past, present, and future and its significance to the African American legacy and the nation’s fabric. Herb Boyd moved to Detroit in 1943, as race riots were engulfing the city. Though he did not grasp their full significance at the time, this critical moment would be one of many he witnessed that would mold his political activism and exposed a city restless for change. In Black Detroit, he reflects on his life and this landmark place, in search of understanding why Detroit is a special place for black people. Boyd reveals how Black Detroiters were prominent in the city’s historic, groundbreaking union movement and—when given an opportunity—were among the tireless workers who made the automobile industry the center of American industry. Well paying jobs on assembly lines allowed working class Black Detroiters to ascend to the middle class and achieve financial stability, an accomplishment not often attainable in other industries. Boyd makes clear that while many of these middle-class jobs have disappeared, decimating the population and hitting blacks hardest, Detroit survives thanks to the emergence of companies such as Shinola—which represent the strength of the Motor City and and its continued importance to the country. He also brings into focus the major figures who have defined and shaped Detroit, including William Lambert, the great abolitionist, Berry Gordy, the founder of Motown, Coleman Young, the city’s first black mayor, diva songstress Aretha Franklin, Malcolm X, and Ralphe Bunche, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize. With a stunning eye for detail and passion for Detroit, Boyd celebrates the music, manufacturing, politics, and culture that make it an American original.

Black Against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party by Joshua Bloom, Waldo E. Martin Jr.

In Oakland, California, in 1966, community college students Bobby Seale and Huey Newton armed themselves, began patrolling the police, and promised to prevent police brutality. Unlike the Civil Rights Movement that called for full citizenship rights for blacks within the U.S., the Black Panther Party rejected the legitimacy of the U.S. government and positioned itself as part of a global struggle against American imperialism. In the face of intense repression, the Party flourished, becoming the center of a revolutionary movement with offices in 68 U.S. cities and powerful allies around the world. Black against Empire is the first comprehensive overview and analysis of the history and politics of the Black Panther Party. The authors analyze key political questions, such as why so many young black people across the country risked their lives for the revolution, why the Party grew most rapidly during the height of repression, and why allies abandoned the Party at its peak of influence. Bold, engrossing, and richly detailed, this book cuts through the mythology and obfuscation, revealing the political dynamics that drove the explosive growth of this revolutionary movement, and its disastrous unraveling. Informed by twelve years of meticulous archival research, as well as familiarity with most of the former Party leadership and many rank-and-file members, this book is the definitive history of one of the greatest challenges ever posed to American state power.

Satch, Dizzy, and Rapid Robert: The Wild Saga of Interracial Baseball Before Jackie Robinson by Timothy M. Gay

Before Jackie Robinson integrated major league baseball in 1947, black and white ballplayers had been playing against one another for decades--even, on rare occasions, playing with each other. Interracial contests took place during the off-season, when major leaguers and Negro Leaguers alike fattened their wallets by playing exhibitions in cities and towns across America. These barnstorming tours reached new heights, however, when Satchel Paige and other African- American stars took on white teams headlined by the irrepressible Dizzy Dean. Lippy and funny, a born showman, the native Arkansan saw no reason why he shouldn't pitch against Negro Leaguers. Paige, who feared no one and chased a buck harder than any player alive, instantly recognized the box-office appeal of competing against Dizzy Dean's "All-Stars." Paige and Dean both featured soaring leg kicks and loved to mimic each other's style to amuse fans. Skin color aside, the dirt-poor Southern pitchers had much in common. Historian Timothy M. Gay has unearthed long-forgotten exhibitions where Paige and Dean dueled, and he tells the story of their pioneering escapades in this engaging book. Long before they ever heard of Robinson or Larry Doby, baseball fans from Brooklyn to Enid, Oklahoma, watched black and white players battle on the same diamond. With such Hall of Fame teammates as Josh Gibson, Turkey Stearnes, Mule Suttles, Oscar Charleston, Cool Papa Bell, and Bullet Joe Rogan, Paige often had the upper hand against Diz. After arm troubles sidelined Dean, a new pitching phenom, Bob Feller--Rapid Robert--assembled his own teams to face Paige and other blackballers. By the time Paige became Feller's teammate on the Cleveland Indians in 1948, a rookie at age forty-two, Satch and Feller had barnstormed against each other for more than a decade. These often obscure contests helped hasten the end of Jim Crow baseball, paving the way for the game's integration. Satchel Paige, Dizzy Dean, and Bob Feller never set out to make social history--but that's precisely what happened. Tim Gay has brought this era to vivid and colorful life in a book that every baseball fan will embrace.

#black history month #black history #non-fiction #nonfiction books #reading recommendations #book recs #recommended reading #library #civil rights #black excellence #nonfiction #booklr #tbr #to read

31 notes · View notes

newyorkthegoldenage · 2 years

Photo

On August 1, 1943, a white police officer shot an African-American soldier after he attempted to intervene in the cop’s arrest of a Black woman for disturbing the peace. False rumors spread that the soldier was dead, and the spark was ignited. Tensions were high because of the high cost of living resulting from wartime shortages of food and other essentials.

Rioters looted stores, smashed windows, and battled with police. On August 2, Mayor La Guardia asked that Army troops help contain the violence. The mayor went on the radio, asking Harlem residents to remain in their homes, and he put a 10:30 PM curfew into effect. Meanwhile, army troops were posted on many street corners throughout Harlem.

During the course of the riot, which ended on August 2, 6 people died, 495 were injured, and more than 500 were arrested. There was an additional $5 million in material damage.

The photo above may make the riot look trivial, which is certainly not my intention, but it was taken on August 2, during the riots. The boys are Walker Roberts, 12; Henry Campbell, 14; and Morris Jackson,13.

Photo: Bettmann Archives/Getty Images/Art.com

#New York #NYC #vintage New York #1940s #race riots #Harlem #vintage Harlem #August 1 #August 2

64 notes · View notes

if-you-fan-a-fire · 9 months

Text

"Les émeutes dans le Harlem auraient été provoquées par des voyous et le Ku Klux Klan," Montreal-Matin. August 4, 1943. Page 3. --- NEW-YORK, 3. (B.U.P.) - Des déclarations que les agents du Ku Klux Klan et des voyous de l'extérieur de la ville avaient été envoyés dans le Harlem.pour provoquer des émeutes sont soumises à enquête, a révélé aujourd'hui le commissaire de la police Lewis J. Valentine, comme la vie dans la colonie nègre revenait presque à la normale. --- Il a dit: "Le sujet est soumis à enquête". Il n'a pas ajouté de commentaires.

Le calme est revenu En contraste avec la période d'émeutes sauvages de dimanche soir et de lundi quand 5 personnes ont perdu la vie, 200 autres ont été blessées et 500 arrêtées, tout était paisible lundi soir et à 10 h 30 pm.. le couvre-feu Imposé par le maitre F. H. Laguardia était en général observé.

Le couvre-feu n'a pas encore été levé, mais Leguardia, dans plusieurs appels radiophoniques à la population du Harlem, a promis que la restriction serait levée si l'ordre et la paix se maintenaient.

Dommages considérables Puis, comme les émeutes semblaient définitivement apaisées, des menuisiers se sont rendus dans la zone du danger aujourd'hui afin de réparer plusieurs centaines de magasins qui avaient été démolis et dévalisés. La police dit que les dommages s'élèvent à des millions de dollars.

Environ 8.000 hommes de la garde de l'état de New-York du district métropolitain, qui avaient été gar- dés en état d'alerte dans leurs casernes, sont retournés chez eux aujourd'hui. On n'avait pas demandé l'aide de la milice, mais le gouverneur T. Dewey avait approuvé la mobilisation comme mesure de précaution.

Une enquête demandée? Washington, 3. (B.U.P.) Le representant S. Dickstein a dit aujourd'hui qu'il demandera une enquête du congrès sur l'émeute du Harlem s'il semble y avoir un lien avec la récente échauffourée raciale de Détroit. "S'il ne s'agit que d'une affaire locale, le maire Laguardia peut en venir à bout. Mais s'il y a lien avec l'échauffourée raciale de Détroit, le Congrès devrait intervenir".

#harlem #new york #race riot #1943 harlem riot #police shooting #police killing #police racism #african americans #world war ii #nypd #history of crime and punishment #united states history

0 notes

miss-rosen · 4 years

Text

The last time New York City imposed a curfew was in 1943, following the Harlem Riots that stated August 1 when NYPD officer James Collins shot and wounded Robert Bandy, a Black veteran of the Armed Forces. Bandy witnessed police arresting Marjorie Polite, a Black woman, for disorderly conduct.

He intervened on her behalf and for his trouble, he was shot. Word on the street was Bandy had been killed, and a two-day riot broke out. Mayor Fiorello H. LaGuardia retired order and went so far as to supply food and goods to compensate for the closed businesses.

Art: William H, Johnson. Moon Over Harlem, 1943-44.

57 notes · View notes

thenietzscheanwife · 3 years

Text

“I read the report of the 1919 riot in Chicago, and it is as if I were reading the report of the investigating committee of the Harlem riot of 1935, the report of the investigating committee of the Harlem riot of 1943, the report of the McCone Comission on the Watts riot of 1965. I must again in candid say to you, it is a kind of Alice in Wonderland with the same moving picture reshown over and over again, the same analysis, the same recommendations and the same inaction.”

Khalil Gibran-Muhammad, 2019

#quotes #dark academia #philosophy #poetic #poetry #books and libraries #dark #literature aesthetics #choices #dark acadamia aesthetic #blm2020 #black lives matter #black lives movement #blm

1 note · View note

smushpub · 4 years

Text

If you choose to believe that all of these protests and uprisings, to demand equality and government employ to do their job, is "New" - here's a breakdown:

- Antebellum Violence

Cincinnati Riots, 1829

Anti-Abolition Riots, 1834 (sound familiar?)

Cincinnati Race Riots, 1836

The Pennsylvania Hall Fire, 1838

Christina (Pennsylvania) Riot, 1851

- Civil War, Reconstruction, & Post-Reconstruction Era Violence

Detroit Race Riot, 1863

New York City Draft Riots, 1863

Memphis Riot, 1866

New Orleans Massacre, 1866

Pulaski Race Riot, 1868

Camilla Massacre, 1868

Opelousas Massacre, 1868

The Meridian Race Riot, 1871

Chicot County Race War, 1871

The Colfax Massacre, 1873

Clinton (Mississippi) Riot, 1875

Hamburg Massacre, 1876

Carroll County Courthouse Massacre, 1886

Thibodaux Massacre, 1887

New Orleans Dockworkers’ Riot, 1894-1895

Virden, Illinois Race Riot, 1898

Wilmington Race Riot, 1898

Newburg, New York Race Riot, 1899

- Race Riots, 1900-1960

Robert Charles Riot (New Orleans), 1900

New York City Race Riot, 1900

Atlanta Race Riot, 1906

Springfield, Illinois Race Riot, 1908

East St. Louis Race Riot, 1917

Chester, Pennsylvania Race Riot, 1917

Houston Mutiny and Race Riot, 1917

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Race Riot, 1918

Charleston (South Carolina) Riot, 1919

Washington, D.C. Riot, 1919

Chicago Race Riot, 1919

Knoxville Race Riot, 1919

Elaine, Arkansas Riot, 1919

Tulsa Race Riot, 1921

Rosewood Massacre, 1923

Harlem Race Riot, 1935

Beaumont Race Riot, 1943

Detroit Race Riot, 1943

Columbia Race Riot, 1946

- Urban Uprisings, 1960-2000

Cambridge, Maryland Riot, 1963

The Harlem Race Riot, 1964

Rochester Rebellion, 1964

Jersey City Uprising, 1964

Paterson, New Jersey Uprising, 1964

Elizabeth, New Jersey Uprising, 1964

Chicago (Dixmoor) Riots, 1964

Philadelphia Race Riot, 1964

Watts Rebellion (Los Angeles), 1965

Cleveland’s Hough Riots, 1966

Chicago, Illinois Uprising, 1966

The Dayton, Ohio Uprising, 1966

Hunter’s Point, San Francisco Uprising, 1966

The Nashville Race Riot, 1967

Newark Race Riot, 1967

Plainfield, New Jersey Riot, 1967

Detroit Race Riot, 1967

Flint, Michigan Riot, 1967

Tuscon Race Riot, 1967

Grand Rapids, Michigan Uprising, 1967

The King Assassination Riots, 1968

Hartford, Connecticut Riot, 1969

Asbury Park Race Riot, 1970

Camden, New Jersey Riots, 1969 and 1971

Miami (Liberty City) Riot, 1980

Crown Heights (Brooklyn) New York Riot, 1991

Rodney King Riot, 1992

West Las Vegas Riot, 1992

St. Petersburg, Florida Riot, 1996

- College Campus Violence

University of Georgia Desegregation Riot, 1961

Ole Miss Riot, 1962

Houston (Texas Southern University) Riot, 1967

Orangeburg Massacre, 1968

Jackson State Killings, 1970

- 21st Century Racial Violence

Cincinnati Riot, 2001

Oscar Grant Oakland Protests, 2009-2011

Ferguson Riot and Ferguson Unrest, 2014-2015

Baltimore Protests and Riots, 2015

Charleston Church Massacre, 2015

Milwaukee Riot, 2016

Charlotte Riot, 2016

Jackson State Killings, 1970

And in case you thought that slavery "just ended"- there were plenty of uprisings of both slaves AND Good white folk who saw it as being against God's will:

Revolts of the Enslaved:

New York City Slave Uprising, 1712

The Stono Rebellion, 1739

New York City Slave Conspiracy, 1741

Gabriel Prosser Revolt, 1800

Igbo Landing Mass Suicide, 1803

Andry’s Rebellion, 1811

Denmark Vesey Conspiracy, 1822

Nat Turner Revolt, 1831

Amistad Mutiny, 1839

Creole Case, 1841

Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, 1842

#wokethotism #truth #blackhistory #black and white #black lives have always mattered #black lives are important #black lives have value #black lives are human lives #black lives matter #black lives fucking matter #blm #whiteculture #whiteprivilege #white allies #white allyship

5 notes · View notes