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#acid/base buffers
chem-n-chaos · 2 years
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i love describing acid base buffers as "they turn the extra pH-ey things into the less pH-ey things."
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rexcaliburechoes · 5 months
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does gale know that he's appreciated? does he know that he's loved? does he know that he's funny and witty and charming and worthwhile as a companion because of his simple existence? does he know that there is fulfillment in following the ambition to live? does he know? can he see the paths laid before him, the paths he is destined to walk, some that end in his death, others that continue on with his life, does he understand the ramifications of his choices, does he understand how his choices have affected the other companions' courses just by asking for a hand?
does he understand how the act of taking his hand grounds him in reality, towards a brighter future?
of course he doesn't; he's a fictional character and he only knows thst he sees in front of him and that is his death several feet ahead of him. he is entangled in the fabric of the universe like a moth in a spider's web, the strands of his ambitions and regrets clinging, gossamer thin yet sticky and strong, holding him fast to the paths that rip him in too many directions.
all he needs is a little push into the spider's maw or free to fly and live another day.
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tenth-sentence · 6 months
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For the general acid-base pair, HA and A-, the following reactions occur in a buffer solution:
H3O+ is added to the buffer: A- + H3O+ → HA + H2O
OH- is added to the buffer: HA + OH- → A- + H2O
"Chemistry" 2e - Blackman, A., Bottle, S., Schmid, S., Mocerino, M., Wille, U.
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labfitaustralia · 2 years
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xseffort45 · 10 months
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Electrolytes and why they're important especially when water f4st!ng:
Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphate. They are involved in various physiological processes.
During a water f4st, the body can lose electrolytes through various means, such as urine, sweat, and even through breathing.
Without sufficient intake of electrolytes, the body may experience imbalances that can lead to various health issues including:
muscle cramps, dizziness, weakness, irregular heartbeats, and in severe cases, even life-threatening conditions such as de4th.
Here's a breakdown of each electrolyte and its role in the body:
Sodium (Na+):
Role: Sodium is the primary extracellular cation (positively charged ion) and plays a vital role in maintaining fluid balance and blood pressure. It is essential for nerve impulse transmission and muscle function.
Source: Commonly found in table salt (sodium chloride) and many processed foods.
Potassium (K+):
Role: Potassium is the primary intracellular cation. It helps regulate fluid balance, nerve impulses, muscle contractions (including the heart), and maintains proper cellular function.
Source: Found in various fruits and vegetables, such as bananas, oranges, potatoes, and spinach.
Calcium (Ca2+):
Role: Calcium is essential for maintaining strong bones and teeth. It also plays a key role in muscle contractions, nerve transmission, blood clotting, and cell signaling.
Source: Dairy products, leafy greens, nuts, and fortified non-dairy milk.
Magnesium (Mg2+):
Role: Magnesium is involved in hundreds of enzymatic reactions in the body, including energy production, protein synthesis, muscle and nerve function, and maintaining healthy bones.
Source: Found in nuts, seeds, whole grains, leafy greens, and legumes.
Chloride (Cl-):
Role: Chloride is the major extracellular anion (negatively charged ion) and works closely with sodium to help maintain fluid balance and osmotic pressure in cells.
Source: Commonly found in table salt (sodium chloride) and many processed foods.
Bicarbonate (HCO3-):
Role: Bicarbonate is involved in regulating the body's acid-base balance (pH level) and is a crucial component of the bicarbonate buffering system.
Source: The body produces bicarbonate as part of normal metabolic processes.
Phosphate (HPO42-):
Role: Phosphate is essential for bone and teeth mineralization, energy production (adenosine triphosphate, ATP), and serves as a component of DNA and RNA.
Source: Found in various foods, including meat, dairy products, nuts, and whole grains.
To prevent these complications and support the body during a water f4st, it is crucial to supplement with electrolytes.
Many people who practice prolonged water f4st!ng or intermittent f4st!ng find it helpful to take electrolyte supplements or consume electrolyte-rich drinks to ensure they maintain proper mineral balance throughout the f4!sting period. However, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any regimen or supplement routine, as individual needs may vary.
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optimal-living-lab · 22 days
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Boost Your Fitness and Performance with the Right Supplements
In the pursuit of improved fitness and performance, many athletes and fitness enthusiasts turn to supplements to give them an edge. While a balanced diet should always be the foundation, certain supplements can complement your training regimen and help you reach your goals faster. Let’s explore some of the most effective supplements for enhancing fitness and performance.
1. Protein Powders
Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth, making it a cornerstone of any fitness program. Protein powders, such as whey, casein, and plant-based options like pea or hemp protein, offer a convenient way to increase your protein intake. They can be consumed as shakes or added to smoothies, providing a quick and easy source of high-quality protein.
2. Creatine
Creatine is one of the most researched supplements for improving strength and power. It works by increasing the body’s stores of phosphocreatine, which helps regenerate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency of cells. This can lead to improved performance during high-intensity activities like weightlifting and sprinting.
3. Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs)
BCAAs, including leucine, isoleucine, and valine, are essential amino acids that play a crucial role in muscle protein synthesis. Supplementing with BCAAs can help reduce muscle breakdown during exercise, enhance recovery, and promote muscle growth.
4. Beta-Alanine
Beta-alanine is a non-essential amino acid that combines with histidine to form carnosine, a compound that helps buffer acid in muscles during high-intensity exercise. By increasing muscle carnosine levels, beta-alanine supplementation may delay fatigue and improve endurance during activities like sprinting and interval training.
5. Caffeine
Caffeine is a well-known stimulant that can enhance performance in various ways. It increases alertness, reduces perceived exertion, and can improve endurance by stimulating the release of adrenaline and mobilizing fatty acids for energy. Caffeine can be consumed in supplement form or obtained from sources like coffee and tea.
6. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oil supplements, have anti-inflammatory properties that can benefit athletes by reducing exercise-induced inflammation and promoting faster recovery. Additionally, omega-3s support cardiovascular health, which is crucial for overall fitness and performance.
7. Vitamin D
Vitamin D plays a vital role in bone health, muscle function, and immune function, making it important for athletes and active individuals. Many people have suboptimal levels of vitamin D, especially those who live in northern latitudes or spend limited time outdoors. Supplementing with vitamin D can help ensure adequate levels for optimal performance and overall health.
8. Electrolytes
Electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium are essential for hydration, muscle function, and nerve signaling. During intense exercise, especially in hot conditions, electrolyte losses through sweat can impair performance and increase the risk of cramping. Electrolyte supplements or sports drinks can help replenish these crucial minerals and maintain electrolyte balance.
9. Nitric Oxide Boosters
Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule that dilates blood vessels, increasing blood flow to muscles and improving nutrient and oxygen delivery. Supplements containing ingredients like citrulline and beetroot extract can enhance NO production, leading to better endurance and performance during workouts.
Conclusion
Supplements can be valuable tools for enhancing fitness and performance when used appropriately alongside a well-rounded diet and training program. However, it’s essential to choose high-quality supplements, stay within recommended dosages, and consult with a healthcare professional or nutritionist if you have any concerns or underlying health conditions. With the right combination of supplements and dedication to your fitness goals, you can maximize your potential and achieve the results you desire.
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greatwyrmgold · 2 months
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Last time, I complained about how resource-intensive early nuclear power would be. However, more experienced Factorio users pointed out that I never cancelled out a crucial "200 seconds" figure in the calculations, which meant my estimates of uranium ore needed were orders of magnitude off.
Also, hooking up a consistent power plant mostly fixed my power problems. But since I want to scale up production soon, I decided to set up nuclear power anyways, so this won't happen again.
Nuclear reactors take a ton of resources, but they're all resources I had in buffer chests at various points. Most of them were in the starter base, but concrete is over in the stone base and sufficient amounts of copper (~1330 plates, by my calculations) are only found in the copper outpost.
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I had a lot of time running around; when not running around, I ordered the bot network to set up new rails to connect the coal mines to the starter base's power plant. Which took way more debugging than it should have, given how long it took me to realize the roboports' construction range was like three tiles short of the last bits of rail I needed to actually connect the coal mine to the rails leading to it...which was literally the only problem with the path...glad I understand rail signals at least...
In related news, I realize heavy oil cracking was nonfunctional due to one (1) missing pipe and it's backed up starter base oil production. But tonight isn't all stupid mistakes. I mined some uranium!
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...emphasis on some.
Uranium is unique. It gets mined half as fast as other ores, you see, and mining it consumes sulfuric acid. In the lower right-hand corner, you can see a couple of chemical plants, one making sulfur and the other turning it into acid. This requires three ingredients: Water, petroleum gas, and iron. Luckily, they're all available just a bit to the southeast.
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Water is easy; I just needed an offshore pump and a bunch of underground pipes. Also a fair number of aboveground pipes for corners and such.
A month ago, I set up a little oil processing station by my stone/rails/concrete outpost, which accidentally doubles as a defensive chokepoint. Back then, I mentioned that the petroleum gas would be used somewhere else in the factory, though at the time I thought that meant "in plastic production or something," but it's conveniently available to deal with a random resource requirement in this corner of the base.
That leaves iron, which is not a liquid. There are a few ways to get iron to the assembler; I considered several options before settling for a basic belt. Once I belted in the iron, I had basically everything I needed to set up Baby's First Nuclear Power Plant:
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Straightforward enough, I think. Processing, sorting, and assembly turn uranium into fuel cells; the reactor turns cells into heat; the heat exchangers turn heat and water into high-temperature steam; the steam turbines turn steam into power.
The storage tank is a way to deal with an edge-case weakness of nuclear power. Basically, nuclear reactors (unlike coal boilers) keep burning their fuel no matter how much or little power is needed. Steam storage tanks mitigate this in two ways. First, they let the nuclear reactor "store" excess energy; the single tank can hold about a minute of unused power production. Second, with a little circuit network know-how, they can be used to estimate whether the nuclear reactor actually needs to run.
As far as I can tell, this design is only missing two things. First, it needs an inserter to remove expended fuel cells; I just forgot to set that up before taking the screenshot above. Second, it needs an inserter to put fresh cells in. That, I left out on purpose.
Somehow, setting up an extra coal plant, fixing coal supply, and leaving the factory mostly alone for a while fixed power. The steam engines and limited solar are providing more than enough power for the factory as it stands, which is a pleasant surprise!
That doesn't mean this was a waste, of course. I'm going to need more power once the main bus is running. But until then, I'm happy to let the centrifuges run. When I quit the game tonight, I had 74 U-238 and zero U-235. I'm happy to leave the machines alone to produce a few 235 before turning the reactor on.
Hopefully, the factory will grow soon.
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energy-5 · 6 months
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The Role of Battery Storage in Solar and Wind
Introduction to Renewable Energy and Storage Challenges
As the world pivots towards sustainable energy, solar and wind power have become pivotal in reducing our carbon footprint. However, the inherent intermittency of these sources – the sun doesn’t always shine, and the wind doesn’t always blow – poses a significant challenge. Battery storage technologies have emerged as the linchpin in this dynamic, offering a way to harness and hold onto the power generated, making renewable energy more reliable and dispatchable.
The Evolution of Battery Storage Technologies
Battery storage has undergone a transformative evolution, from lead-acid batteries to modern lithium-ion and beyond. The advancements in storage capacity, longevity, and efficiency have propelled the use of batteries to new heights. These technologies now enable large amounts of renewable energy to be stored and released on demand, overcoming the unpredictability of wind and solar energy sources.
Balancing the Grid with Battery Storage
One of the most critical roles of battery storage in the context of renewable energy is grid balancing. Batteries can quickly respond to fluctuations in energy demand and generation, a task that is increasingly important as renewables constitute a larger portion of the energy mix. This rapid response capability supports the stability of the grid and prevents power outages, which are crucial for maintaining the flow of electricity to end users.
Enhancing the Efficiency of Renewable Energy Systems
In solar and wind energy systems, batteries act as a buffer, storing excess energy when production outstrips demand and providing energy when there is a shortfall. This not only maximizes the utilization of renewable installations but also significantly increases their efficiency. As a result, renewable energy projects become more financially viable and competitive against traditional fossil fuel sources.
Battery Storage in Residential and Commercial Applications
Beyond large-scale grid applications, battery storage is also revolutionizing how homes and businesses use renewable energy. Residential and commercial battery systems can store solar energy generated during the day for use at night or during peak demand times when electricity rates are higher. This enables energy independence and can lead to substantial cost savings over time.
The Economic and Environmental Impact of Battery Storage
The coupling of battery storage with renewable energy sources also has profound economic and environmental implications. By smoothing out the supply of renewable energy, storage technologies allow for a greater displacement of fossil-fuel-based generation, leading to reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Economically, this integration can lead to lower energy costs, create jobs in the renewable sector, and stimulate technological innovation.
Looking Towards a Sustainable Future with Battery Storage
The role of battery storage is not just transformative; it is foundational for a sustainable energy future. As we continue to innovate and invest in storage technologies, the full potential of solar and wind energy can be unleashed. This will be critical for meeting global energy demands while mitigating the impacts of climate change. The future of renewables is not just dependent on the energy we can harness today but on the energy we can store for tomorrow.
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Acids and bases and fucking buffers SUCK dude
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ribcage-musings · 1 year
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titration lab
when i first learned about titrations
i hated them
equivalence points and pKa’s and molarity calculations
i carved S shaped curves into my mind and still couldn’t understand
what exactly made them work
i am not a patient person
i dreaded sitting there for hours watching the
drip, drip, drip,
of the strong base or acid
one drop at a time, to get an accurate result
one drop the difference between pale success and bold failure
it didn’t take me long to figure out that
one drop is nothing.
we would be here forever if we did what we were supposed to and
took our time
so i turned the stopcock and let it run too long
five mLs, ten mLs
until the solution was solid pink
and my lab report had 200% error.
when you snapped at me for the first time, it was a drop in clear solution.
i am not a patient person. i never swirled my flasks thoroughly enough. i let tens of milliliters of titrant flow out of the burette before i even thought about slowing down.
one time, my lab partner and i forgot to add the indicator
and it took us 40 mLs of sodium hydroxide before we realized something was wrong
one drop of phenolphthalein
and the whole solution bloomed bright pink
sudden and all at once and way too strong
you held a pillow to my face until i begged you to let me breathe.
one drop is nothing.
the solution stays crystal clear
until it rides the S shaped curve up
and approaches the equivalence point
but by then, it is often too late
and i haven’t swirled enough, or been vigilant enough
and instead of disappearing into clear liquid
the phenolphthalein pink stays
bright as cherry lipstick
and the mark blooming on my cheek
the day you hit me was the day i finally figured out titration curves.
weak acids buffer the pH change
when you add a strong base
and they share the same ions
but eventually, add enough base
and the delicate balance is ruined with one drop
hot pink flaring in an erlenmeyer
how much does it take?
five? ten? twenty?
how many drips before i’ve had enough?
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tenth-sentence · 6 months
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When this is the case, the concentrations of both the weak acid and its conjugate base are essentially equal, and the buffer can therefore resist change in pH on the addition of either acid or base.
"Chemistry" 2e - Blackman, A., Bottle, S., Schmid, S., Mocerino, M., Wille, U.
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Okay, so riddle me this:
We have all, at some point in time, run into some incomprehensible edge case of factorio’s extremely opaque and underexplained fluid system, looked up the answer, and seen those gifs of a tank being filled by different modded pipes and the higher capacity pipes are slower, and felt vaguely gaslit by them in a way that is hard to articulate. It is not just unintuitive, but hyper-unintuitive, and also dodging the question. These gifs sort of feel like asserting that blue belts are better because the first items placed on them reach the end of the belt sooner, rather than because more items pass any arbitrary position on the belt per second.
Since, afaik, pressure is not modeled at all and fluid movements in pipes operate on some distant cousin of a creeper sim, it does make some amount of sense that higher capacity pipes would be slower to empty one tank into another. Adjacent fluid boxes seem to equalize based on percent full rather than flat number, otherwise tanks would never fill beyond the capacity of a single pipe section.
But also, “empty this tank not being refilled through a line of pipe entities into another tank not being emptied, exactly once, as fast as possible” is... not actually a situation that ever happens in factorio? Rail tanker unloading is the closest thing but is typically done directly into a buffer tank. But, say, if I’m running into the problem that three maxbeaconed sulfuric acid plants can’t shove all their output through a single pipeline, where it is being consumed constantly by six gorillion maxbeaconed battery plants, why isn’t it helpful to have pipes with higher capacity? Moving all of a fixed amount of stuff is not quite the same as moving a constant throughput (backflow is less of a thing eg.). What actually gives, here?
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cookiedoughentity · 1 year
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Brand: Olive Tree People
Product: Hyaluronic Acid Intuitive Oleuropein Serum
This brand boasts waterless skincare, instead using olive fruit and other super ingredients as the base instead.
Pros:
Very nourishing.
Promotes a dewy appearance.
Absorbs easily.
Very affordable (only 10 bucks)
Cons:
Applying too much may cause irritation. I hypothesize that it's due to the lack of buffering ingredients. Their formulas seem to be simple and straightforward. Patting in a few drops is best.
Consistency might not feel nice to everyone. This serum doesn't feel watery, more of a semi-dry oily liquid. Your feelings may vary.
As with most hyaluronic acid serums, apply to damp skin for maximum effectiveness.
Follow up with a moisturizer.
I like it, just has a slight learning curve is all. I'd prefer no irritation as it does make skin dewy and glowy when it absorbs, but we all react differently.
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healthybetaine · 3 days
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CREATINE
Creatine is a nitrogen-containing organic acid with the chemical formula C4H9N3O2. It naturally exists in vertebrates and can assist in providing energy for muscles and nerve cells.
Creatine, in biochemistry, is a naturally occurring nitrogen-containing organic acid in vertebrates that can help provide energy for muscles and nerve cells. Creatine can be converted into phosphocreatine, making it a part of a system based on arginine and phosphoarginine, which acts on many invertebrates. Due to the presence of this energy transport protein, the ratio of ATP to ADP remains at a high level. This not only ensures high levels of free energy in ATP, but also minimizes the loss of adenosine, which may lead to cellular dysfunction. This high-energy phosphate buffer solution is also known as phosphide.
(1) Can we have the sample?
Yes, we can provide small quantity free sample, but normally freight needs to be collected.
(2) Does your products can be registered in our country?
Yes, we can provide you the necessary documents for your registration in your country and comply to your authority regulations.
Add:Room 1003, Block B, Xiaoshan Science and Technology Innovation Center, Hangzhou Tel:0086-571-83867633 Fax:0086-571-82750399 E-mail:[email protected]
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market-r · 6 days
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Desalting and Buffer Exchange Market Size, Industry Trends and Forecast to 2028
This Desalting and Buffer Exchange market report has been prepared by considering several fragments of the present and upcoming market scenario. The market insights gained through this market research analysis report facilitates more clear understanding of the market landscape, issues that may interrupt in the future, and ways to position definite brand excellently. It consists of most-detailed market segmentation, thorough analysis of major market players, trends in consumer and supply chain dynamics, and insights about new geographical markets. The market insights covered in Desalting and Buffer Exchange report simplifies managing marketing of goods and services effectively.
The desalting and buffer exchange market is expected to significantly gain market growth in the forecast period of 2021 to 2028. Data Bridge Market Research analyses the market to increase at a CAGR of 15.25% in the above-mentioned forecast period.
Download Sample PDF Copy of this Report to understand structure of the complete report @ https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/request-a-sample/?dbmr=global-desalting-and-buffer-exchange-market
Market Overview:
Desalting is a method of detaching from protein and nucleic acid samples for soluble low molecular weight substances. The replacement of one set of buffer salts with another set is buffer exchange. With the help of gel filtration chromatography which is also referred to as size exclusive chromatography, these two processes can be carried out. During the desalination process, chromatographic columns are balanced with water, while the columns are balanced in buffer exchange with buffer salts so either various buffer salts or water replace the salt-containing solution. A solution containing macromolecules is passed through a column packed with resin in the process of gel filtration. Large macromolecules enter the resin pores and pass through the column swiftly. In contrast, when entering the resin pores, smaller macromolecules and buffer salt slow their migration rate through the resin bed. Additionally, during the preparation of biological samples, buffer exchange is an especially important step, as it prepares the sample for downstream implementations.
Some of the major players operating in the Desalting and Buffer Exchange market are Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Avantor Inc., Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., Merck KGaA, Danaher, General Electric Company, REPLIGEN CORPORATION, Sartorius, Agilent Technologies Inc., PhyNexus Inc., Biotage, Norgen Biotek Corp. and Bio-Works Sweden AB among other domestic and global players. Market share data is available for global, North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific (APAC), Middle East and Africa (MEA) and South America separately. DBMR analysts understand competitive strengths and provide competitive analysis for each competitor separately. among others.
Global Desalting and Buffer Exchange Market Scope
The desalting and buffer exchange market is segmented on the basis of technique, product and application. The growth amongst these segments will help you analyse meagre growth segments in the industries and provide the users with valuable market overview and market insights to help them in making strategic decisions for identification of core market applications.
Based on technique, the desalting and buffer exchange market is segmented into filtration, chromatography and precipitation. Filtration is further segmented into ultrafiltration and dialysis. Chromatography is further segmented into size-exclusion chromatography and other chromatography techniques.
Based on product, the desalting and buffer exchange market is segmented into kit, cassettes & cartridges, filter plates, spin columns, membrane filters and other consumables and accessories.
Based on application, the desalting and buffer exchange market is segmented into bioprocess applications, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, CMOS & CROS, academic & research institutes and diagnostic applications.
Browse More About This Research Report @ https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-desalting-and-buffer-exchange-market
Table of Content:
Part 01: Executive Summary
Part 02: Scope of the Report
Part 03: Global Desalting and Buffer Exchange Market Landscape
Part 04: Global Desalting and Buffer Exchange Market Sizing
Part 05: Global Desalting and Buffer Exchange Market Segmentation By Product
Part 06: Five Forces Analysis
Part 07: Customer Landscape
Part 08: Geographic Landscape
Part 09: Decision Framework
Part 10: Drivers and Challenges
Part 11: Market Trends
Part 12: Vendor Landscape
Part 13: Vendor Analysis
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bbursulayn · 8 days
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pH determination of acid,base and buffer solution
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