Galileo's first telescopes 🔭
Galileo's (1564-1642) early telescopes, which he constructed in the early 17th century (around 1609), marked a major advancement in observational astronomy.
These telescopes were based on the principles of existing Dutch telescopes, which had been developed by spectacle makers in the Netherlands.
These early telescopes, known as refracting telescopes, utilized a combination of lenses to gather and focus light, magnifying distant objects. Galileo further refined and improved their design.
The design of Galileo's telescopes typically consisted of a convex objective lens (the primary lens) and a concave eyepiece lens (the secondary lens).
The objective lens collected light from distant objects and converged it to a focal point, forming an image.
The eyepiece lens then magnified this image for the observer to see.
Galileo's telescopes had relatively low magnification power compared to modern telescopes, but they enabled him to make groundbreaking observations.
With these instruments, he made a series of significant discoveries, including:
Observations of the Moon
Galileo observed the rugged, mountainous surface of the Moon, challenging the prevailing belief in its perfect smoothness.
He also noticed the presence of craters and other lunar features.
Sunspots
It revealed that the Sun was not a perfect sphere and that it rotated on its axis
Discovery of Jupiter's moons
He observed four of Jupiter's largest moons, now known as the Galilean moons.
Their discovery provided evidence that not all celestial bodies orbited the Earth, challenging the geocentric model of the universe.
Phases of Venus
Galileo observed the phases of Venus, which he interpreted as evidence for the heliocentric model of the solar system proposed by Copernicus.
This observation suggested that Venus orbits the Sun and not the Earth.
Observation of Saturn
Galileo observed Saturn and its rings, although he was not able to discern the true nature of the rings due to limitations in his telescope's resolving power.
Galileo's telescopes revolutionized astronomy by providing concrete evidence that supported the Copernican heliocentric model of the solar system.
His observations and discoveries contributed to a profound shift in our understanding of the cosmos and laid the foundation for modern observational astronomy.
Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642) was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath.
He was born in the city of Pisa, then part of the Duchy of Florence.
Galileo has been called the "father of observational astronomy, modern-era classical physics, the scientific method, and modern science."
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NASA Juno spacecraft reveals Jupiter's volcanic moon Io like never before in spectacular new images
During its 57th flyby of Jupiter, NASA's Juno spacecraft came closer to the planet's moon Io than any other mission has in the last two decades.
Passing within around 930 miles (1,500 kilometers) of Io, the most volcanic body in the solar system, on Saturday, Dec. 30, 2023, Juno was able to capture stunningly detailed images of the Jovian moon. The only time a spacecraft has come closer to Io was in 2001, when NASA's Galileo spacecraft passed 112 miles (181 kilometers) above Io's south pole.
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Jupiter and its moons rising above a barn
l Brennan Gilmore l Virginia, U.S. (Sept. 16) l from left, Ganymede, Europa, Io, and Callisto
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Jupiter and Saturn and a few of their moons // MAILLARD
Projected onto the disk of Jupiter is its largest moon, Ganymede.
Several moons surround Saturn. Counterclockwise from left to right: Tethys, Dione, a background star, Mimas, Enceladus, Titan, and Rhea.
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the european space agency (ESA) is launching its newest probe tomorrow!
the JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) mission is a space probe designed to make detailed observations of jupiter, as well as its three largest, icy moons: europa, ganymede, and callisto (the other galilean moon, io, isn’t included as it isn’t an ice world, and has zero potential for life).
JUICE will be searching for signs of habitability on these moons, as well as gaining more information on the largest planet in our solar system.
be sure to tune into ESAs youtube channel to watch the launch live at 1pm BST!
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I decided to do some concepts of the Galilean moons in Gacha Life 2 and man am I proud of the results! + some size comparisons.
Europa - II
Io - I
Ganymede - III
Callisto - IV
( Also, these are concepts for if they were characters in Heliosphere: Under The Sky, a webcomic series by Meii_Jasmine!
Make sure to follow the official tumblr page! @heliosphere-underthesky )
Persona chart:
Europa: (They/Them) Also known as Jupiter II, they are very girly, but still are very loyal mages for Jove.
Io: (She/Her) Also known as Jupiter I, even if she's the most messed up from the Galilean moons, she's very kind and caring. [In her ginjika form: the volcanic eruptions in her surface are represented as hunger, so she's kinda ravenous XD)
Ganymede: (They/Them) Also known as Jupiter III, they always think they're on the top of the solar system, just because of their sizes.
Callisto: (She/Her) Also known as Jupiter IV, she's pretty much distracted, adventurous and curious more than objective, but she sure is the smartest of the Galilean Moons!
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