Medieval Scorpions Effortpost
So yesterday I reblogged this post featuring an 11th-century depiction of the Apocalypse Locusts from Revelations, noting the following incongruity as another medieval scorpion issue:
The artist, as you can see, has interpreted "tails like scorpions" as meaning "glue cheerful-looking snakes to their butts".
Anyway, it occurred to me that the medieval scorpion thing might not be as widely known as I think it is, and that Tumblr would probably enjoy knowing about it if it isn't known already. So, finding myself unable to focus on the research I'm supposed to be doing, I decided to write about this instead. I'll just go ahead and put a cut here.
As we can see in the image above, at least one artist out there thought a "scorpion" was a type of snake. Which makes it difficult to draw "tails like scorpions", because a snake's tail is not that distinctive or menacing (maybe rattlesnakes, but they don't have those outside the Americas). So they interpreted "tails like scorpions" as "the tail looks like a whole snake complete with head".
Let me tell you. This is not a problem unique to this illustration.
See, people throughout medieval Europe were aware of scorpions. As just alluded to, they are mentioned in the Bible, and if the people producing manuscripts in medieval Europe knew one thing, it was Stuff In Bible. They're also in the Zodiac, which medieval Europe had inherited through classical sources. However, let's take a look at this map:
That's Wikipedia's map of the native range of the Scorpiones order, i.e., all scorpion species. You may notice something -- the range just stops at a certain northern latitude. Pretty much all of northern Europe is scorpion-free. If you lived in the north half of Europe, odds were good you had never seen a scorpion in your life. But if you were literate or educated at all, or you knew they were a thing, because you'd almost certainly run across them being mentioned in texts from farther south. And those texts wouldn't bother to explain what a scorpion was, of course -- everyone knows scorpions, right? When was the last time you stopped to explain What Is Spiders?
So medieval writers and artists in northern Europe were kind of stuck. There was all this scorpion imagery and metaphor in the texts they liked to work from, but they didn't really know what a scorpion was. Writers could kind of work around it (there's a lot of "oh, it's a venomous creature, moving on"), but sometimes they felt the need to break it down better. For this, of course, they'd have to refer to a bestiary -- but due to Bestiary Telephone and the persistent need of bestiary authors to turn animals into allegories, one of the only visual details you got on scorpions was that they... had a beautiful face, which they used to distract people in order to sting them.
And look. I'm not here to yuck anyone's yum, but I would say that a scorpion's face has significant aesthetic appeal only for a fairly small segment of the population. I'm sure you could get an entomologist to rhapsodize about it a bit, but your average person on the street will not be entranced by the face of a scorpion. So this did not help the medieval Europeans in figuring out how to depict scorpions. There was also some semantic confusion -- see, in some languages (such as Old and Middle English), "worm" could be a general term for very small animals of any kind. But it also could mean "serpent".* So there were some, like our artist at the top of the post, who were pretty sure a scorpion was a snake. This was probably helped along by the fact that "venomous" was one of the only things everyone knew about them, and hey, snakes are venomous. Also, Pliny the Elder had floated the idea that there were scorpions in Africa that could fly, and at least one author (13th-century monk Bartholomaeus Anglicus) therefore suggested that they had feathers. I don't see that last one coming up much, I just share it because it's funny to me.
*English eventually resolved this by borrowing the Latin vermin for very small animals, using the specialized spelling wyrm for big impressive mythical-type serpents, and sticking with the more specific snake for normal serpents.
Some authors, like the anonymous author of the Ancrene Wisse, therefore suggested that a scorpion was a snake with a woman's face and a stinging tail. (Everyone seemed to be on the same page with regards to the fact that the sting was in the tail, which is in fact probably the most recognizable aspect of scorpions, so good job there.) However, while authors could avoid this problem, visual artists could not. And if you were illustrating a bestiary or a calendar, including a scorpion was not optional. So they had to take a shot at what this thing looked like.
And so, after this way-too-long explanation, the thing you're probably here for: inaccurate medieval drawings of scorpions. (There are of course accurate medieval drawings of scorpions, from artists who lived in the southern part of Europe and/or visited places where scorpions lived; I'm just not showing you those.) And if you find yourself wondering, "how sure are you that that's meant to be a scorpion?" -- all of these are either from bestiaries or from calendars that include zodiac illustrations.
11th-century England, MS Arundel 60. (Be honest, without the rest of this post, if I had asked you to guess what animal this was supposed to be, would you have ever guessed “scorpion”?)
12th-century Germany, "Psalter of Henry the Lion". (Looks a bit undercooked. Kind of fetal.)
12th-century France, Peter Lombard's Sententiae. (Very colorful, itsy bitsy claws, what is happening with that tail?)
12th-century England, "The Shaftesbury Psalter". (So a scorpion is some sort of wyvern with a face like a duck, correct?)
13th-century France, Thomas de Cantimpré's Liber de natura rerum. (I’d give them credit for the silhouette not being that far off, but there’s a certain bestiary style where all the animals kind of look like that. Also note how few of these have claws.)
13th-century England, "The Bodley Bestiary". (Mischievous flying squirrel impales local man’s hand, local man fails to notice.)
13th-century England, Harley MS 3244. (A scorpion is definitely either a mouse or a fish. Either way it has six legs.)
13th-century England, Harley MS 3244. (Wait, no, it’s a baby theropod, and it has two legs. (Yes, this is the same manuscript, that’s not an error, this artist did four scorpions and no two are the same.))
13th-century England, Harley MS 3244. (Actually it’s a lizard with tiny ears and it has four legs.)
13th-century England, Harley MS 3244. (Now that we’re at the big fancy illustration, I think I’ve got it — it’s like that last one, but two legs, longer ears, and a less goofy face. Also I’ve decided it’s not pink anymore, I think that was the main problem.)
13th-century England, MS Kk.4.25. (A scorpion is a flat crocodile with a bear’s head.)
13th-century England, "The Huth Psalter". (Wyvern but baby! Does not seem to be enjoying biting its own tail.)
13th-century England, MS Royal 1 D X. (This triangular-headed gentlecreature gets the award for “closest guess at correct limb configuration”. If two of those were claws, I might actually believe this artist had seen a scorpion before, or at least a picture of one.)
13th-century England, "The Westminster Psalter". (A scorpion is the offspring of a wyvern and a fawn.)
13th-century England, "The Rutland Psalter". (Too many legs! Pull back! Pull back!)
13th or 14th-century France, Bestiaire d'amour rimé. (This is very similar to the fawn-wyvern, but putting it in an actual Scene makes it even more obvious that you’re just guessing.)
14th-century Netherlands, Jacob van Maerlant's Der Naturen Bloeme. (More top-down six-legged guys that look too furry to be arthropods.)
14th-century Germany, MS Additional 22413. (That is clearly a turtle.)
14th-century France, Matfres Eymengau de Beziers's Breviari d'amor. (Who came up with that head shape and what was their deal?)
15th-century England, "Bestiary of Ann Walsh". (Screw it, a scorpion is a big lizard that glares at you for trying to make me draw things I don’t know about.)
I've spent way too much time on this now. End of post, thank you to anyone who got all the way down here.
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Think about Harrow's AU Bubbles
Thinking about Harrow's AU bubbles, not as fanfic references, but as expressions of her subconscious fears and desires, is so fascinating.
The Harrow Nova one is pretty obvious. Harrow's parents were obsessed with her being a necromancer, were willing to kill for it. It's only natural she'd wonder, "What if I hadn't been?"
And the answer Harrow gives herself is: Your parents and everyone would reject you (except, wildly, for Crux). Also they'd be alive cuz you'd never opened the tomb, and you'd be an unpopular orphan they'd abuse (Just Like Gideon). And you'd still be just as devoted to serving the Ninth with a blade. There's a lot there. But the other really telling bit is her relationship with Gideon. Harrow Nova professes to hate the reverend daughter even as she seeks to (re) create the necro-cav bond with her. But that hatred doesn't seem to be mutual. And the bit about the daughter intervening when Harrow was whipped…
That's Harrow's subconscious saying if their roles had been reversed, "Gideon would have treated me better than I treated her. Gideon would have protected me."
The Ball AU also seems like a reasonable extension of Gideon's childhood query: "What if my other parent is the most important guy in the universe?" Answer: Emperor Dad would throw a big party.
But also… it's a bride-finding ball! That's so very telling. It could have been anything, but Harrow invents another scenario where she's fighting, competing to get to Gideon, to be awarded the role of her sworn partner (first cav, now bride), while outwardly claiming not to want it.
Now The BARI Star AU often gets described as a "coffee shop" one, but it's actually set in a cohort cafeteria. And normally I wouldn't split hairs over that, but I think the cohort setting is actually really significant. The Cohort was Gideon's dream, and also Harrow's rival for Gideon's attention. It's what she kept trying to leave Harrow for.
So now Harrow dreams that she's left Drearburh to join the cohort and will meet Gideon there. Not fight or compete for a role where they're bound to each other, but just meet her there. That feels like yielding. Like compromise. It makes me think Harrow's subconscious has matured past trying to keep Gideon with her always and is instead looking for ways that SHE can be with Gideon. Meet Gideon where she is.
(Also this may be a stretch, but I always find it low-key funny that Harrow imagines Gideon in the cafeteria… I like to think her brain is skimming lists of hypothetical military jobs like... what sees the least action... ah, coffee-adept, she'll be perfectly safe there...)
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me? wha- never been jealous in my life—
includes : the demon brothers (lucifer, mammon, leviathan, satan, asmodeus, beelzebub, belphegor).
summary : in which he experience some silly, childish jealousy!
warnings : gn! reader. feelings of jealousy/envy from character.
꒰ ✿ ꒱ ─── lucifer
You were just taking Lucifer's advice and getting a tutor, you didn't realize it would be such a big deal. Leaning in closer to the demon to better hear him, you suddenly felt a cool grip on your shoulder. Looking up you see Lucifer giving the poor student the death glare. "You're coming with me," His eyes shifted down to you, and you sigh, packing up your stuff.
When you two were out of the library, you pull away from the grip he had on your wrist. Arms crossed over your chest, you eye him up and down before shaking your head. "Are you okay?"
He stiffens at your words, a small scowl forming. You quirk a brow, before coming to a conclusion. "Oh, don't tell me... were you jealous?" Red eyes widen and wings spread out- but you're not impressed by his little intimidation technique.
"Me?" He guffaws, hand placed on his chest melodramatically. "ME? You think I'm jealous? Ha!" He scoffs, and you can only give an incredulous stare. He clears his throat at your lack of reaction. "I am not jealous. That is a ridiculous notion."
"Yeah, okay." You shake your head. "If you were jealous though, I wouldn't be upset. It's actually kind of funny," You snicker, and he glares at you.
"Well, it's a good think I'm not jealous." You just hum, walking alongside him now.
"Riiiight," You glance over at him, before grinning mischievously. "So, who will tutor me now, hm?" Lucifer looks down at you, before not-so-subtly suggesting himself as your tutor. After all, no one is better than him... Right?
꒰ ✿ ꒱ ─── mammon
"Mammon," You say, your hands cupping his cheek. He looks at you pitifully. If someone were to see his expression they'd surely believe something very serious and heartbreaking was going on. "Mammon, I'm yours."
"Say it again." He pouts, his hands resting over yours. Is he relishing in all your attention now that he's gained it back? Absolutely. Are you growing annoyed at his shamelessness? Absolutely.
"This is the fifteenth time." You sigh, and he just whines. You groan, rolling your eyes before looking him in his eyes again and saying your line with the utmost earnest. "I'm yours, Mammon."
"... Again?"
"Oh my- Mammon, it was a puppy!" Mammon huffs, crossing his arms over his chest and grumbling that it didn't matter what species it was, if you gave anything or anyone more attention than your first man it would be reasonable for him to react in such a way.
Sighing, you reposition yourself on to your knees, now towering over him a little. Cupping his cheeks once more, you pull him into a very passionate, loving kiss- one that, when you pull away, leaves him breathless and dazed.
"Uh... what was... going on?"
"Nothing," You say, pleased, and pressing a kiss to his forehead. "Don't worry about it, okay?"
꒰ ✿ ꒱ ─── leviathan
"Hey, Levi...?" He tenses at your voice, stiffly turning around in his gaming chair to face you. You hesitate to speak, "Uhm... Do you remember that figurine you bought me?" If he could turn into stone right now, he would. "Well, I accidentally lost it somehow? Have you seen it at all?"
Oh, that was it? Levi lets out a shaky, relieved exhale as he turns back around in his gaming chair. "No, I haven't." This is a lie though, Leviathan had managed to get jealous of the figurine that got to stay in your room, by your side, more often than he, so he may or may not have it in one of his drawers, ready to destroy and torture it.
You let out a whine as you drape yourself against the back of his gaming chair, your hands resting on his chest. "'m so sorry Levi, don't be mad, okay? I'll do my best to find it."
Despite the lump in his throat and guilt gnawing at his heart, he takes your hand and presses a kiss to it. "D- Don't worry about it, okay? I'm not upset!" You peak over the chair to see his expression better and- wow, you really can't see any signs of distress!
"Really? Well, okay, but I'll still look for it!" You cheer, turning his chair around and pressing a kiss to his cheek. "After all, it's an important gift from a very special person~"
Ah, Levi's heart can't handle it anymore- you're too precious, and you just claimed he was a very special person! He didn't need to be jealous of that dumb figurine— don't be surprised if you find the figurine on your shelf later!
꒰ ✿ ꒱ ─── satan
How did you manage to score better than him in his favorite subject? Satan stares at your paper, which held the higher grade, with the utmost annoyance. A small scowl was forming on his lips as he continued to burn holes into the paper. You furrow your brows, being able to read him easily.
"Uhm, 'tan?" Snapping out of his angered gaze, he looks up at you, and feels a little guilty. You worked hard, you deserve a good grade... Just not better than him. "Are you okay?"
"... Can I read your essay?" You nod, offering him the paper and he reads it over, nitpicking everything- of course he doesn't say it aloud, though can still practically see smoke coming out of his ears. You sigh, "Are you... Jealous?"
His eyes widen and he looks up at from your paper, scoffing in shock. "No, I-... I'm just very proud." His strained smile and sinister aura tell you otherwise. Gently, you take the paper from him and replace it with yourself. Sitting on his lap, you smile down at him.
"I can give you some tutoring lessons, if you'd like." You tease- a very dangerous thing to do considering. Instead of getting more pissed off though, he just stares up at you before chuckling. A reaction only you can pull off.
"Ah, is that so?" He asks, tilting his head. "Perhaps I need it." He glances at his paper, which holds the lower of the two grades. His grip tightens a bit. Well, if playful teasing didn't distract him it seems you'd need to find another way!
And kisses are truly such a wonderful distraction, are they not?
꒰ ✿ ꒱ ─── asmodeus
Asmodeus is used to others getting jealous of him, or of others being closed to him, but he's never been the one being jealous! It's a very interesting feeling, he'd concluded, as it's hard to breathe and his heart feels like it's getting punched.
Some random demon actually thinks they have a shot with you? It irks him. With a deadly smile, he slinks over to the both of you, before gasping dramatically as he falls against you. "Oh there you are! My beloved, my one and only, my light, my jewel~" He purrs, wrapping his arms around you.
"Oh, hey Asm-" He starts peppering kisses all over your face, and you indulge in them because when Asmodeus is around you truly have no one else on your brain.
Taking a peak, Asmo smirks when the other demon gets visibly uncomfortable and leaves, mumbling embarrassed apologies and curses.
Pulling away from you, you chase after him only to whine when he presses his pointer finger against your lips. He sends you a wink, "Don't worry, you'll receive plenty more later." You nod, taking his hand and smiling gently at him.
"Should we head to class then?"
"Mmhm~" Asmo smiles, proud of himself that you don't remember that nobody from earlier!
꒰ ✿ ꒱ ─── beelzebub
Beelzebub feels ridiculous, he really shouldn't be jealous but when he sees the way his fellow teammates are staring at you in the stands, that ugly feeling bubbles up in his chest. You're waving at him, smiling so brightly it could blind him!
You then hold out your hand for the players to high five, as a 'good job' for all their hard work practicing for an upcoming game, and the players had lined up ready to receive said precious high five- but before anyone could move another inch, Beel was in front of you and had high fived your hand before taking hold of it, interlocking his fingers.
"Huh? Beel? Are you okay?" You ask, worried. His head is hung, mostly because he's trying to hide the blush that's painting his cheeks and ears. He's a little embarrassed for acting in such a manner. Cold to his teammates, and so quick to take action to make it known that you're with him.
"Yeah, I'm alright," He lifts his head, looking up at you with furrowed brows. "Uhm... Well..."
"Yeah?" You encourage, waiting patiently for him to sort out his feelings. You give his hand a gentle squeeze, reassuring him, and he lets out a weak sigh.
"Keep... Keep your eyes only on me, okay?"
Now it's your turn to blush. A bit shocked by his sudden possessive words- although definitely not upset- you nod. "O- Okay! I will!" You squeeze his hand again before retracting it. "Good job practicing today, Beel!" Ruffling his hair, you can't help but admire that cute flustered expression he holds. Even when he's jealous, he's adorable!
꒰ ✿ ꒱ ─── belphegor
"It was a dreeeam!" You shake his shoulders, and he groans and grunts with each shake. He still refuses to speak, though, and avoids your eyes. He's being so pouty and whiny over nothing!
"Belphie, I swear," You drop him and he lands against his plush pillows. You fall on top of him and he grunts against, damn you. "You're always so mean to me, I didn't even do anything."
"Well in my dream you did." He sneers, holding his nose up high. At least he spoke to you! That's progress! You perk up and scoot closer to his face, giving him your best attempt of puppy dog eyes.
"Belphie I would never, ever entertain someone else!" You assure, "So stop being pouty," You start peppering kiss all over his face. "If I could," You mumble against his skin, "I'd beat up dream me for flirting with someone else and then kiss dream you and reassure dream you."
Belphie's eyes widen and he scoffs. "Oh? So you want to kiss dream me and not real me?" You pull back. Is he... being serious right now? Was he even aware of how many kisses you just planted on his face? Also is he seriously jealous of 'dream him'?
You frown, collecting your thoughts quickly. "No! I mean, if dream you isn't real you, the no I wouldn't kiss dream you! I'm only going to kiss my Belphie!"
He stares at you for a second, before smiling. Ah, it seems you've reached the right answer! Rejoicing in getting Belphegor to not be a whiny demon anymore, you wrap your arms around him tightly and close your eyes. That was exhausting, time for a nap!
꒰ ❀ ꒱ thank you for reading. have a wonderful day, darling!
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