Tumgik
#jay baumann
theoniprince · 3 months
Text
Kann es sein, dass ich gerade Jay-Lou gezeichnet habe? Ja! 8D Aber es endete trotzdem damit, dass ich cute Team Hörnchen mit großen Augen zeichnete XDDD Egal... an Jay mache ich definitv nochmal weiter. Muss wieder mehr weibliche Figuren zeichnen.
Vllt auch Esther x Jay - einfach weil!
Warm up sketch:
Tumblr media
27 notes · View notes
therealroli · 3 months
Text
Tumblr media
HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO MEEE!!!! As you can see I am spending my birthday with some of my favorite characters(that is not all of them tho)
16 notes · View notes
petrichxriii · 3 months
Text
BlackBile compendium
content that caters to myself and myself only 🌼
BlackBile is about people navigating life and trying to understand love. *Except they are all dysfunctional in one way or another and insane.And someone goes missing. | playlist | board
Characters:
There are two main families; the Riveras and the Alinacs. Their families are business rivals, but there's an Alinac for every Rivera and vice versa. Soulmates even. If you want to go that far (most of them do)
RIVERAS:
Teresa Ashburn (53|185.4cm|Divorced|Board) || Hugo Rivera (48|177.8cm|Divorced (still in love))
Abigail Rivera (28|172.5|It's complicated (she's a whore)| Board|playlist)
Mariana Rivera (18|165.5| With Derek Alinac|Board|playlist)
Miguel Rivera (18|198.8|with Kitty Miller|Board|playlist)
Abel Rivera (15|175.6|Board) || Cain Ashburn (15|175.6|Board)<these cunts are twins they never met. teresa is insane ok
^The riveras children all share a birthday remnant of their past universe where they were cursed amen. ♥ just quirky girl things
ALINACS:
(they belong to my pookie 🐛)
Eamon Alinac | Danica Alinac | Viktor Alinac | Damien Alinac | Derek Alinac | Alban Alinac | Riley Burr
OTHERS:
Eric Miller | Kitty Miller | Connor Alinac (previously Price) | Blue (Reuben Locke) | Brooke Reyes | Růžena Bianchi
Alexis Spencer | Anastasia Spencer | Andrei Burke | Antoinette Delisle | August Lazare | Aria Gravina | Barb | Belle Hemlock | Billie | Cassandra Basri | Chava Gallo | Chae-won Paek | Cheetz | Clarke Higgins | Connie | Corin | Dani King | Dee | Elias Hemlock | Gabriel Sukarto | Haneul Baumann | Ivan Hemlock | Jai (Min Léi) | Jaiden | Kendrick | Matty Higgins | Marcus Holt | Natalie Grant | Noel | Noemi Gravina | Piper Holt | Reo (Rebecca) Locke | Robbie | Roise | Roman Garcia | Sawyer | Sid | Yanick Ross | Yolanda Kaldor | Zachary Kaldor | Zephyr Huang
Brother the characters.
RELATIONSHIPS;
"official" : Mariana&Derek (Marilac) | Abi&Damo (Dabi) | Vik&Connor (Vikcon) | Kitty&Miguel (Kitkat)
"exes" (these bitches r never truly over one another): Abi&Blue (Blubi) | Marcus&Brooke (Marke) | Clarke&Damo (clarien) | Dani&Chae | Zach&Clarke
budding...? ; Ruz&Damien (B&d {buttercups and dandelions}) | Brooke&Blue (Bloo) | Miguel&Alban (Millie) | Kitty&Roman (bikerbabez) | Miguel&Kitty&Roman&Albie | Eric&Gabe (Gabric) | Barb&Chae (Carb) | Cheetz&Yan | Yan&Barb | Yan&Roise | Roise&Roman | Baumann&Dani | Cass&Zeph (Hyrdra) | Alexis&Nat | Eamon&Antoinette | Clarke&Dee | Kendrick&Sawyer
these cunts are soulmates . but theyre not together but they are . but they're not. but they should be and everyone else know it.: Abi&Vik (Vibi)
you are going to HELL: Abi&Eric (Abic) | Connor&Blue (Clue)
Just friends :)? : Mari&Kitty (Cherrysours) | Zeph&Damo (Zamo) | Chava&Sid&Nat | Ruz&Noel
I'm sure i forgot some and theres complexities but can you see. can you see why I'm insane.
OTHER UNIVERSES:
TENDONS | MARROW | KALAKAS
cementum | fovea | gracillis | shojo | alveoli | capitate | C v World clr
6 notes · View notes
satelliteduster · 1 year
Text
when jay baumann of rlm said "i dont think there's been a television character that's affected me in the same way that laura palmer has" me but with josef from the creep movies
2 notes · View notes
ttownpromoc · 6 days
Text
Tumblr media
YOU ARE WANTED!!
Colin O'Donoghue, Sasha Pieterse, Rebecca Rittenhouse, Jon Bernthal, Billie Lourd, Jamie Dornan, Finn Cole, Adam Levine, Ken Baumann, Jai Courtney, Blake Anderson, Danai Gurira, Jayson Tatum, Joseph Morgan, Kate Mara, Josh Peck, Kristen Stewart, Kristen Wiig, Stella Maxwell, Natalia Dyer
WELCOME TO TINSELTOWN!!
The place where dreams can be made, and hearts can be broken. Living in the public eye isn’t always as glamorous as it seems from the outside. Don’t forget, that spotlight you love so much - it illuminates everything, including your flaws. Between the gossip, tabloids, and grudges this town chews people up and spits them out day after day. The trials and tribulations of the Hollywood elite are unlike any other, it’s impossible to relate unless you're one of them. The high paced, sometimes high stress can get to a person, causing them their careers. Others thrive on it. What will happen to you? Do you have what it takes to make it?
0 notes
twins2994 · 23 days
Text
O's Top Twins 11-3.
Twins 3 Orioles 11 W-Rodriguez (3-0) L-Paddack (0-1)
The Minnesota Twins have been tested with some good teams early in the season. The Orioles flexed their muscles in a win last night and Game 2 was tonight in Baltimore. The Orioles struck first in the second as Colton Cowser led-off with a single to right and James McCann doubled him home. Gunnar Henderson then crushed a Chris Paddack slider out to right for a two-run homer to put Baltimore up by three in a hurry. The Orioles got back to work in the third when Ryan O'Hearn and Cedric Mullins singled. Colton Cowser plated a run with an RBI groundout and Jordan Westburg smacked a Chris Paddack slider out to left to extend the Baltimore lead to six. The O's weren't done yet as Jackson Holliday walked and James McCann singled. Gunnar Henderson hit a run-scoring single to left and the rout was on. The Twins would find some offense in the fourth as Alex Kirilloff reached on a fielder's choice. Byron Buxton tripled him home and the Twins were on the board. The Orioles countered as Anthony Santander singled and reached second on a groundball. Colton Cowser singled home another run and the Baltimore lead was back to seven. The Twins inched closer in the sixth as Ryan Jeffers lined a one-out double to right. Alex Kirilloff singled him home to pull Minnesota within six. The Orioles got that run back with a Adley Ruschman single and a wild pitch. Anthony Santander greeted Caleb Thielbar with a run-scoring single to left to put the O's back up by seven. The Orioles weren't done yet as Ryan O'Hearn smoked a Jay Jackson slider out to right for a two-rn homer in the eighth. The Twins didn't go away quietly in the ninth with a Jair Camargo walk and Trevor Larnach single to right. Jose Miranda lined a run-scoring single to center and the Twins pulled within eight. Mike Baumann retired the next three men and the Orioles picked up the series win tonight at home.
-Final Thoughts- Chris Paddack got knocked around tonight. He gave up nine runs on twelve hits over 5 1/3 innings with two strikeouts. Caleb Thielbar got the final two outs of the sixth and Jay Jackson allowed two runs over two innings with three strikeouts. Ryan Jeffers stayed hot with two more hits on the night. The Twins hit 2-for-10 with runners in scoring position and left six men on base. Trevor Larnach was called up and Matt Wallner was optioned to St. Paul. Tomorrow, Pablo Lopez will start for the Twins. Tyler Wells will be scratched from his start for the Orioles.
-Chris Kreibich-
0 notes
Jay
Read here: Jay
by DisappointingSalad
Jay und Esther sind eigentlich zusammen, doch das Geheimnis, dass Esther in der Kneipe eröffnen muss, erschüttert Jay.
Words: 967, Chapters: 1/1, Language: Deutsch
Fandoms: Tatort (TV 1970)
Rating: Teen And Up Audiences
Warnings: Creator Chose Not To Use Archive Warnings
Categories: F/F
Characters: Esther Baumann, Jay-Lou, Leo Hölzer
Relationships: Esther Baumann/Jay-Lou
Additional Tags: Secrets, Relationship Discussions, Episode: Die Kälte der Erde, i felt vibes between Esther and Jay, and now i'm gonna spend tomorrow on a solid five hours of sleep or so, more like four i think
from AO3 works tagged 'Leo Hölzer'
0 notes
kayla1993-world · 2 years
Text
Blue Jays riding 4-game win streak as they take on O's
The Toronto Blue Jays have showcased their depth late in the season, and it goes beyond the pitching. The pitching has been one of the brightest spots for the playoff-bound Blue Jays, who secured the American League's top wild-card position after the Seattle Mariners fell to the Detroit Tigers on Monday night. Toronto's next assignment comes Tuesday night against the host Baltimore Orioles. The Blue Jays (91-69) are riding a four-game winning streak. They've tapped into all sorts of resources. Toronto has won seven of its last nine games, allowing no more than three runs in each of those victories. It doesn't look as if Blue Jays outfielder Lourdes Gurriel Jr. will be ready before the end of the regular season as he deals with a hamstring injury. He'll get in some pregame work Tuesday to see how it feels. The Orioles (82-78) is hoping to add another highlight or two to what has looked like a breakthrough season. However, they are in the midst of a dismal stretch, tallying seven losses in their last 10 games. Adley Rutschman was named the Most Valuable Oriole on Monday, a rare honor for a rookie. As voted on by the media covering the team, he became the third rookie to receive that distinction. He joined the team thanks to a May 21 promotion. The Orioles are without closer Felix Bautista for this final series after Hyde announced that he was going on the injured list with an ailing left knee. He notched 15 saves, becoming the closer after the trade-deadline deal that sent Jorge Lopez to the Minnesota Twins. Toronto leads the season series against the Orioles 9-8 with two games to play. That included Monday night's series opener, a 5-1 win for the Blue Jays in a game that ended in the top of the eighth inning because of inclement weather. The Blue Jays will try to get it done again with right-hander Mitch White (1-6, 5.21 ERA). He was the losing pitcher in a Sept. 6 game against Baltimore, surrendering five runs in 2 1/3 innings in his only career meeting with the Orioles. The Orioles go with right-hander Mike Baumann (1-3, 4.34) as their starting pitcher. This will be his 17th appearance in the major leagues across parts of two seasons. It's the fourth time he'll take on Toronto and he's 0-1 in the three prior appearances, one start, with an 8.10 ERA. Last month he faced the Blue Jays twice, taking a loss while giving up three runs in five innings followed by a no-decision after two shutout innings in relief. The Orioles go with right-hander Mike Baumann (1-3, 4.44) as their starting pitcher. This will be his 17th appearance in the major leagues across parts of two seasons. It's the fourth time he'll take on Toronto, and he's 0-1 in his three prior appearances, one start, with an 8.10 ERA. Last month, he faced the Blue Jays twice, taking a loss while giving up three runs in five innings, followed by a no-decision after two shutout innings in relief.
0 notes
wee-toe · 2 years
Text
Tumblr media Tumblr media Tumblr media Tumblr media Tumblr media Tumblr media Tumblr media Tumblr media Tumblr media
re:View of Enemy Mine, might delete later, probably won’t x
33 notes · View notes
dontforget2wipe · 6 years
Photo
Tumblr media
Harley Quinn
52 notes · View notes
theimaginauts · 4 years
Photo
Tumblr media
ARIA
Art by JAY ANACLETO
Color by MOOSE BAUMANN
8 notes · View notes
boardchairman-blog · 5 years
Text
Oscar Predictions 2019
Best Picture
BlacKkKlansman
Black Panther
Bohemian Rhapsody
The Favourite
Green Book
If Beale Street Could Talk
Roma
A Star Is Born
Vice
Best Director
Bradley Cooper- A Star Is Born
Alfonso Cuarón- Roma
Yorgos Lanthimos- The Favourite
Spike Lee- BlacKkKlansman
Adam McKay- Vice
Best Actor
Christian Bale- Vice
Bradley Cooper- A Star Is Born
Ethan Hawke- First Reformed
Rami Malek- Bohemian Rhapsody
Viggo Mortensen- Green Book
Best Actress
Yalitza Aparicio- Roma
Glenn Close- The Wife
Olivia Colman- The Favourite
Lady Gaga- A Star Is Born
Melissa McCarthy- Can You Ever Forgive Me?
Best Supporting Actress
Amy Adams- Vice
Emily Blunt- A Quiet Place
Regina King- If Beale Street Could Talk
Emma Stone- The Favourite 
Rachel Weisz- The Favourite 
Best Supporting Actor
Mahershala Ali- Green Book
Adam Driver- BlacKkKlansman
Sam Elliot- A Star Is Born
Richard E. Grant- Can You Ever Forgive Me?
Michael B. Jordan- Black Panther
Best Original Screenplay
The Favourite- Deborah Davis and Tony McNamara
First Reformed- Paul Schrader
Green Book- Nick Vallelonga, Brian Hayes Currie and Peter Farrelly
Roma-  Alfonso Cuarón
Vice- Adam McKay
Best Adapted Screenplay
BlacKkKlansman- Charlie Wachtel & David Rabinowitz and Spike Lee & Kevin Willmott
Black Panther- Joe Robert Cole and Ryan Coogler
Can You Ever Forgive Me?-  Nicole Holofcener and Jeff Whitty
If Beale Street Could Talk- Barry Jenkins
A Star Is Born- Eric Roth and Bradley Cooper & Will Feters
Best Animated Feature
Incredibles 2
Isle of Dogs
Mirai
Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2
Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse
Best Documentary Feature
Free Solo
Minding the Gap
RBG
Three Identical Strangers
Won’t You Be My Neighbor?
Best Foreign Language Film
Burning (South Korea)
Capernaum (Lebanon)
Cold War (Poland)
Roma (Mexico)
Shoplifters (Japan)
Best Original Score
Terrence Blanchard- BlacKkKlansman
Nicholas Britell- If Beale Street Could Talk
Ludwig Göransson- Black Panther
Justin Hurwitz- First Man
Marc Shaiman- Mary Poppins Returns
Best Original Song
“All the Stars” from Black Panther- Music & Lyrics by Kendrick Lamar, Anthony Tiffith, Mark Spears, Solana Rowe and Al Shichburgh 
“Girl in the Movies” from Dumplin’- Music & Lyrics by Dolly Parton and Linda Perry 
“I’ll Fight” from RBG- Music & Lyrics by Dianne Warren
“The Place Where the Lost Things Go” from Mary Poppins Returns- Music by Marc Shaiman; Lyrics by Scott Wittman and Marc Shaiman 
“Shallow” from A Star Is Born- Music & Lyrics by Lady Gaga, Mark Ronson, Anthony Rossomando and Andrew Wyatt 
Best Cinematography 
Alfonso Cuarón- Roma 
Matthew Libatique- A Star Is Born
Robbie Ryan- The Favourite
Linus Sandgren- First Man 
Łukasz Żal- Cold War
Best Film Editing
BlacKkKlansman- Barry Alexander Brown
First Man- Tom Cross
Roma-  Alfonso Cuarón and Adam Gough
A Star Is Born- Jay Cassidy
Vice- Hank Corwin
Best Costume Design
Ruth E. Carter- Black Panther
Julian Day- Bohemian Rhapsody
Sandy Powell- The Favourite
Sandy Powell- Mary Poppins Returns
Mary E. Vogt- Crazy Rich Asians
Best Production Design
Black Panther- Hannah Beachler (PD); Jay Hart (SD)
The Favourite- Fiona Crombie (PD); Alice Felton (SD)
First Man- Nathan Crowley (PD); Kathy Lucas (SD)
Mary Poppins Returns- John Myhre (PD); Gordon Sim (SD)
Roma-  Eugenio Caballero (PD); Barbara Enriquez (SD)
Best Sound Editing
Black Panther- Benjamin A. Burtt and Steve Boeddeker
First Man-  Ai-Ling Lee and Mildred Iatrou Morgan
Mission: Impossible- Fallout- James H. Mather
A Quiet Place- Ethan Van Der Ryn and Erick Aadahl 
Roma- Sergio Díaz and Skip Lievsay
Best Sound Mixing
Black Panther- Steve Boeddeker, Brandon Proctor and Peter Devlin
Bohemian Rhapsody- John Casali, Paul Massey and Tim Cavagin
First Man- Mary H. Ellis, Jon Taylor, Frank A. Montaño and Ai-Ling Lee
A Quiet Place- Michael Barosky and Brandon Proctor 
A Star Is Born- Steve Morrow, Tom Ozanichdean, Dean Zupancic and Jason Ruder
Best Makeup and Hairstyling
Mary Queen of Scots- Jenny Shircore 
Stan & Ollie- Mark Coulier and Jeremy Woodhead
Vice- Kate Biscoe, Patricia DeHaney, Greg Cannom and Chris Gallaher
Best Visual Effects
Avengers: Infinity War- Dan Deleeuw, Kelly Poty, Russell Earl and  Dan Sudick 
Black Panther- Geoffrey Baumann, Jesse James Chisholm, Craig Hammack and Dan Sudick
First Man- Paul Lambert, J.D. Schwalm, Ian Hunter and Tristan Myles
Ready Player One- Roger Guyett, Grady Coffer, Matthew E. Butley and David Shirk
Solo: A Star Wars Story
Overall Nominations
Black Panther- 10
A Star Is Born- 10
The Favourite- 9
Roma- 9
First Man- 7
Vice- 7
BlacKkKlansman- 6
Bohemian Rhapsody- 4
Green Book- 4
If Beale Street Could Talk- 4
Mary Poppins Returns- 4
Can You Ever Forgive Me?- 3
A Quiet Place- 3
Cold War- 2
First Reformed- 2
RBG- 2
16 notes · View notes
ucsfarchives-blog · 5 years
Text
Memory Lives On: Documenting the HIV/AIDS Epidemic - Call for proposals extended to June 17
Submit a proposal: http://tiny.ucsf.edu/A2nohy
Memory Lives On: Documenting the HIV/AIDS Epidemic is an interdisciplinary symposium exploring and reflecting on topics related to archives and the practice of documenting the stories of HIV/AIDS. 
The task of documenting the history of HIV/AIDS and thinking about the present and future of the epidemic is daunting. The enormity and complexity of the stories and perspectives on the disease, which has affected so many millions of patients and families around the world, present significant challenges that demand continual reexamination. Questions of "what do we collect and from where" and "whose stories do we know best."  The ways in which we handle documentary evidence and produce knowledge from that evidence has profound effects on a huge range of social, economic and health outcomes. In examining and reflecting on our knowledge of the history of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and its future, we hope to improve our understanding of the true effects of the disease, and what it can teach us about future epidemics.
The program committee invites submissions for presentations addressing the HIV/AIDS epidemic from the wide-ranging perspectives of historians, archivists and librarians, artists, journalists, activists and community groups, scientific researchers, health care providers, and people living with HIV. We invite proposals from individuals with diverse experience and expertise on the HIV/AIDS epidemic in scholarship, research and advocacy. Proposals will be considered in a variety of forms including paper presentations, panel discussions and posters. 
The Symposium will take place in Byers Auditorium in Genentech Hall at the UCSF Mission Bay Campus in San Francisco, October 4th and 5th 2019.  The program will be an afternoon session and evening reception the first day, followed by a full day of presentations the second. 
The Program Committee has identified the following themes to consider when developing your proposal, though we encourage creativity and experimentation in exploring themes, partnerships, and narrative ideas. 
Documenting the epidemic: Gaps, silences and unheard voices
Creating an interdisciplinary narrative of an epidemic
Silent no more: Community, caretaker and patient stories 
The San Francisco Bay Area’s Response to the AIDS Epidemic 
Biomedical story: From mystery disease to cure 
From local to global: Learning from AIDS to address future epidemics
The Program Committee welcomes proposals for individual papers, panel discussion and posters. Individual papers with a similar focus will be assembled into a single session by the program committee. Usually 3-4 papers are included in a session.
To allow adequate time for questions and discussion,  panels should be limited to four participants in addition to a chair/facilitator.
Please include the following in your complete proposal
Session title if submitting a full panel proposal (of no more than 20 words)
Session abstract if submitting a full panel proposal (up to 500 words)
Short session abstract for the program if submitting a full panel proposal (up to 50 words)
Paper or poster or presentation titles (if any), and names of corresponding presenters
 Biographical paragraph for each presenter
 E-mail address for each participant
 Affiliation, city, state, and country for each participant
 Social media handles or web addresses for each participant (optional)
 Audiovisual needs
Special accommodation needs
The deadline for submissions is June 17. We will notify presenters if their proposal has been accepted by July 22. 
Memory Lives On
Program Committee
Monica Green, Ph.D.,  Professor of History, Arizona State University
Victoria Harden, Ph.D., Director (retired) of the Office of NIH History
Richard  McKay, DPhil,  Wellcome Trust Research Fellow, University of Cambridge
Barbara A. Koenig, Professor of Medical Anthropology & Bioethics in the Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Institute for Health & Aging and Head of UCSF Bioethics Program
Jay Levy, MD, Professor UCSF School of Medicine
Eric Jost, Digital Marketing Manager, SF AIDS FoundationJon Cohen, Staff writer for Science Magazine
Mark Harrington, Executive Director, Treatment Action Group
William Schupbach, Wellcome Library
Jason Baumann, Susan and Douglas Dillon Assistant Director for Collection Development and Coordinator of Humanities and LGBT Collections, NYPL
Polina Ilieva, Head of Archives & Special Collections, UCSF Library
Submit a proposal:
http://tiny.ucsf.edu/A2nohy
For any inquiries contact David Krah
 More information about the UCSF AIDS History Project:
https://www.library.ucsf.edu/archives/aids/
Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/events/2289554314666452/
3 notes · View notes
goalhofer · 2 years
Text
2022 Olympics All-Name Team
Skiing
River Radamus (U.S.A.)
McHenry Forehand (U.S.A.)
Jasper Good (U.S.A.)
Decker Dean (U.S.A.)
Harutyan Harutyunyan (Armenia)
Mikayel Mikayelyan (Armenia)
Hugo Hinckfuss (Australia)
Seve De Campo (Australia)
Manuel Feller (Austria)
Michael Matt (Austria)
Jan Hörl (Austria)
Yahor Shpuntau (Belarus)
Dries Van Den Broecke (Belgium)
Simon Kammerlander (Bolivia)
Strahinja Erić (Bosnia & Herzegovina)
Manex Silva (Brazil)
Albert Popov (Bulgaria)
Kamen Zlatkov (Bulgaria)
Broderick Thompson (Canada)
Miha Fontaine (Canada)
Teal Harle (Canada)
Mikaël Kingsbury (Canada)
Matthew Soukup (Canada)
Luděk Šeller (Czech Republic)
Čestmír Kožíšek (Czech Republic)
Shannon-Ogbnai Abeda (Eritrea)
Alvar Alev (Estonia)
Artti Aigro (Estonia)
Riikka Honkanen (Finland)
Joni Mäki (Finland)
Severi Vierelä (Finland)
Otto Niittykoski (Finland)
Blaise Giezendanner (France)
Maxence Muzaton (France)
Nils Allègre (France)
Maurice Manificat (France)
Adrien Backscheider (France)
Renaud Jay (France)
François Place (France)
Gaël Blondeau (France)
Soso Japharidze (Georgia)
Romed Baumann (Germany)
Simon Jocher (Germany)
Andreas Sander (Germany)
Janosch Brugger (Germany)
Vinzenz Geiger (Germany)
James Clugnet (Great Britain)
Richardson Viano (Haiti)
Kékesi Márton (Hungary)
Sturla Snorrason (Iceland)
Snorri Einarsson (Iceland)
Brendan Newby (Ireland)
Dominik Paris (Italy)
Maicol Rastelli (Italy)
Giandominico Salvadori (Italy)
Iacopo Bortolas (Italy)
Raffaele Buzzi (Italy)
Ryo Hirose (Japan)
Baba Naoto (Japan)
Sherzod Khashyrbayev (Kazakhstan)
Dmitriy Reiherd (Kazakhstan)
Elie Tawk (Lebanon)
Marco Pfiffner (Liechtenstein)
Vytautas Strolia; Jr. (Lithuania)
Tautvydas Strolia (Lithuania)
Modestas Vaičiulis (Lithuania)
Rodolfo Dickson (Mexico)
Achbadrakh Batmönkhiin (Mongolia)
Eldar Salihović (Montenegro)
Yassine Aouich (Morocco)
Maarten Meiners (The Netherlands)
Finn Bilous (New Zealand)
Miguel Porteous (New Zealand)
Atle McGrath-Lie (Norway)
Rasmus Windingstad (Norway)
Pål Golberg (Norway)
Sjur Røthe (Norway)
Tormod Frostad (Norway)
Jarl Riiber (Norway)
Dominik Bury (Poland)
Kamil Bury (Poland)
Andrzej Szczechowicz (Poland)
Szczepan Kupczak (Poland)
Stefan Hula; Jr. (Poland)
Dawid Kubacki (Poland)
Denis Spitsov (R.O.C.)
Igor Omelin (R.O.C.)
Raul Popa (Romania)
Andrei Feldorean (Romania)
Miha Hrobat (Slovenia)
Nejc Naraločnik (Slovenia)
Boštjan Kline (Slovenia)
Vili ��rv (Slovenia)
Vid Vrhovnik (Slovenia)
Lovro Kos (Slovenia)
Cene Prevc (Slovenia)
Timi Zajc (Slovenia)
Jaume Pueyo (Spain)
Adur Etxezarreta (Spain)
Imanol Rojo (Spain)
Marcus Grate (Sweden)
Jesper Tjäder (Sweden)
Walter Wallberg (Sweden)
Beat Feuz (Switzerland)
Marco Odermatt (Switzerland)
Daniel Yule (Switzerland)
Dario Cologna (Switzerland)
Candide Pralong (Switzerland)
Valerio Grond (Switzerland)
Colin Wili (Switzerland)
Joos Berry (Switzerland)
Noé Roth (Switzerland)
Pirmin Werner (Switzerland)
Kim Gubser (Switzerland)
Killian Peier (Switzerland)
Yohan Goutt-Gonçalves (East Timor)
Ayşenur Duman (Turkey)
Oleksandr Okipniuk; Jr. (Ukraine)
Yevhen Marusiak (Ukraine)
Komiljon Tukhtaev (Uzbekistan)
------------------------------
Novie McCabe (U.S.A.)
Megan Nick (U.S.A.)
Winter Vinecki (U.S.A.)
Darian Stevens (U.S.A.)
Devin Logan (U.S.A.)
Jaelin Kauf (U.S.A.)
Hannah Soar (U.S.A.)
Jakara Anthony (Australia)
Taylah O’Neill (Australia)
Eva Pinkelnig (Austria)
Dahria Beatty (Canada)
Cendrine Browne (Canada)
Flavie Aumond (Canada)
Brittany Phelan (Canada)
Alexandria Loutitt (Canada)
Abigail Strate (Canada)
Hongyun Ran (China)
Kexin Zhang (China)
Leona Popović (Croatia)
Barbora Nováková (Czech Republic)
Romane Miradoli (France)
Mélissa Gal (France)
Perrine Laffont (France)
Pia Fink (Germany)
Sabrina Cakmakli (Germany)
Katie Summerhayes (Great Britain)
Maria-Eleni Tsiovolou (Greece)
Hólmfríður Friðgeirsdóttir (Iceland)
Noa Szőllős (Israel)
Anita Gulli (Italy)
Jole Galli (Italy)
Miki Kodama (Japan)
Kokone Kondo (Japan)
Kseniya Shalygina (Kazakhstan)
Nadezhda Stepashkina (Kazakhstan)
Janbota Aldabergenova (Kazakhstan)
Ayaulym Amrenova (Kazakhstan)
Olessya Grauer (Kazakhstan)
Samanta Krampe (Latvia)
Baiba Bendika (Latvia)
Gabrielė Leščinskaitė (Lithuania)
Gwyneth Ten-Raa (Luxembourg)
Mialitiana Clerc (Madagascar)
Jenise Spiteri (Malta)
Ariunsanaagiin Enkhtuul (Mongolia)
Ragnhild Mowinickel (Norway)
Lotta Udnes-Weng (Norway)
Tiril Udnes-Weng (Norway)
Ragnhild Haga (Norway)
Maiken Caspersen-Falla (Norway)
Sandra Eie (Norway)
Johanne Killi (Norway)
Silje Opseth (Norway)
Maryna Gąsienica-Daniel (Poland)
Karolina Kukuczka (Poland)
Weronika Kaleta (Poland)
Monika Skinder (Poland)
Nikola Mazur (Poland)
Kamila Stormowska (Poland)
Kinga Rajda (Poland)
Vanina Guerillot (Portugal)
Liliya Vasilya (R.O.C.)
Hristina Matsokina (R.O.C.)
Yuliya Stupak (R.O.C.)
Eseniia Pantiukhova (R.O.C.)
Anastasiia Prytkova (R.O.C.)
Ksenia Orlova (R.O.C.)
Lyubov Nikitin (R.O.C.)
Viktoriia Lazarenko (R.O.C.)
Anastasiia Pervushina (R.O.C.)
Irina Avvakumova (R.O.C.)
Lőrincz Tímea (Romania)
Daniela Haralambie (Romania)
Maruša Saioni (Slovenia)
Meta Hrovat (Slovenia)
Nika Križnar (Slovenia)
Da-Som Han (South Korea)
Hanna Aronsson-Elfman (Sweden)
Hilma Lövblom (Sweden)
Elsa Fermbäck (Sweden)
Moa Olsson (Sweden)
Ebba Andersson (Sweden)
Jasmine Flury (Switzerland)
Laurien Van Der Graaff (Switzerland)
Saskja Lack (Switzerland)
Fanny Smith (Switzerland)
Özlem Çarikçioğlu (Turkey)
Valiantsina Kaminskaya (Ukraine)
Olha Polyuk (Ukraine)
Biathlon
Leif Nordgren (U.S.A.)
Mikita Labastau (Belarus)
Dzmitry Lazouski (Belarus)
Tom Lahaye-Goffart (Belgium)
Blagoy Todev (Bulgaria)
Dimitar Gerdzhikov (Bulgaria)
Mikuláš Karlík (Czech Republic)
Kalev Ermits (Estonia)
Raido Ränkel (Estonia)
Émilien Jacquelin (France)
Benedikt Doll (Germany)
Campbell Wright (New Zealand)
Tarjei Bø (Norway)
Sturla Holm-Lægreid (Norway)
Johannes Bø (Norway)
Grzegorz Guzik (Poland)
Šimon Bartko (Slovakia)
Jakov Fak (Slovenia)
Lovro Planko (Slovenia)
Rok Tršan (Slovenia)
Timofey Lapshin (South Korea)
Peppe Femling (Sweden)
Joscha Burkhalter (Switzerland)
Anton Dudchenko (Ukraine)
Bogdan Tsymbal (Ukraine)
------------------------------
Laurent Egan (U.S.A.)
Dunja Zdouc (Austria)
Lotte Lie (Belgium)
Emily Dickson (Canada)
Markéta Davidová (Czech Republic)
Ukaleq Slettemark (Denmark)
Susan Külm (Estonia)
Tuuli Tormingas (Estonia)
Samuela Comola (Italy)
Galina Vishnevskaya-Sheporenko (Kazakhstan)
Baiba Bendika (Latvia)
Alla Ghilenko (Moldova)
Ingrid Landmark-Tandrevold (Norway)
Kinga Zbylut (Poland)
Uliana Nigmatullina (R.O.C.)
Täpp Nilsson (Sweden)
Yuliia Dzhima (Ukraine)
Bobsleigh
Markus Glück (Austria)
Justin Kripps (Canada)
Dorian Hauterville (France)
Christian Rasp (Germany)
Shanwayne Stephens (Jamaica)
Nimroy Turgott (Jamaica)
Ashley Watson (Jamaica)
Rolando Reid (Jamaica)
Edgars Nemme (Latvia)
Dāvis Spriņģis (Latvia)
Boris Vain (Monaco)
Ivo De Bruin (The Netherlands)
Rostislav Gaitiukhevich (R.O.C.)
Aleksei Laptev (R.O.C.)
Mihai Țentea (Romania)
Ciprian Daroczi (Romania)
Luca Rolli (Switzerland)
Shakeel John (Trinidad & Tobago)
Axel Brown (Trinidad & Tobago)
-------------------------------------
An Vannieuwenhuyse (Belgium)
Christine De Bruin (Canada)
Mariama Jamanka (Germany)
Montell Douglas (Great Britain)
Jazmine Fenlator-Victorian (Jamaica)
Karlien Sleper (The Netherlands)
Anastasiia Makarova (R.O.C.)
Nadezhda Sergeeva (R.O.C.)
Katharina Wick (Romania)
Yoo-Ran Kim (South Korea)
Lidiia Hunko (Ukraine)
Luge
Wolfgang Kindl (Austria)
Justin Snith (Canada)
Toni Eggert (Germany)
Mārtiņš Bots (Latvia)
Roberts Plūme (Latvia)
Aleksandr Gorbatcevich (R.O.C.)
Semen Pavlichenko (R.O.C.)
Darius-Lucian Şerban (Romania)
Matej Zmij (Slovakia)
Jozef Ninis (Slovakia)
Svante Kohala (Sweden)
Ihor Stakhiv (Ukraine)
-------------------------
Andrea Vötter (Italy)
Doina Descalui (Moldova)
Tove Kohala (Sweden)
Skeleton
Alexander Schlintner (Austria)
Alexander Gassner (Germany)
Axel Jungk (Germany)
----------------------------------
Brogan Crowley (Great Britain)
Laura Deas (Great Britain)
Alina Tararychenkova (R.O.C.)
Yulia Kanakina (R.O.C.)
Snowboarding
Cody Winters (U.S.A.)
Red Gerard (U.S.A.)
Dusty Henricksen (U.S.A.)
Hagen Kearney (U.S.A.)
Andreas Prommegger (Austria)
Max Parrot (Canada)
Darcy Sharpe (Canada)
Éliot Grondin (Canada)
Radek Houser (Czech Republic)
Rene Rinnekangas (Finland)
Liam Tourki (France)
Loan Bozzolo (France)
Léo Le Blé-Jacques (France)
Merlin Surget (France)
Umito Kirchwehm (Germany)
Huw Nightingale (Great Britain)
Louie Vito III (Italy)
Emiliano Lauzi (Italy)
Filippo Ferrari (Italy)
Tiarn Collins (New Zealand)
Marcus Kleveland (Norway)
Mons Røisland (Norway)
Ståle Sandbech (Norway)
Dmitry Karlagachev (R.O.C.)
Tit Štante (Slovenia)
Rok Marguč (Slovenia)
Gian Casanova (Switzerland)
Nevin Galmarini (Switzerland)
--------------------------------
Tessa Maud (U.S.A.)
Audrey McManiman (Canada)
Meryeta O’Dine (Canada)
Šárka Pančochová (Czech Republic)
Vendula Hopjáková (Czech Republic)
Carola Niemelä (Finland)
Melissa Peperkamp (The Netherlands)
Zoi Sadowski-Synnot (New Zealand)
Cool Wakushima (New Zealand)
Weronika Biela-Nowaczyk (Poland)
Queralt Castellet (Spain)
Ladina Jenny (Switzerland)
Patrizia Kummer (Switzerland)
Lara Casanova (Switzerland)
Sina Siegenthaler (Switzerland)
Speed Skating
Emery Lehman (U.S.A.)
Bart Swings (Belgium)
Gilmore Junio (Canada)
Ted-Jan Bloemen (Canada)
Jordan Belchos (Canada)
Long Sun (China)
Quentin Fercoq (France)
Farrell Treacy (Great Britain)
Luca Spechenhauser (Italy)
Yuri Confortola (Italy)
Tommaso Dotti (Italy)
Michelle Malfatti (Italy)
Abzal Azghaliyev (Kazakhstan)
Denis Kuzin (Kazakhstan)
Roberts Krūzbergs (Latvia)
Itzhak De Laat (The Netherlands)
Dylan Hoogerwerf (The Netherlands)
Jens Van’t Wout (The Netherlands)
Sjinkie Knegt (The Netherlands)
Kjeld Nuis (The Netherlands)
Hein Otterspeer (The Netherlands)
Merijn Scheperkamp (The Netherlands)
Håvard Holmefjord-Lorentzen (Norway)
Peder Kongshaug (Norway)
Hallgeir Engebråten (Norway)
Zbigniew Bródka (Poland)
Daniil Eybog (R.O.C.)
June-Seo Lee (South Korea)
Ander Mirambell (Spain)
Oleh Handei (Ukraine)
--------------------------------
Maame Biney (U.S.A.)
Yauheniya Varabyova (Belarus)
Danaé Blais (Canada)
Kexin Fan (China)
Valentina Aščić (Croatia)
Francesca Lollobrigida (Italy)
Kikuchi Yūki (Japan)
Selma Poutsma (The Netherlands)
Yara Van Kerkhof (The Netherlands)
Sanne In’t Hof (The Netherlands)
Femke Kok (The Netherlands)
Irene Schouten (The Netherlands)
Ragne Wiklund (Norway)
Natalia Czerwonka (Poland)
Olga Fatkulina (R.O.C.)
Evgeniia Lalenkov (R.O.C.)
A-Lang Kim (South Korea)
Figure Skating
Jean-Luc Baker (U.S.A.)
Keegan Messing (Canada)
Cheng Peng (China)
Magyar Márk (Hungary)
Ha'nyū Yuzuru (Japan)
Dmitrii Kozlovskii (R.O.C.)
Gleb Smolkin (R.O.C.)
Nikolaj Majorov (Sweden)
---------------------------------
Ashley Cain-Gribble (U.S.A.)
Madison Chock (U.S.A.)
Piper Gilles (Canada)
Eva-Lotta Kiibus (Estonia)
Gabriella Papadakis (France)
Karina Safina (Georgia)
Lilah Fear (Great Britain)
Ioulia Chtchetinina (Hungary)
Hailey Kops (Israel)
Uno Shōma (Japan)
Ye-Lim Kim (South Korea)
Young You (South Korea)
Hockey
David Warsofsky (U.S.A.)
Nick Perbix (U.S.A.)
Matty Beniers (U.S.A.)
Strauss Mann (U.S.A.)
Lee Stecklein (U.S.A.)
Jincy Dunne (U.S.A.)
Corban Knight (Canada)
Ben Street (Canada)
Adam Tambellini (Canada)
Owen Power (Canada)
Adam Cracknell (Canada)
Mélodie Daoust (Canada)
Sarah Nurse (Canada)
Ashton Bell (Canada)
Emerance Maschmeyer (Canada)
Jamie Rattray (Canada)
Paris O’Brien (China)
Parker Foo (China)
Zhang Zesen (China)
Spencer Foo (China)
Rudi Ying (China)
Brandon Yip (China)
Qinan Zhao (China)
Leah Lum (China)
Taylor Lum (China)
Ronald Knot (Czech Republic)
David Sklenička (Czech Republic)
Hynek Zohorna (Czech Republic)
Lukáš Klok (Czech Republic)
Roman Will (Czech Republic)
Tomáš Zohorna (Czech Republic)
Viktorie Švejdová (Czech Republic)
Lenka Serdar (Czech Republic)
Pavlína Horálková (Czech Republic)
Vendula Přibylová (Czech Republic)
Noemi Neubauerová (Czech Republic)
Frederik Storm (Denmark)
Matthias Martini-Asperup (Denmark)
Jesper Jensen (Denmark)
Mathias Bau-Hansen (Denmark)
Silke Lave-Glud (Denmark)
Michele Brix-Nielsen (Denmark)
Amanda Normann-Refsgaard (Denmark)
Sofia Blüthgen-Skriver (Denmark)
Emma-Sofie Mohrsen-Nordström (Denmark)
Julie Funch-Østergaard (Denmark)
Ville Pokka (Finland)
Hannes Björninen (Finland)
Harri Säteri (Finland)
Teemu Hartikainen (Finland)
Iiro Pakarinen (Finland)
Sini Karjalainen (Finland)
Sanni Rantala (Finland)
Sanni Vanhanen (Finland)
Minnamari Tuominen (Finland)
Sanni Hakala (Finland)
Jenniina Nylund (Finland)
Korbinian Holzer (Germany)
Matthias Płachta (Germany)
Danny Aus Den Birken (Germany)
Fabio Wagner (Germany)
Lean Bergmann (Germany)
Fujimoto Nana (Japan)
Shiga Aoi (Japan)
Kārlis Čukste (Latvia)
Patriks Ozols (Latvia)
Roberts Mamčics (Latvia)
Renārs Krastenbergs (Latvia)
Lauris Dārziņš (Latvia)
Rihards Bukarts (Latvia)
Mārtiņš Karsums (Latvia)
Kaspars Daugaviņš (Latvia)
Rodrigo Ābols (Latvia)
Uvis Balinskis (Latvia)
Ralfs Freibergs (Latvia)
Kristers Gudļevskis (Latvia)
Jānis Jaks (Latvia)
Deniss Smirnovs (Latvia)
Kristaps Zīle (Latvia)
Gints Meija (Latvia)
Sergei Plotnikov (R.O.C.)
Alexander Samonov; Jr. (R.O.C.)
Damir Sharipzyanov (R.O.C.)
Egor Yakovlev (R.O.C.)
Anton Slepyshev (R.O.C.)
Arseni Gritsyuk (R.O.C.)
Nikita Nesterov (R.O.C.)
Nikita Gusev (R.O.C.)
Fanuza Kadirova (R.O.C.)
Alexandra Vafin (R.O.C.)
Oxana Bratishev (R.O.C.)
Maríya Sorókina (R.O.C.)
Yelena Dergachyova (R.O.C.)
Landysh Falyakhova (R.O.C.)
Šimon Nemec (Slovakia)
Tomáš Jurčo (Slovakia)
Miloš Roman (Slovakia)
Branislav Konrád (Slovakia)
Mislav Rosandić (Slovakia)
Marko Daňo (Slovakia)
Libor Hudáček (Slovakia)
Kristián Pospíšil (Slovakia)
Joakim Tömmernes (Sweden)
Lucas Wallmark (Sweden)
Magnus Hellberg (Sweden)
Sven Lander (Sweden)
Jonathan Pudas (Sweden)
Mathias Bromé (Sweden)
Jacob De La Rose (Sweden)
Ebba Berglund (Sweden)
Felizia Wikner-Zienkiewicz (Sweden)
Anna Kjellbin (Sweden)
Sara Hjalmarsson (Sweden)
Reto Berra (Switzerland)
Joren Van Pottelberghe (Switzerland)
Fabrice Herzog (Switzerland)
Enzo Corvi (Switzerland)
Joël Vermin (Switzerland)
Gaëtan Haas (Switzerland)
Stefanie Wetli (Switzerland)
Rahel Enzler (Switzerland)
Sinja Leemann (Switzerland)
Saskia Maurer (Switzerland)
Caroline Spies (Switzerland)
Keely Moy (Switzerland)
Curling
Hunter Church (U.S.A.)
Tomáš Paul (Czech Republic)
Bobby Lammie (Great Britain)
Hammy McMillan; Jr. (Great Britain)
Torger Nergård (Norway)
Magnus Vågberg (Norway)
Anton Kalalb (R.O.C.)
---------------------------------
Kaysha Love (U.S.A.)
My Larsen (Denmark)
Jasmin Lander (Denmark)
Yulia Portunova (R.O.C.)
Galina Arsenkina (R.O.C.)
Bygg Mabergs (Sweden)
Esther Neuenschwander (Switzerland)
0 notes
andyfan7896 · 2 years
Text
mRNA疫苗接种在欧美的伦理困境:强制和助推哪个更道德?
自疫情爆发以来,整个欧美社会因为对于防控措施的激烈纷争,使得原已充满裂痕的社会更加撕裂。各国政府本以为新型mRNA疫苗快速投产使用,会使感染数字迅速下降,社会生活恢复正常,社会撕裂得以弥合。不过,当疫苗在全社会大规模施打以后,它对病毒感染防御的效果远不如实验数据表现的那么漂亮。这使得对整个防疫政策的选择又重新退回到了十字路口。为了控制病毒的传播,降低住院率、重症率和死亡率,西方各国政府在提高疫苗接种率上下足了功夫。各种变相强制疫苗接种政策也带来了一系列伦理学上的讨论。不过,对于疫苗这类自然科学问题,任何伦理学上的思想实验必须基于循证科学/医学(evidence-based science/medicine)的最新成果。不同的循证科学结论会引发截然不同的伦理学上的判断。正因为mRNA疫苗这项新技术从循证医学的角度来看尚有太多的不确定性,所以,它导致了伦理学讨论中巨大的对立。本文试通过强制接种和助推两个话题,对这场争论管中窥豹。
群体免疫作为强制接种的前提
Tumblr media
今年7月底,瑞士圣加仑大学经济伦理研究所的两位教授博硕纳(Thomas Beschorner)和科尔马(Martin Kolmar)在德国的《时代在线》(Zeit Online)上发表了一篇题为《对未接种者的歧视在伦理上是合理的》评论文章。这篇标题耸动的文章一经发表就在德语媒体上炸开了锅。虽然,论战的导火索是“歧视”问题,但是,全文主要讨论的话题是关于疫苗的强制接种。从题目中我们就不难看出两位教授对此的态度,即支持疫苗的强制接种。而这一话题无疑是所有关于mRNA疫苗争论中最具火药味的一个。
从医学伦理学的角度看,支持强制接种理由主要有三条:1)密尔的“伤害原则”。在《论自由》中有一段著名的话,“权力能够违背文明共同体任何成员的意志而对他进行正当干涉的惟一目的,便在于防止他对于他人的伤害”。接种疫苗不仅是自我保护,也是对他人的保护。个人如果不接种疫苗,会对社区中的其他人产生伤害,尤其是那些无法实现自我保护的人(因医疗禁忌无法接种的人或者由于免疫系统的障碍接种后不能产生预期免疫力的人);2)达成群体免疫。它是指在社区中很高比例的人获得了免疫力以后,大大降低了传染病在社区中的流行,使那些没有接种疫苗的人也受到了间接保护。社区中任何一个人决定拒绝接种疫苗,都不会影响群体的保护,但如果很多人都做出这样的选择,群体免疫力最终会被削弱,社区就会受到疾病爆发的伤害。由于群体免疫的不可排除性和非竞争性,牛津大学的生物伦理学家朱比利尼(Alberto Giubilini)将群体免疫称作社会共同利益;3)防止搭便车。因为群体免疫是社会的共同利益,所以达到群体免疫力的责任应由社会个体成员平均分担才是公平的,以避免某些人搭便车。可以看到,这三条伦理学原则其实是围绕着群体免疫展开的。如果疫苗接种不能产生群体免疫,也就是说,病毒可以继续在社区中传播,那么,接种者依然可以伤害到别人。因此,伤害原则也就不成立。作为社会共同利益的群体免疫一旦不能实现,也就不存在搭便车问题了。
在《歧视》一文中,两位作者主要援引了“伤害原则”作为强制接种的前提。为了弱化强制接种给人的不良印象,他们小心翼翼地区分了“义务接种”(Impfpflicht)和“强制接种”(Impfzwang)。并且认为,无论是从功利主义还是从康德的义务伦理学出发,都可以轻易地推导出这种接种义务。国家强制仅仅是一个监管性的力量,只有当人们不履行自己的道德责任时,监管性的力量才开始启动,而伤害原则正是政府干预的合法性来源。不过,他们也认同,任何有关疫苗的伦理学讨论,必须基于疫苗的医学证据。文中提到了,接种义务成立所需的三个医学前提:1)疫苗对接种者的副作用极其有限;2)与其他措施相比,接种疫苗的成本效益比(Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse)是最好的;3)接种疫苗不仅可以减少自己患病的概率,而且可以大大减少第三方的感染。两位教授自信地认为,“这三个条件的科学证据是明确的”。对这三个条件的肯定评估,成为了大多数支持强制mRNA疫苗接种的哲学家们进行伦理学讨论的医学基础。然而,这三个条件绝非如两位哲学家所言在科学上是证据明确的。由此,强制接种的伦理学基础也一起被动摇了。
mRNA疫苗的安全性问题一直争议不断。拒绝接种者或者接种迟疑者会从两方面发起了挑战。首先,他们质疑现在所报告的副作用和死亡案例都大大被低估了。其次,拒绝接种者担心疫苗未来可能会出现的长期影响。10月底拜仁慕尼黑队的当家球星基米西(Joshua Kimmich)卷入了一场舆论风暴中。他在一个访谈中透露了,因为担心疫苗可能出现的长期影响,至今没有接种。关于这一问题,医学界存在着两种截然不同的声音。
Tumblr media
2021年11月3日,美国俄亥俄州,当地儿童开始接种新冠疫苗。
正因为有如上的不确定性因素,所以,在考虑mRNA疫苗接种的时候,必须在不同年龄段接种的风险-收益上做出权衡。根据现有的大量数据表明,病毒对人的威胁随着年龄的减小急剧减弱(80岁以上老人的感染死亡率<IFR>为8%左右,9岁以下儿童的死亡率仅为0.0016%),而接种疫苗的风险随着年龄的减小而增加。所以,某个年龄点是风险-收益比的临界点。这也是欧美各国在给出未成年人疫苗接种建议时非常谨慎的原因。仅仅从风险-收益的角度来看并不适宜强制所有人接种。因此,来自牛津大学的三位学者(Alberto Giubilini, Sunetra Gupta, Carl Heneghan)呼吁,不应针对儿童实施COVID-19疫苗强制接种,而应实现重点保护的疫苗接种策略(a focused protection vaccination strategy)。孩子们不应该被当作成年人达到群体免疫的工具。他们在这次大流行病中,已经被牺牲得太多了。
虽然普林斯顿大学的著名生物伦理学教授辛格(Peter Singer)也从个人风险-收益的框架出发,论证了强制COVID-19疫苗接种的合理性。但是,他的论证没有考虑到风险-收益在不同年龄段的差异。辛格用安全带理论作例子。他认为,在很多时候,人们无法正确评估对自己非常小的风险。鉴于强制系安全带的成本可以忽略不计,对自身利益的合理计算表明,不系安全带是不合理的。这个强制规定让成百上千万人避免了因自己不合理的行为而后悔。辛格教授同样以这个逻辑论证了强制疫苗的合理性。不过,安全带的例子并不适合挪用到mRNA疫苗的接种上。首先,安全带是零风险的,而mRNA疫苗则不是;其次,安全带对所有年龄段人的风险-收益比是相同,而疫苗则有巨大的差异。
此外,从安全性(风险)的角度来说,还有一条更简单的伦理学依据来反驳强制接种,即现在的mRNA疫苗依然处于实验阶段。你不能强制每个人都参加一项医学实验,或者说参加一项医学实验不能成为人的义务。瑞士伦理学家鲍曼·霍茨勒(Ruth Baumann-Hölzle)女士在接受各家媒体采访时,反复强调了这一点。
相较于疫苗的安全性问题,疫苗无法减少第三方感染,更轻易地摧毁了强制接种的基础。现在全球已经有了几十亿剂的mRNA疫苗接种量,但是,病毒的传播并没有如预想的那样停下来。在英国航空母舰伊丽莎白女王号上,全舰1600名官兵完全接种疫苗,严格遵守卫生规则,但依然有100人感染了病毒。全民疫苗接种率达到85%的新加坡,现在正在经历自疫情爆发以来最为严重的感染波。9月底在《欧洲流行病学杂志》(European Journal of Epidemiology)上发表的一篇最新研究概括性地解释了上述现象。该研究分析了来自全世界68个国家和美国 2947个县的数据。作者得出了初步的结论,无论是在县一级,还是在国家一级的层面上,较高的疫苗接种率并没有带来较低的病毒感染率。
由于mRNA疫苗较弱的感染保护力,这也彻底改变了接种伦理学的讨论方式。斯坦福大学的流行病学教授巴塔查亚(Jay Bhattacharya)认为,在Moderna和辉瑞公司生产的mRNA疫苗并不能促成群体免疫的情况下,接种疫苗更多关涉的是个人利益(疫苗能大大降低重症率和死亡率),而非社会共同利益。所以,它只是个人健康问题,而不是公共健康问题。政府官员没有更大的道德权威来规定接种疫苗,就像他们不会干涉癌症病人的化疗那样。波恩大学病毒研究所所长斯特雷克(Hendrik Streeck)教授在他为德国《世界报》撰写的长篇评论文章中,也表达了类似的观点,“我们经常从政客的口中听到,未接种要对死者负责。这样的说法是错的。接种者和未接种者,我们都处在大流行病中。我们都可以继续传播病毒……疫苗是对自己的保护,而不是对他人的保护”。既然无法保护他人,每个个人也就没有接种疫苗的社会义务。
不过,帝国理工大学发表在《柳叶刀》上的一项最新研究显示,疫苗突破性感染患者的病毒载量与未接种者相当,但前者的病毒载量下降显著快于后者。由这一新的发现,又会引起新的接种伦理的争论:这一新的研究是否为强制接种又多添了一份依据?因为,虽然接种患者也会同样的传播病毒,但是他们的传播时间较未接种者大大缩短了,公共健康问题是否又回来了呢?笔者在此不想进行更为复杂的讨论了。
当然,也会有人从医疗资源占用的角度反驳这样的观点。他们会认为,即使mRNA疫苗无法促成群体免疫,疫苗接种也是一个公共健康问题,而不仅是一个个人健康问题。因为,感染的病人可能会占用过多的医疗资源,影响其它病人接受治疗的权利。然而,这样的观点可能是开启潘多拉魔盒的钥匙。因为,吸烟也会造成大量病人,占用大量的医疗资源。根据世卫组织的统计数字,全球每年因为烟草死亡的人数超过800万(其中有120万非吸烟者死于二手烟雾)。高盐高糖的饮食习惯也会导致大量的住院治疗病例。由于这些不良生活习惯每年所导致的对医疗系统的占用可能超过了新冠病人。如果以占用医疗资源为理由,推行疫苗的强制接种。那么,基于相同的理由,是否也要强制关闭所有的烟草公司?是否也要强制对所有人每日的糖、盐摄入量进行管理呢?
助推(Nudge)和疫苗接种
在《歧视》一文中,两位作者所提到的“歧视”,实际上是一种“助推”手段。比如,政府通过给未接种者在进入公共生活方面设置障碍,以此“激励”他们接种疫苗。由于强制接种在伦理学上无法成立,助推就成了提高接种率的最佳手段了。“助推”最早是由两位来自芝加哥大学的教授泰勒(Richard Thaler)和桑斯坦(Cass Sunstein)提出的一套有关行为经济学和行为科学的理论。在《助推:如何做出有关健康、财富与幸福的最佳决策》一书中,他们指出,个人的选择通常不是在真空中发生的,它们通常是由一个选择框架所塑造的。助推就是利用了这种框架,在环境上进行细微的改变,使得有利于预期结果的认知过程(行为和选择)被自动激发出来。比如,超市将巧克力等儿童喜欢的食物放在他们的视线高度,以助推他们的购买。在现实生活中,商业机构、政府和各类机构组织正通过各种廉价和简便的助推的手段,来改变他们服务对象的行为和选择,以此诱导出对于双方来说最为积极合理的结果。当然,这种行为科学上的诱导手段是非强迫性的。
2010年在英国成立的“行为洞察小组”(BIT)是全世界第一个“将行为科学应用于政策的政府机构”。在与政府和其他利益相关者的合作中,该团队希望利用行为洞察来“改善人们的生活和社区”。在一份名为“心智空间:通过公共政策影响行为”的文件中,全面介绍了BIT部署的心理学方法。他们认为这些策略可以实现“以低成本、低痛苦的方式‘诱导’公民……通过顺应我们的思维和行为方式,来采取新的行动方式。”此次抗击大流行病的过程中,在英国的顶级专家团队——危机科学顾问委员会(SAGE)旗下,也有一个名为SPI-B的行为洞察小组。该小组主要通过信息传递来实施助推。他们传递的信息主要包括恐惧(放大感知到的威胁水平)、内心的羞耻感(将遵守防疫规则塑造成一种新的美德)和同伴的压力(由同伴向不遵守规则的人施加压力)。
Tumblr media
2021年9月22日,英国泰恩纽卡斯尔,学生接种疫苗。英国国家医疗服务体系(NHS)和当地学龄疫苗服务中心开始根据英国四位首席医疗官的建议,为12至15岁的儿童接种新冠疫苗。
在进入助推和疫苗接种的讨论以前,笔者将简要描述一下由恐惧的助推所带来的效果以及它产生的后果。在一份2020年3月SPI-B的会议纪要中记录着如下的内容,“需要提高对个人威胁的感知水平……有必要使用强硬的情感信息”。 类似的用词也出现在德国内政部的一份文件中,“为了达到预期的震慑效果(gewünschte Schockwirkung)”,我们必须采取以下的叙事:“许多重病患者被亲属带到医院,他们被拒之门外,在家中痛苦地死去。”多项研究数据显示,2020年德国医院病床的占用率是过去几年最低的。行为科学家们知道,受惊吓的人容易顺从。因此,我们可以看到,恐惧不仅仅是疫情的意外副产品。它是政府的一项政策,即通过制造恐惧,来诱导人们遵守防疫规定。主流媒体在传递这种恐惧信息时扮演着重要的角色。不仅在英国,欧美各家媒体都通过巧妙的数字和图像的择取,不间断地传递着恐惧的信息。
奥地利萨尔茨堡大学的心理学教授沙布斯(Manuel Schabus)的一项研究也证实了主流媒体作为一种助推工具是非常有效的。它成功地放大了人们对于风险的感知。沙布斯对不同年龄段的约4000名德国人做了一次大型的问卷调查。根据随后的统计分析,他发现受访者对感染后演变成重症的风险高估了7至38倍(欧美其它国家也有类似的研究,得出了相似的结论)。这个问卷中,有一个非常独特的问题:他询问了受访者获取疫情信息的来源。研究结果发现,从公共(主流)媒体获取信息的人对风险的错估,比那些从私人(独立)媒体获取信息的人高了3倍。
然而,恐惧宣传的奏效却带来意想不到的反作用。根据CDC的一项对美国COVID-19住院病例的大型分析研究表明,肥胖、糖尿病并发症和焦虑/恐惧是造成重症病例的最强风险因素。媒体的恐惧助推是否间接导致了很多人死于COVID-19呢?另外,像在英国这类西欧大国,每个国家都有不止百万的心理疾病患者。持续的“恐惧宣传”让这部分患者的健康状况恶化。欧洲的多数心理诊所和精神病院都出现了分流(Triage)——只有那些有严重自杀倾向或者自杀未遂者才能得到医疗上的帮助。这种出于“善意”的助推原本想通过恐惧来改变人的行为,最终减少人的感染和死亡。在现实操作中,它到底减少了死亡,还是增加了死亡,这可能是一个永远难以评估的问题。当然,这种助推带来了不容否认的伦理问题。在人们不知情的情况下,将他们拖入了一场巨大的社会心理实验中,直接或间接地严重损害了他们的健康。这是否变相地违反了纽伦堡法典(Nürnberger Kodex)中的重要原则,即医疗实验受试者的主体自愿原则?另外,政府是否能为了保护高危群体,而让年轻人陷于危险之中呢(研究表明年轻人受心理疾病的影响远远超过老年人)?
鉴于mRNA疫苗的实验性,以及它并不能实现群体免疫,强制接种并没有伦理学上的基础。所以,各国政府只能采取各式各样的助推手段,以提高全民疫苗接种率。然而,“助推之父”泰勒教授今年8月在《纽约时报》上发表了一篇评论文章,提出了令人略感吃惊的观点。在文中他说,为了提高COVID-19疫苗的接种率,仅用助推的方式是不够的,必须用一些强制性的手段。按照泰勒教授的定义,助推是在没有限制或经济激励的情况下温和地引导人们。所以,现在所采取的很多政策——为接种者提供免费的餐食,现金奖励,限制未接种者参加公共生活——都超越了助推最经典的定义。不过,在过往的医学伦理学的讨论中,“助推”概念的边界已经被学术界拓宽了。朱比利尼提到,“与泰勒和桑斯坦的定义相比,我们可以更广泛地考虑激励和限制的概念。”所以,在本文中,除了彻底的强制接种,其它各种限制(变相强制接种)或经济激励都被视作是一种疫苗助推。
从表面上看,助推相较于强制接种对人的自由限制更少,但是,如果仔细探究两者背后的伦理学假设的话,我们会得出一个完全不同的结论。强制接种基于密尔的“伤害原则”,而助推预设了一种“自由意志的家长制”(libertarian paternalism)。伤害原则强调了,只要一个人的行为没有伤害到他人,政府就无权采取任何干涉行动。而家长制则认为,人在很多时候都无法做出最有利于自己和社会利益的选择。所以,政府有必要出于实现利益最大化的考虑,对人的行为做出适当的干涉。然而,这种软性的家长制(soft paternalism)似乎为无孔不入的对自由和权利的干涉打开了大门。因此,究竟是助推接种,还是强制接种更加侵犯人的自由,这在伦理学上也不是没有分歧的。
支持助推更具侵犯性的学者会认为,强制接种在道德上更可取。比如,波恩大学哲学系教授加布里埃尔(Markus Gabriel)相信,“比起我们现在通过各种技巧控制人们的行为,温柔或不那么温柔地试图让人们接种疫苗,为德国人明确规定的强制接种疫苗好得多”。强制接种最多只是侵犯了人的一项权利,而助推则可能带来对各种权利的侵犯——进入公共场所,使用公共交通,工作和接受教育等等。况且,根据现有的疫苗的医学数据来看,强制接种在伦理学上并不是完全站不住脚的。当然,另有一些学者完全从医学伦理的角度出发,依然认为助推对自由的影响更小。朱比利尼依然坚持,助推接种符合公共卫生伦理学中的“最小限制性原则”。该原则包涵两层意义,首先,以最低程度强制政策,实现群体免疫(如果群体免疫是可能的话);其次,以最小的接种人口实现群体免疫。如果只从医学角度考虑,比起强制接种,助推手段还是一种更小限制的措施。
Tumblr media
2021年8月9日,德国柏林,当地民众在柏林Arena Treptow疫苗接种中心,边听音乐边等待接种新冠疫苗。
当然,助推接种不仅仅带来医学伦理和社会政治伦理之间的张力。同时,它在医学伦理内部也掀起了波澜。首先,疫苗助推可能与知情同意原则相违背。SPI-B的专家组成员,伦敦大学学院的心理学家摩根(Gavin Morgan)对助推有一段简短的反思,“英国国民医疗服务体系(NHS)所有发布的大流行信息都征求了Nudge单位的意见。这不仅仅是为了使沟通更清晰,也是为了以‘看不见的手’的方式进行助推。我担心的是操纵的问题。从我的角度来看,助推的问题在于它有一个既定的议程。它们不只是提供信息,而是在一个方向上有明确的目标,这有可能会误导”。这样的“议程”——提高接种率,也出现在了接种的助推中。
为了达到这一目标,NHS向不同年龄群体的人发出了不同的信息。对于年长者,他们利用了“遗憾预期”,“如果你没有接种疫苗,很遗憾你的死亡率会高出3倍左右”。对于年轻人,他们则施加了道德压力,“只有在你接种疫苗以后,大家才能过上正常生活”。所有的这些信息都与疫苗医疗用途无关。在德语世界,也出现了相似的状况。德国药物委员会(AcdÄ)主席路德维希(Wolf-Dieter Ludwig)教授曾经透露,他在奥地利广播公司(ORF)接受采访时,谈到了mRNA疫苗可能存在的长期风险。不过,电视台在播出采访时,把这部分的内容删除了。在德国媒体上出镜率最高的专家,社民党的卫生官员劳特巴赫(Karl Lauterbach)教授,三番五次地以“零风险”(riskofrei)来推介mRNA疫苗。
这些信息的传达或者完全与疫苗的医用效果无关,或者部分隐匿了疫苗的不确定性(人们经常做出错误的假设,认为如果你告诉他们疫苗的不确定性信息,他们会变得更加怀疑。德国马普所下设的人类发展研究所<Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung>的一项研究反驳了这种假设,当公众被充分告知疫苗的不确定性时,人们更愿意接种疫苗。大众有能力处理不确定因素)。对关键信息的隐匿,违背了作为现代医学道德基石的知情同意原则。该原则要求,人在不受情绪或潜意识操纵的影响下,能够对医疗干预做出理性的决定。这些助推措施旨在操纵人的情绪和潜意识,从而方便卫生部门完成预期的目标。
其次,助推也破坏了信任。哈佛大学的流行病学教授库尔多夫(Martin Kulldorff)在他的个人社交媒体上,提到了12条在大流行期间被遗忘的公共卫生基本原则。其中第9条是:“公共卫生关乎信任。为了获得公众的信任,公共卫生官员和媒体必须诚实并信任公众。不应在大流行中使用羞辱和恐惧。”有效的公共卫生依赖于信任,而信任是总是双向的。然而,助推同时从两个方向摧毁了这种信任。一方面,助推背后的“软性家长制”预设了,精英团体总是比每个个人更知道什么是对他更好的选择。也就是说,公共卫生官员并不信任公众。他们总认为,公众不知晓疫苗对自己的好处。另一方面,助推也使公众失去了对公共卫生官员(科学家)的信任。因为,“科学家”使自然科学沦为了助推的工具,让自然科学成为了心理学和行为科学的仆从。科学不再忠实于它的研究对象,而是服务于其它目的。自然科学品质的堕落也间接导致了各种阴谋论的甚嚣尘上,然后,科学家又反过来指责公众相信阴谋论。科学和公众陷入了一个无解的恶性循环。在这场政治-心理学游戏中,两者共同成为了最大的输家。
助推手段不仅产生了上述的伦理问题,有些甚至可能加速了病毒在公共场所的扩散。比如,德国部分州推动用2G规则取代3G规则(3G是德语中,geimpft<已接种>, genesen<已康复>, getestet<已测试>三个单词的首字母,2G则去掉了“已测试”)。3G规则允许上述三类人群自由出入公共场所,而2G政策则完全剥夺了未接种进入公共场所的权利。这是一项非常严厉的助推手段,是对未接种者的极限施压。然而,从防疫角度看,3G比2G看上去更为可取。因为,测试为阴性的人能确保不携带病毒,而接种疫苗者则并不能。疫苗接种是对自己的保护,而测试则是对他人的保护。在北威州州议会的听证会上,斯特雷克教授和波恩大学哲学系沃彭(Christiane Woopen)教授都严厉地批评了这样的政策,“接受检测者比接种者更安全”。
随着mRNA疫苗的投产使用,围绕它的纷争从来没有停歇过。一切伦理学上的建议和政策的选择都是在走钢丝。因为,它不仅仅牵涉到医学上的问题,同时它也全方位地影响着我们的生活。没有一个人拥有整全的视角能平衡其中所有的得失利弊。无论如何,对于讨论中出现的任何一种观点都多一份同情的理解吧。
0 notes
wee-toe · 3 years
Text
Tumblr media Tumblr media
Best of the Worst Halloween Spooktacular 2021 dudes x
17 notes · View notes