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hiraunia · 5 months

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Guess who made more fanart? This lil' guy!

@crinklytinfoil 's Series The Best Laid Plans of Crewmates and Imposters has been carrying my mental state(Funny considering how dark and fucked it gets) for the past few months so it was only natural for me to make some more, finally getting out those little scenes in my head on to something.

I know that the uniforms should all be the same but I just couldn't help myself! I just couldn't get the idea that the Emancipator and Parmenides gets special uniforms out if my head, like Parmenides is a special base/mission thing so they get some bulkier, more insulating outfits and the Emancipator is like the best Gaurdien Ship in Mira so they get the cool fancy outfits to signify how important they are. Kinda backwards but I designed the standared Mira suits(Browns) last so I already ran out unique uniform suloetes which is why its skin tight, not what I would typically give to them but the Parmenides ones where already what I would tyically give to an astronaut or whatever but I thought they looked too cool for your average crewmate and Mira sucks so they get the dumb skinsuits. Don't ask why the fancier uniforms are monocolor and basic ones have grey accents, I needed something to make it more intresting.

So I drew this like a month ago and I kinda hate it but also still like it. I figured I may aswell show it since I did work hard on it. This was atcually drawn traditionally, like I inked it and then edited a photo so I could add the colors digitally which is why its a little more janky than the first doodles and theres ink everywhere. I love Yellow so much, that pose made all the bs I delt with with the ink worth it. Also if you hadn't noticed Dani's design is different, yah I made this a month ago and only realiseds like two days ago that Dani was described with black locs not brown curls! Wish it didn't take me that long to realise that becuse locs are SOOO much eaiser to draw than curls, esspecially shorts curls I hate them so much! Atcually I hate drawing short hair in general, this has been a somewhat tourturous experince for me!

This is from another tradtional sketch I colored but it was the only doodle I liked so behold! Cyan and Grey being cute together on the way to the tower(?)

I love this doodle so much, it the only one i have of any one with their helmets on and thats kinda a shame becuse I feel like geting rid of the face makes me give them more expressive body language. I've been struggling to make the helmets with the other uniforms look good so thats probly why. The Parmenides uniform have that tall neck that connects the head to the body better but the other two are having this odd bobblehead(heh) effect. I need to experiment more with it.

Anyways its 3 am and I need to stop staying us so late! Have a good time of day!

#crinklytinfoil #among us #The Best Laid Plans of Crewmates and Imposters #The Crewmate Who Knew TOO Much #Can you tell the CWKTM crew are my faves?#Not Purple FUCK PURPLE #And Tan too but not as much as Purple #Also if you hadn't noticed it I would like to point to Red wearing those little short shorts #Funfact about me: I am obsessed with putting my cute favs in little short shorts #I keep drawing Red Cyan and Dani in distress and I don't know why?#fanart

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krysmcscience · 5 months

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Get ready for Amogus Spam!!!

Characters belong to @crinklytinfoil - I just came up with the designs and outfits~ All appearance details are taken directly from either the fics themselves (which, as always, approach with caution and MIND THE TAGS) or the comments sections of said fics, though I have also relentlessly poked Crinkle IRL for additional details, such as each character's name and individual fashion sense...or lack thereof (Finnegan) XD

(If you want to read the fics, keep in mind that you will need to be signed in to an Ao3 account first! And again - MIND THE TAGS! Shit gets dark FAST.)

The Skeld bois! The fucked up crew that started it all~ Only like five actual decent human beings on this crew, and all but one of them fukken DIED, lmao. (Congrats on surviving, Devon, you used to be Kind Of An Asshole but you got better. XD) Clark is such an Obvious Dad - it's why he had to die first, he was the only thing keeping shit together, True Facts, sorry you had to find out this way. <:/ Adam is so Fishing, I bet he fantasizes about having a trout boyfriend girlfriend in his spare time. :) Brown is Babby (stabby-babby), but we all knew that already. And then there's wannabe High Class Fuckboi Purple and his emo "boyfriend", yaaaay, can't wait to find out how Purple dies or anything like that, noooo... All that aside, White's outfit makes me want to die inside, why would anyone want to mix hippie and ouji lolita aesthetics??? White, please, no, even your fashion sense is torturous! D:>

(Full-size here, in case tumblr fucks it up)

Corpatch babbies! Everyone on this crew is certified Babby. (Yes, even you, Skylar. Sorry I had to separate you from Pink in the final image, it was too wide and I hated it, please I'm sorry, put the wrench away-) Love that I got to mostly copy-pasta Devon, made my life so much easier after the artistic nightmare that was Stacy's outfit. Fun Fact: That dress is one of over a hundred jellyfish-themed lolita dresses I've designed! This one has a box jellyfish on it, along with other pretty deadly sea creatures, and is called 'Killer Cuties'~ Wilhelm gets to have some matchies with his platonic girlfriend as a treat, also (Fun Fact: he absolutely wears those novelty glasses to Serious Events). Skye's outfit upsets me personally but it's not as bad as fucking Finnegan's so they get a pass. Pink is, of course, The Best One, and let it be known that the little leaf pin is a reference to Bay~

(Full-size here, in case tumblr fucks it up)

Doncaster folks! Such a long image...I blame Vance. Because I always blame things on Vance for some reason. It's just fun, okay? And also I'm bitter about how long it took to draw his damn Bobblehead mech. Him and Aurora both took what felt like a million years to finish, so now Vance has given me additional Drawing Wires trauma, and Aurora somehow seems Too Expensive for me to afford looking at her. Obviously the best part of all of this was everyone's favorite polycule of Brown, Green, and Red (I dare you to suggest they are not Precious), but I also enjoyed trying to come up with an outfit for Umber that screamed 'I think I'm the main character'. XD (If anyone can guess what's supposed to be on Black's shirt, meanwhile, they get a Gold Star!)

(Full-size here, in case tumblr fucks it up)

And, as a bonus, a goofy scribble comic of the Doncaster AU, which I threw at Crinkle after initially requesting (read: attempting to commission) a What If Scenario where Brown never got brought along with White to the Corpatch, and so never met Pink, thus ensuring Brown remained Terrified of impostors. Because my brain wouldn't stop going hog wild over the concept for some reason. 8|

Finally, a WIP of the Parmenides bastards- uh, I mean, Totally Normal Crew of Fine Individuals who are Not At All Terrible. (Apologies to Danni, Marek, and Ashley for getting mixed up in all this, y'all deserved better.) Bet no one was expecting Johnny to be a certified Gamer Catboi, huh? But I bet everyone was expecting Kyle to look like a Born Republican, and possibly Mitch McConnell's estranged half-brother - cuz that's just how the guy is. So Delightful. Also I was totally not salty about having to look at Purple's stupid smug face again while modifying the copypasta of it, No Sir, why would that ever be the case? He's just so great and not the most hateable character ever or anything. (eyerolling intensifies) In other news, Kage's head is way too small and it's driving me crazy but I'll have to fix it later for the finished full-body chibi+bust piece and I'm D Y I N G. Anyway, no icon spoilers for this one - the fic itself is meant to make the readers wonder who the impostors are, so I'm not going to reveal anything on that front.

(Full-size here, in case tumblr fucks it up)

THAT IS ALL

#art #among us #not my characters #my designs tho #i did my best and i have learned new things #like that older people are Hard To Draw XD #i am working on original stuff too i swear #original stuff that is heavily inspired by among us - true - but original stuff nonetheless

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rw7771 · 6 months

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The main forms of religious belief are:

Theism:

The belief in the existence of one or more divinities or deities, which exist within the universe and yet transcend it. These gods also in some way interact with the universe (unlike Deism), and are often considered to be omniscient, omnipotent and omnipresent. The word "theism" was first coined in the 17th Century to contrast with Atheism. Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Sikhism, Baha'i and Zoroastrianism are all theistic religions.

Monotheism:

The view that only one God exists. The Abrahamic faiths (Judaism, Christianity and Islam), as well as Plato's concept of God, all affirm monotheism, and this is the usual conception debated within Western Philosophy. Jews, Christians and Muslims would probably all agree that God is an eternally existent being that exists apart from space and time, who is the creator of the universe, and is omnipotent (all-powerful), omniscient (all-knowing), omnibenevolent (all-good or all-loving) and possibly omnipresent (all-present). The religions, however, differ in the details: Christians, for example, would further affirm that there are three aspects to God (the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit).

Exclusive Monotheism: The belief that there is only one deity, and that all other claimed deities are distinct from it and false. The Abrahamic religions, and the Hindu denomination of Vaishnavism (which regards the worship of anyone other than Vishnu as incorrect) are examples of Exclusive Monotheism.

Inclusive monotheism: The belief that there is only one deity, and that all other claimed deities are just different names for it. The Hindu denomination of Smartism is an example of Inclusive Monotheism.

Substance Monotheism: The belief (found in some indigenous African religions) that the many gods are just different forms of a single underlying substance.

Pantheism:

The belief that God is equivalent to Nature or the physical universe, or that everything is of an all-encompassing immanent abstract God. The concept has been discussed as far back as the time of the philosophers of Ancient Greece, including Thales, Parmenides and Heraclitus. Baruch Spinoza also believed in a kind of naturalistic pantheism in which the universe, although unconscious and non-sentient as a whole, is a meaningful focus for mystical fulfillment.

Panentheism:

The belief (also known as Monistic Monotheism), similar to Pantheism, that the physical universe is joined to God, but stressing that God is greater than (rather than equivalent to) the universe. Thus, the one God interpenetrates every part of nature, and timelessly extends beyond as well. The universe is part of God, but not all of God. The word (which can be translated as "all in God") was coined by the German philosopher Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (1781–1832) in 1828 in an attempt to reconcile Monotheism and Pantheism.

Deism:

A form of monotheism in which it is believed that one God exists, but that this God does not intervene in the world, or interfere with human life and the laws of the universe. It posits a non-interventionist creator who permits the universe to run itself according to natural laws. Deism derives the existence and nature of God from reason and personal experience, rather than relying on revelation in sacred scriptures or the testimony of others, and can maybe best be described as a basic belief rather than as a religion in itself. The roots of Deism lie with Heraclitus and Plato, but it was also popular with the natural theologists of 17th Century France and, particularly, Britain, who rejected any special or supposedly supernatural revelation of God.

Pandeism: The belief that God preceded the universe and created it, but is now equivalent to it - a composite of Deism and Pantheism.

Panendeism is a composite of Deism and Panentheism. It holds that, while the universe is part of God, it operates according to natural mechanisms without the need for the intervention of a traditional God, somewhat similar to the Native American concept of the all- pervading Great Spirit.

Polydeism: The belief that multiple gods exist, but do not intervene with the universe - a composite of Deism and Polytheism.

Misotheism:

The belief that a God or gods exist, but that they are actually evil. The English word was coined by Thomas de Quincey in 1846. Strictly speaking, the term connotes an attitude of hatred towards the god or gods, rather than making a statement about their nature.

Dystheism:

The belief that a God or gods exist, but that they are not wholly good, or possibly even evil (as opposed to eutheism, the belief that God exists and is wholly good). Trickster gods found in polytheistic belief systems often have a dystheistic nature, and there are various examples of arguable dystheism in the Bible.

Ditheism (or Duotheism):

The belief in two equally powerful gods, often, but not always, with complementary properties and in constant opposition, such as God and Goddess in Wicca, or Good and Evil in Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism. The early mystical religion Gnosticism is another example of a ditheistic belief of sorts, due to their claim that the thing worshipped as God in this world is actually an evil impostor, but that a true benevolent deity worthy of being called "God" exists beyond this world.

Polytheism:

The belief in, or worship of, multiple gods (usually assembled in a pantheon). These gods are often seen as similar to humans (anthropomorphic) in their personality traits, but with additional individual powers, abilities, knowledge or perceptions. Hard Polytheism views the gods as being distinct and separate beings, such as in Ancient Greek Mythology. Soft Polytheism views the gods as being subsumed into a greater whole, as in most forms of Hinduism.

Henotheism: The devotion to a single god while accepting the existence of other gods, and without denying that others can with equal truth worship different gods. It has been called "monotheism in principle and polytheism in fact".

Monolatrism (or Monolatry): The belief in the existence of many gods, but with the consistent worship of only one deity. Unlike Henotheism, Monolatrism asserts that there is only one god who is worthy of worship, though other gods are known to exist.

Kathenotheism: The belief that there is more than one deity, but only one deity at a time should be worshipped, each being supreme in turn.

Animism:

The belief that souls inhabit all or most objects (whether they be animals, vegetables or minerals). Animistic religions generally do not accept a sharp distinction between spirit and matter, and assume that this unification of matter and spirit plays a role in daily life. Early Shintoism was animistic in nature, as are many indigenous African religions. Shamanism (communication with the spirit world) and Ancestor Worship (worship of deceased family members, who are believed to have a continued existence and influence) are similar categories.

Atheism (or Nontheism):

The belief that gods do not exist, or a complete rejection of Theism in any form. Some atheists argue a lack of empirical evidence for the existence of deities, while others argue for Atheism on philosophical, social or historical grounds. Many atheists tend toward secular philosophies such as Humanism and Naturalism. Atheism may be implicit (someone who has never thought about belief in gods) or explicit (someone who has made an assertion, either weak or strong, regarding their lack of belief in gods). Confucianism, Taoism, Jainism and some varieties of Buddhism, either do not include belief in a personal god as a tenet of the religion, or actively teach nontheism.

Agnosticism:

The belief that the nature and existence of gods is unknown and cannot ever be known or proven. Technically, this position is strong agnosticism: in popular usage, an agnostic may just be someone who takes no position, pro or con, on the existence of gods, or who has not yet been able to decide, or who suspends judgment due to lack of evidence one way or the other (weak agnosticism). The earliest professed agnostic was Protagoras, although the term itself, which literally means "without knowledge", was not coined until the 1880s by T. H. Huxley (1825 - 1895).

Humanism:

Humanism is more an ethical process, not a dogma about the existence or otherwise of gods. But in general terms, it rejects the validity of transcendental justifications, such as a dependence on belief without reason, the supernatural, or texts of allegedly divine origin. It is therefore generally compatible with Atheism and Agnosticism, but does not require these, and can be compatible with some religions. To some extent, it supplements or supplants the role of religions, and can be considered in some ways as "equivalent" to a religion.

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isure-hopeso · 5 months

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12.31.2023

48 books this year. My hunger never ends. I am insatiable. Here's my reviews:

Five Classics by Agatha Christie 8/10 Started the year off strong with a handful of Christie's shorter classic mysteries

The Fortune Teller by Gwendolyn Womack 4.5/10 Super super cool story idea with very poor flow and had a cheating trope

Mountain Mama by Axsom & Pelham 6.5/10 A depressingly realistic look at life on the frontier for a single mom

A Well-Behaved Woman by Therese Anne Fowler 8/10 Alva Vanderbilt was so incredible

Followers by Megan Angelo 6.5/10 One of those books where you really don't care the first 2/3 and then you can't get over it for the last 1/3

The Return of the King by J.R.R. Tolkien 10/10 my annual reading of one of the Big Four, as always

"Kitchen Princess" Omnibus 2 by Ando & Kobayashi 9/10 I'm pretty sure I learned my love languages from the Kitchen Princess series as a kid

A Court of Thorns and Roses by Sarah J. Maas 5.5/10 A little tropey and the riddle was stupid easy, but I love me a Beauty & The Beast retelling

Homeland: The Legend of Drizzt #1 by R.A. Salvatore 5.5/10 It really didn't need to be that long, but Salvy loves his extra DnD context

The Black Poets by Dudley Randal 10/10 When I tell you how often I think about the poetry from this book. When I tell you.

Mansfield Park by Jane Austen 6.5/10 Witty and wild for it's time, like all Austen novels, but she's boring and falls in love with her cousin

A Court of Mist and Fury by Sarah J. Maas 7.5/10 Turning the Beauty and the Beast retelling on its HEAD and using tidbits from the previous novel to change everything - but also very very smutty

Tithe by Holly Black 7/10 Rereading an old book I love in high school and finding that I still like it quite a lot

The Big Four by Agatha Christie 8/10 One of her biggie Poirot heists, super thrilling

"Kitchen Princess" Vol. 6 by Ando and Kobayashi 9/10 I have dreams, actual dreams, about these stories for weeks after reading them. Good dreams.

The School for Good and Evil by Soman Chianani 7/10 Decided to read this after watching the movie -- it might not be incredible storytelling but it's a fun story-world, so I decided to read it all

A World Without Princes by Soman Chianani 4/10 S for G&E 2 -It had some good bits, but was overall way too clumpy

The Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien 10/10 This was actually my first time reading it, and I LOVE getting all the universe context!!

To Weave a Web of Magic by Delacroix, Kurlana, McKillip, and Shinn 8/10 This series of short stories had some real bangers and some ehh

On The Incarnation by St. Athanasius 7/10 the deconstruction never stops, love that for us

Unfinished Tales by J.R.R. Tolkien 8.5/10 It was so cool reading some of his last unfinished works, it was really not cool reading a bunch of stories with no ending

The Viscount Who Loved Me by Julia Quinn 5.5/10 Where the first Bridgerton book was much better than it's season, the second book was exactly as whatever as the second season.

"The Tempest" by William Shakespeare 7.5/10 really very odd, but the overall vibe was so good and exactly what I needed after Quinn

The Last Ever After by Soman Chianani 6.5/10 S for G&E #3 Thus begins my attempt to finish the whole series because I bought them and they were sitting there

"Sophist", "Statesmen", "Parmenides" and "Philebus" by Plato 10/10 What's the difference between is and is not? Is 'is not' a state of being? lol I dunno

Quest for Glory by Soman Chianani 7/10 S for G&E #4 Okay finally these stories are getting interesting again

A Crystal of Time by Soman Chianani 6.5/10 Really pulling out some wackadoodle things for this one, but I wasn't against it too much

One True King by Soman Chianani 6/10 An alright wrap-up, but my boi Hort deserved a more thorough ending

In the Flo by Alisa Vitti 6.5/10 I learned more about my period in this book than in any health class, but it also got a little woowoo with moon phases

The Green Witch by Murphy & Hiscock 7/10 I had a late-night book buying stint where I bought like 7 witchy books and this was the first to arrive

Acting on Impulse by Mia Sosa 2/10 I have nothing particular against this author, but this was the book that convinced me that I could get a book published

A Court of Wings and Ruin by Sarah J. Maas 7.5/10 Hoo boy does a lot of stuff go down in this spicy, spicy book.

A Court of Frost and Starlight by Sarah J. Maas 6/10 Just a fun little story about wildly traumatized characters

Save the Cat! Writes a Novel by Jessica Brody 9.5/10 One of the coolest things I've read, I learned so much about reading and writing

Walden and Others Writings by Henry David Thoreau 10/10 So much beautiful writing, this is going to be a regular reread for me

A History of Magic, Witchcraft, and the Occult by DK 8.5/10 Naturally one of my favorite books of the year was a literal textbook

A Court of Silver Flames by Sarah J. Maas 8/10 Apparently I didn't hate this book as much as I was supposed to, but also please mind your manners in shared eating spaces

American Brujeria by J. Allen Cross 6.5/10 It turns out Hispanic witches are super super Catholics, which I bet would make some non-Hispanic Catholics real angy

Magic Lessons by Alice Hoffman 7/10 Practical Magic #1 it was such a lovely writing style, like an actual witch telling a prophecy

House of Earth and Blood by Sarah J. Maas 8.5/10 A really cool story, standing ovation for Lehabah every day, but also weird that the big bad killer guy wears hats and watches basketball

Nevewhere by Neil Gaiman 9/10 Hadn't thought much of it while I was reading it, but this story had stuck with me like a bad cold baby

Bones of Faerie by Janni Lee Simmer 5.5/10 This one had been sitting in my TBR for too long, and it wasn't too bad

Well of Darkness by Weis & Hickman 8.5/10 Getting to read a fantasy story in the perspective of the bad guys? Heck yeah. So cool.

After the Funeral by Agatha Christie 6.5/10 This one had alllllllll the rich family drams

Ironside by Holly Black 8/10 my first time reading this finale of Black's trilogy, and I just feel like the main character could have been more logical or taken more action

A Writer's Notebook by Ralph Fletcher 2/10 I pretty much learned nothing, got nothing out of this

Search the Sky by Pohl & Kornbluth 8/10 Only took off points for misogyny, but it was from the 50s, otherwise a really cool story

The House Witch by Murphy & Hiscock 5/10 A follow-up from the first witchy book to arrive, this one didn't teach me as much about witches as I hoped it would

Approximately a 7/10 average for the whole year! I went out on a limb for a lot of books this year, and that was rewarding just about as often as it was disappointing, but I can at least say that I haven't DNF'd a book yet. I largely write these for myself, and I don't expect anyone to take the time to read it -- if you did, then you are a saint and a hero. May your pillows be cool, your blankets warm, and your eyesight always clear enough for reading.

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thiswaycomessomethingwicked · 5 months

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Today in Marsilio Blogging

(from Laus Platonici Philosophi: Marsilio Ficino and His Influence)

Pico out here starting fights with Ficino because Ficino's interpretation of the Symposium (and his own personal philosophy on Love, Beauty, and Truth) is just a touch Too Gay.

a) Pico. I'm not entirely sure you have a leg to stand on. Like. I'm just saying rightly, or wrongly, you and Poliziano were the hot gossip at U of T's Renaissance department for years

b) leave the small, eccentric, and love filled philosopher alone. he suffers.

c) more seriously - I mean, there's weakness in Ficino's commentary on Symposium but that's because I don't think he ever meant it as a serious philosophical text but as a love letter to Giovanni Cavalcanti. Hence why he was aligning Guido Cavalcanti (Giovanni's ancestor)'s poetry to the first books of Plato's Symposium when that comparison is quite weak, to say the least.

The whole thing of Guido Cavalcanti=Socrates is so Ficino can be Plato to Giovanni's inherited Socratic role setting their own relationship as a grand philosophical inheritance (in addition, adding some semblance of legitimacy to it. Look! our Plato was Like That with his Socrates so I can be Like That with my Giovanni).

Also, it's not as explicit but there's allusions/references Ficino makes to the rather #It's Complicated romantic friendship of Guido and Dante. e.g.:

d) This is a complete aside and just about Pico and Ficino's head butting on matters philosophical and theological, but:

Reading anything by Ficino with a strict, logical manner with a logical end goal of X or Y is never the best way to approach his work. It's ecstatic. It's meditative. It's meant to be sunk into and swam in as a contemplative exorcise.

Ficino is an experience, not a exorcise.

As Linda Proud notes in her chapter in Friend to Mankind, 'Fellow Philosophers', [Ficino argues that] "If a man writes of divine frenzy, he must have experienced it; if Plato wrote the Parmenides under divine frenzy, then to read and understand, a man must bring himself to a similar condition."

Pico wrote solid, sound philosophical/theological arguments--being a man well steeped in the classic Aristotelian methodologies. Ficino was steeped in them as well, or had been in his primary education, but by temperament and interest and ultimate end goal of what he wanted to achieve he broke rank with that approach.

And naturally, Pico knew Ficino, they were good friends, they ran in the same intellectual circles, so of course Pico knows this. But at the same time, it's quite funny how clearly Ficino's indirect approach to language and argument drove him up the absolute wall with annoyance.

(And when I say friends, they were good friends to the very end. They were just friends who argued--often in a quite fiery and hot tempered manner--over Plato. As one does.)

#Today in #Marsilio Blogging #Ficino is an experience not an exorcise #rambling thoughts about my main man and Florence's local edgelord Pico #I have affection for Pico #Marsilio Ficino #Pico della Mirandola #giovanni cavalcanti #early modern florence #15th century #renaissance italy

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smakkabagms · 1 year

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what does nihil ex nihilo mean?

It means "nothing comes from nothing"; a philosophical dictum expressed first by Parmenides. However, I fell in love with it through reading John Gardner's Grendel when I was in undergrad. If you have not read it, I cannot recommend it enough!

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emmaretta89 · 2 years

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"The pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Parmenides taught that the only things that are real are things which never change... and the pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Heraclitus taught that everything changes. If you superimpose their two views, you get this result: Nothing is real." - Philip K. Dick . At @pyrkon 2022 with lovely @sayomi_cyberorchid i 🤩 . I might be a bit more offline in next weeks as I need to take care of one of my family member. He's not just a pet for me. For many years he was a great friend, always by my side. And it's terrible painful to see how he struggle. Please keep fingers crossed for him. 🐈‍⬛ (w: Poznan, Poland) https://www.instagram.com/p/CiaXigjIxAy/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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christinepanas · 1 year

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When Augustus Was God

A short fiction story

The first time I worked with Professor Newborn, I was a wide-eyed, second year grad student and he was the director of the archaeological excavation. Quirky, I thought, the way he reacted to each find, especially anything sculptural. Maybe I wouldn’t have found him so quirky had he not dressed like a character fit for a blockbuster movie. Cargo shorts. Pith helmet. A bandolier filled with pens and other tools. Timberlands. White socks. A pocket watch.

“Welcome to the dig,” he said to me on the day I arrived, bedraggled and loaded down with equipment. “We’ll have fun.”

“It’s an honor to be here,” I replied. And it was.

Newborn was famous in archaeological circles, partly for his scholarship but mostly for-some of his out-there theories about the humans whose trash and graves we dug up. But he was a good leader and a thoughtful mentor, and, when he published excavation findings, an excellent documentarian. He cared for the artifacts we unearthed and received them with the kind of awe and respect most people reserve for religious relics. His reverence made me question my own reasons for pursuing archaeology. I told myself it was for a deeper understanding of my own world and how we got here. I needed that foundation for my big picture approach to existence.

Academia, however, is seldom a big picture world. It is a place of increasingly esoteric and tedious studies and examinations of minutia. Here is the fragmented rim of a water vessel. We posit the whole of the vessel from studies of its rim, and perhaps, if we are lucky, a few random fragments of its body. Then we study changes in rims over the spread of time and geography. We can show when and where rims change. But we don’t know why they do. Some theories posit that itinerant potters and their personal styles spread changes. Some posit physical improvements, or simply the need for novelty. Either way, washing, sorting, organizing, counting, drawing, photographing, bagging, tagging, and cataloging thousands of pottery sherds is tedious. And they pile up.

I am not great with tedium. To write five hundred pages and five thousand footnotes about something that Euripides might have, could have, should have said or done or thought! That tedium would render me mad. I prefer to stand back and look at everything all at once, to see time laid out before me like a banquet. Staring at piles of unsorted sherds, all I wanted to do was pause the recording of human endeavors and see what everyone was up to on a specific day in the distant past. I wanted synchronicity. I wanted to see Parmenides arguing that all reality is one while Xerxes was busy building gates in Persepolis. They would not have agreed on Truth and its nemesis, Opinion. That is what I craved, not the tedium.

But I am practical, and I know that it takes hard work to achieve anything, and in archaeology hard work means digging in dirt and gleaning deep meaning from piles of detritus. That, and reading reams of tedious articles written by people like me.

A month into the excavation season, on a boiling hot Friday afternoon, I was digging along the foundation trench of a sixth century BC temple when I found a giant centipede cradling her brood of tiny offspring. Fascinating. We all stopped work to examine the situation and discuss moving the centipede nursery. Someone volunteered to move the nest to a hollow under a fig tree. And then we all resumed work.

Just a few minutes later, I found a marble finger. It was an odd finger, three times life size and bent as though it had been cradling something. The rest of the hand was nowhere to be found. Not an uncommon occurrence when buildings are destroyed and rebuilt over and over again.

“A splendid finger, isn’t it?” Professor Newborn commented, his own fingers dancing along the length of the marble. “Very fine.”

I said nothing as I watched his expression change from curiosity to admiration. Maybe even love.

“Splendid,” he repeated, and with great reverence as he placed the finger in a container.

Later that day, as we students and volunteers sat on low stools, washing the finds and making notes, Newborn stopped by to chat.

“Such a magnificent day,” he said as he looked across the fields of sunflowers and tomatoes that surrounded the excavation mount. Then he sighed with an odd heaviness.

“It is a beautiful day,” one of the volunteers said. “God’s day.”

The rest of us remained silent as a breeze scented with wild thyme and rosemary stirred through us.

“Can you imagine,” Newborn said to no one in particular, “how all of this must have looked? I mean, at its height.”

I could not. It was all a chaotic jumble. Outlines. Charred roof tiles. Rusty bits of iron. Broken marble blocks. Piles of rubble. Sherds everywhere. Some modern trash. The occasional scorpion or snake.

“We think we know so much now,” he said and then retreated into his thoughts, humming and mumbling to himself.

That night, as we sat around the encampment fire, the team from Vienna was discussing the results of their recent land survey using ground penetrating radar. I was fascinated.

“Yes,” Gruben said. “We can clearly see that this plain continues from the sunken valley fault. We see the pre-tertiary granite and serpentinite with the characteristic overlay of tertiary volcanic and sedimentary rocks.”

Newborn sat in silence, the firelight reflecting off the smudged lenses of his glasses. His lips were pursed, as if he were about to whisper. After a lull in the conversation he said, “the science tells us the what but not the why.”

The next morning, I awoke well before dawn, drawn out of sleep by the sound of a nearby shepherd moving his sheep through an adjacent field. The music of his flute, gentle for the early hour, transported me across the millennia to a distant time when my own ancestors moved their herds across these same lands. I lay in my cot, eyes firmly opened, as if the wider I held them, the better I could hear. Dozens of thoughts flickered and flashed as the last of sleep left me.

And then the sounds of sheep and flute receded, and I was left wide awake and in awe of the continuum I had just witnessed. I climbed out of my bunk and dressed myself while my roommate slept on. I hardly knew her. She had arrived the week before from Berlin. She was there to study bones.

Newborn was already up and moving around. I watched him walk past our hut, mumbling to himself, catching only a few words here and there. He seemed to be talking about an inscription in Greek. Omicron. Lambda. Retrograde. And then he said, “But Augustus wouldn’t have known that.”

Augustus was Newborn’s obsession. And, despite the fact that we were digging up Greeks some five hundred years older than the first true Roman emperor, Newborn could find a way to bring the conversation to the reign of Augustus. And his particular fascination was Augustus’ godhead.

The Romans, a practical organization whose structure and culture spread over a vast territory, had a way of making religious expression beneficial for the organization. It was simple: They believed that humans created gods, and that all gods, at one time or another, had been human. It was tradition. And tradition was sacred. Today, we call this kind of devotion ancestor or hero worship. But the Romans took it to different and legal dimensions. Augustus was the first of the godheads to rule the Roman state. And Newborn was fixated on that moment when Augustus left the mortal for the divine realm.

It is an interesting topic, this notion of godhood as a product of human need. For many of the secular archaeologists working with Newborn, the Roman logic of godhood was obvious and practical. Of course the Romans made Augustus into a god! It was a logical step, considering how the Republic would have fallen apart had Augustus not become emperor. Or so they argued. And they posited that Jesus was likewise bestowed divinity by those Roman followers to whom Paul constantly wrote. New Testament as proof of something. Like sherds and marble fingers.

For the religious among us, such discussions created discomfort. Examinations of faith are seldom without discomfort. And some of us, especially some of the American volunteers on the excavation, held conservative Christian beliefs. It bothered them that the word “god” was used indiscriminately. It bothered them when Jesus was diminished to a man whose godhead was bestowed upon him by his followers. For them, such talk was proof that Satan was at work among the academicians.

Newborn handled the difficult conversations well. He never dismissed the religious, nor the secular. When things heated up, he found a way to bring everyone together. His inherent reverence to all things sacred, regardless of affiliation, never waned. And I think some of it might have rubbed off on the rest of us.

Over the next few years, I would work with Newborn two more times before I was off to the western edges of the Roman Empire, seeking an obsession that would carry me through dissertation, publishing, conferences, post doc, a book, and the holy grail of academia: a tenured position.

The last time I worked with him, he spoke almost non-stop about Augustus. It was like a stream of consciousness narrative about the man-to-god life of the architect of the pax romana. Augustus set the stage for two centuries of peaceful (allegedly) Empire building and Newborn was like an obsessed fan.

Others in archaeological circles had noticed this obsession, too. They whispered about it at conferences that touched on the topic. Someone from Princeton created a fake Augustus fan club and invited Newborn to join. He never replied, so I heard.

I spent the next two decades trying to build my career, a difficult task given the amount of tedium this required. During that time, I seldom returned to Asia Minor. I somehow relegated myself to the western edges of the Roman Empire, those provincial lands that Romanists smirk at. Elitists. Unending sneering at provincials imitating Rome. It’s another iteration of Ivy League-smirking at State Schools. Elitism is deeply imbedded in the world of classical studies. But I did not care. At conferences, I attended sessions that pertained to the far-flung reaches of the Empire. But I was never too far away from Augustus and his acolytes. It was still his territory. His long shadow.

One year, it happened that Newborn and I were both giving papers in the same session at a conference in New Orleans. He asked if we could meet. I agreed. It was a cool, February morning. He was dressed in khaki pants and a white polo shirt. No hat. His hair had greyed and thinned but his eyes still flickered with joy.

“So good to see you!” he exclaimed. “I read your article on provincial dynastic portraiture. Good job.”

I thanked him, and then together we went for a coffee. But I hated that article. It was just another article documenting what we all knew.

“Your article inspired me,” he said. “The western empire has some interesting stylistic constants. I am sure Augustus would approve.”

At first, I smiled and chuckled. Augustus would approve. An archaeological inside joke. But he carried on.

“I was particularly interested in the sculpture from Merida. But you know, he doesn’t like the ears,” Newborn said.

“He doesn’t like the ears?” I asked. “What do you mean?”

Newborn sipped at his coffee and then ran his hand through his hair.

“Augustus doesn’t have ears that big,” he said. “But it is a fascinating likeness. I wish there were more images from Spain and the west. It’s not like home, though.”

“Home? You mean Asia Minor?” I asked.

“The Vatican,” he replied. “It’s really his city, isn’t it?”

For a few seconds I reviewed the history of my conversations with Newborn.

Augustus would have. Augustus had. Augustus has had. Augustus has. Augustus will have.

Newborn had moved from a subjunctive past to a future perfect. Or was it just Augustus moving through time and space? Maybe they were both caught up in a temporal wave. But wherever he – they – were now, it felt as though they were with me in the present. Someone’s present. Augustus was real to him, as real as open-armed Jesus was to his believers. Newborn’s words evoked the devotee that resides in all humans. We want eternal heroes.

As he went on, speculating about what Augustus liked, likes, might like, I thought about that marble finger I had found – my first real find – a finger attached to nothing, a rogue piece of the past that continued to taunt us. Nothing more was ever found. Plenty of articles had been written about it, though. Speculations. Theories. Analogs. And here we were twenty-five years later, both pursuing some kind of truth as we wrestled with the remnants of that time when Augustus was god.

“I am writing a new book,” Newborn said as we were about to part ways. “I’d like to give you a draft to read.”

I agreed and thanked him.

Weeks later, a package arrived at my office. As promised, it was a draft of Newborn’s new book. The working title was written by hand: Augustus, God and Man: How Early Christians Appropriated Roman State Religion. He had dedicated the book to me and a few others from that first season. A note on the table of contents read, “This time, I tell the why of it. I know you understand.”

#roman empire #augustus caesar #archaeology #classical studies #fiction #short fiction

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psychreviews2 · 2 months

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The Presocratics: Empedocles

Empedocles

Based on fragmentary evidence, outside of the many legendary stories told about Empedocles, he was likely born in Acragas in Sicily, modern day Agrigento, in the middle of the 5th century BC. His family may have participated in the Olympics and was active in politics. "He is said to have been an ardent democrat, to have broken up some otherwise unknown organization called the Thousand, and to have refused the kingship of his city...His fame as a doctor, which is suggested by his own words, is proved by the numerous references to him in later medical writings." In terms of what are likely to be tall tales, "Empedocles did not commit suicide by leaping into Mount Etna; he did not live to be 109 years old, that story being transferred to him from the similar tale told about Gorgias, his alleged student; he did not 'found' the study of rhetoric; he did not study under Pythagoras personally." So much of what can be gleaned about Empedocles has to come from his own writings where influences can be seen from Xenophanes, Parmenides and Anaxagoras.

On Nature

There is a coming to be of not a single one of all mortal things, nor is there any end of deadly death, but only mixture, and separation of what is mixed, and nature is the name given to them by humans ~ Plutarch

It's unknown if he wrote two separate poems On Nature and Purifications, or if they were part of the same poem, but they show how theories about the physical world can be used as a guide for how to live life. "On Nature is primarily concerned to give a physical explanation of the universe and its contents, and in the process seems to leave no room for an immortal soul, the Purifications is based upon the Pythagorean belief in transmigration. The resulting conflict between the two poems has been resolved, in modern times, in a variety of ways. While some scholars, including both Zeller and Burnet, are content to conclude that Empedocles held simultaneously beliefs that are not only incompatible but actually contradictory, others have argued that the two poems must belong to separate stages of Empedocles' life."

Empedocles took up the theory that there is no void and that everything is filled with "four eternally distinct substances, Zeus, Hera, Aidoneus and Nestis, or Fire, Air, Earth and Water...All things consist of these elements, or irreducible forms of matter, in various proportions. When a thing is said to come into existence or to perish, all that has really happened is that one temporary combination of these indestructible elements has been dissolved and another been established. Change in fact is nothing but a rearrangement; and to account for motion in space which alone could effect such a reshuffling, two motive forces, Love and Strife, take their place along with the elements as the only ultimate realities...'None of the whole is either empty or over-full.' This never-ending cycle would seem to have four stages, two polar stages represented by the rule of Love and the rule of Strife, and the other back again from the rule of Strife towards the rule of Love. The rule of Love itself, in which 'all things unite in one through Love', is of course the Sphere described in the fragments in the last section. It is a uniform mixture of the four elements—so uniform that nothing whatever can be discerned in it. Before we proceed to follow the cosmic cycle through the other three stages, it will be as well to pause at this first stage (for though the cycle is never-ending and has therefore no chronologically first stage, the rule of Love is still the logical starting-point of the process), and consider in more detail the various ingredients in the mixture...Love and Strife are not, therefore, mere mechanical forces disguised under mythical or allegorical names. Empedocles believes, that sexual love and cosmic Love are one and the same self-existent external force which acts upon the person or the thing that loves. At the same time he is still unable to imagine any form of existence other than spatial extension, and in consequence his Love and Strife are still represented as if they too were material."

By these 4 elements and 2 material forces, Empedocles was able to explain movement and change while keeping everything interdependent as per that of Parmenides. He also felt that his use of observation was more fruitful than relying on hearsay. "...He instruct[ed] his readers to make full but discriminating use of [the senses], taking care to employ each sense for the appropriate purpose." Some senses also provide more information than others as food for thought. "...Think on each thing in the way by which it is manifest...Eyes are more accurate witnesses than ears."

Empedocles's theories quickly became more complicated as they had to explain worldly phenomena. "Air being the first of the elements to be separated out of the sphere, took up a position surrounding the world, and its outermost margin solidified to form a firmament. When, however, fire followed air upwards, it seems to have displaced the air enclosed in the upper half of this solid firmament, and the air thereupon sank, taking a little fire with it, into the lower half. The two hemispheres are thus formed inside the firmament, the diurnal and the nocturnal, and when the concentration of fire in the upper hemisphere somehow upsets the balance of the sphere as to start a circular motion, the result is the alternation of day and night."

As earth and water settle down below air and fire, Empedocles was able to come up with his own theory on the genesis of life. Like the 4 elements, there are 4 stages of development. In the first stage, "solitary limbs wandered about seeking for union." In the second stage, "monsters and deformities [manifested]...Those creatures that were accidentally fitted to survive did so, while the rest perished." The surviving forms continue in the third stage as "'whole-natured forms' without distinction of sex...[They] are the outcome of the tendency of fire 'to join its like'; and that tendency in turn is the outcome of the influence of Strife, the function of which is to break up the uniform mixture of the elements, the work of Love, into four separate masses. As the process of separation continues, the sexes are eventually distinguished." Finally, there was a differentiation of species where "plants were the first things to appear, being, like the 'whole-natured forms' of temporary combinations of fire moving upwards from beneath the earth to join its like in the firmament, and earth moving downwards under the same impulse...Plants are not yet sexually differentiated, but, combining the two sex in one, reproduce themselves by bearing 'eggs'...Male children are conceived in the warmer part of the womb and contain a greater proportion of the hot than do female. 'The substance of the child's limbs is divided' between the parents."

Empedocles described respiration in humans and animals as being well regulated to allow air in and out while at the same time keeping liquids like blood inside the body. This also extends to perception. "[It is] due to an element (here including Love and Strife) in the body of the perceiver meeting with the same element outside. 'All things that have come into existence are continually giving off effluences; and when these effluences are of the right size to fit into the pores of the sense organ, then the required meeting takes place and perception arises.'" Blood takes on the important role as well in consciousness. "Everything has a share of thought, which in man, resides in the blood around the heart. But blood is a temporary combination of the four elements; indeed it is just because the four elements are most evenly proportioned in the blood, and blood is therefore equally perceptive of all four elements outside, that it is the chief seat of perception."

Some confusion arises regarding the functions of love and strife and where they would appear as forces alongside the elements. "It is perhaps legitimate to imagine four concentric spheres, with the lighter elements, fire and air, outside, and the heavier, earth and water, nearer to the centre. And in that case, Love would now be excluded, while Strife presumably pervaded each of the four separated elements." Then Love returns in a cycle. "When Strife had reached to the lowest depth of the whirl, and Love was in the middle of the eddy, under her do all these things come together so as to be one, not all at once, but congregating each from different directions at their will. And as they come together, Strife began to move outwards to the circumference. Yet alternating with the things that were being mixed many other things remained unmixed, all that Strife, still aloft, retained; for not yet had it all retired from them, blamelessly, to the outermost boundaries of the circle, but while some parts of it had gone forth, some still remained within. And in proportion as it was ever running forth outwards, so a gentle immortal stream of blameless Love was ever coming in. And straightway what before had attained to immortality became mortal, what had been unmixed before was now mixed, each exchanging its path. And as these things mingled, countless tribes of mortal things were spread abroad, endowed with shapes of every kind, a wonder to behold."

Purifications

Aphrodite is represented by Empedocles as the symbol of Love and Ares that of Strife. This was like a state of innocence at the beginning before the primal sin. "Before man's fall 'the altar did not reek with pure bull's blood.' The primal sin seems to have been rather bloodshed and meat-eating in general." As sins are committed, punishment awaits through Transmigration of the Souls. "The Fallen Soul...banished from its proper abode [for] 30,000 seasons...The soul pays a penalty for its sin in this world—a world of opposites; and its objective throughout its successive incarnations is to escape again from the wheel of birth back to the state of bliss from which it has fallen...The return is accomplished by the gradual ascent up the scale of lives. [From bushes to] 'prophets, bards, doctors and princes.' Having climbed so far, he is at last on the eve of escape from the cycle and will be reincarnated no more...'Of these I too am now one, a fugitive from the gods and a wanderer.' He calls by the name of god, that is to say, the One and its unity, in which he himself dwelt before he was snatched thence by Strife and born into this world of plurality which Strife has organized." By becoming a vegetarian and refraining from violence, presumably Empedocles felt that love would prevent rebirth as one merged with love. By being violent, even through meat eating, one would be trapped in rebirth until the lesson was learned.

The major contradiction that researchers are still puzzled over is how Empedocles could have a soulless physical world with a need to square that with a rebirth theory and the transmigration of souls. From this point on, researchers have to find justifications for a soul to exist in Empedocles's physics or to support a belief that individual souls vanish into a collective "sacred mind" ultimately. Because blood was considered the seat of consciousness, "for blood round the heart in humans is thought," and because it's the most mixed and balanced of the 4 elements, Aristotle asked if Love was the proportion of the elements in more or less balance or if it was something else instead. Plutarch in his interpretation goes for the latter. "Not just he himself but all of us, from himself on, are wanderers here, strangers, and exiles. For, he says, O men, neither blood nor blended spirit provided us with the substance and principle of our souls, but the body is shaped from these, being earth-born and mortal, and as the soul has come here from elsewhere he calls birth a journey abroad, using the gentlest of names as a euphemism. But the profoundest truth is that the soul is in exile and wanders, being driven by divine decrees and laws." This then allows one to deduce from there on why one should refrain from eating animals, and it is because they house souls that have been brought down by strife related to past transgressions, and it may also mean that sexual relations and the birth of new lives is also a process that attracts souls to take on a new host.

Multiplicity, fighting for ownership, consuming others, is hell on earth and unity is a renunciant attitude aiming at harmony that is like a heaven. Fasting from carnal food as well as emotional food leads one away from evil. A feast is a form of cannibalism. "Will you not cease from harsh-sounding murder? Do you not see that you are devouring each other in the carelessness of your thoughts?...A father lifts up his own dear son who has changed form, and, praying, slaughters him, committing a great folly. And they are at a loss, sacrificing him as he entreats them. But he, refusing to hear the cries slaughters him and attends an evil feast in his halls. Likewise a son seizes his father and children their mother and tearing out their life devour the dear flesh...Fast from evil."

The Presocratic Philosophers - Kirk & Raven: https://www.isbns.net/isbn/9780521274555/

Parmenides and Empedocles: The Fragments in Verse Translation - Stanley Lombardo: Paperback: https://www.isbns.net/isbn/9780912516660/

A Presocratics Reader: Selected Fragments and Testimonia - Richard D. Mckirahan: https://www.isbns.net/isbn/9781603843058/

The Poem of Empedocles A Text and Translation - Brad Inwood: Paperback: https://www.isbns.net/isbn/9780802083531/

Philosophy: http://psychreviews.org/category/philosophy03/

#empedocles #presocratics #greek philosophy

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ieisia · 1 year

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Empedocles

Empedocles, ancient Greek Presocratic philosopher. From Thomas Stanley, (1655), The history of philosophy: containing the lives, opinions, actions and Discourses of the Philosophers of every Sect, illustrated with effigies of divers of them.

Empedocles (/ɛmˈpɛdəkliːz/; Greek: Ἐμπεδοκλῆς; c. 494 – c. 434 BC, fl. 444–443 BC) was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a native citizen of Akragas, a Greek city in Sicily. Empedocles' philosophy is best known for originating the cosmogonic theory of the four classical elements. He also proposed forces he called Love and Strife which would mix and separate the elements, respectively.

Based on the surviving fragments of his work, modern scholars generally believe that Empedocles was directly responding to Parmenides' doctrine of monism and was likely acquainted with the work of Anaxagoras, although it is unlikely he was aware of either the later Eleatics or the doctrines of the Atomists. Many later accounts of his life claim that Empedocles studied with the Pythagoreans on the basis of his doctrine of reincarnation, although he may have instead learned this from a local tradition rather than directly from the Pythagoreans.

Empedocles established four ultimate elementswhich make all the structures in the world—fire, air, water, earth. Empedocles called these four elements "roots", which he also identified with the mythical names of Zeus, Hera, Nestis, and Aidoneus e.g., "Now hear the fourfold roots of everything: enlivening Hera, Hades, shining Zeus. And Nestis, moistening mortal springs with tears") Empedocles never used the term "element" (στοιχεῖον, stoicheion), which seems to have been first used by Plato. According to the different proportions in which these four indestructible and unchangeable elements are combined with each other the difference of the structure is produced. It is in the aggregation and segregation of elements thus arising, that Empedocles, like the atomists, found the real process which corresponds to what is popularly termed growth, increase or decrease. Nothing new comes or can come into being; the only change that can occur is a change in the juxtaposition of element with element. This theory of the four elements became the standard dogma for the next two thousand years.

The four elements, however, are simple, eternal, and unalterable, and as change is the consequence of their mixture and separation, it was also necessary to suppose the existence of moving powers that bring about mixture and separation. The four elements are both eternally brought into union and parted from one another by two divine powers, Love and Strife (Philotes and Neikos). Love (φιλότης) is responsible for the attraction of different forms of what we now call matter, and Strife (νεῖκος) is the cause of their separation. If the four elements make up the universe, then Love and Strife explain their variation and harmony. Love and Strife are attractive and repulsive forces, respectively, which are plainly observable in human behavior, but also pervade the universe. The two forces wax and wane in their dominance, but neither force ever wholly escapes the imposition of the other.

As the best and original state, there was a time when the pure elements and the two powers co-existed in a condition of rest and inertness in the form of a sphere. The elements existed together in their purity, without mixture and separation, and the uniting power of Love predominated in the sphere: the separating power of Strife guarded the extreme edges of the sphere. Since that time, strife gained more sway and the bond which kept the pure elementary substances together in the sphere was dissolved. The elements became the world of phenomena we see today, full of contrasts and oppositions, operated on by both Love and Strife. Empedocles assumed a cyclical universe whereby the elements return and prepare the formation of the sphere for the next period of the universe.

Empedocles attempted to explain the separation of elements, the formation of earth and sea, of Sun and Moon, of atmosphere. He also dealt with the first origin of plants and animals, and with the physiology of humans. As the elements entered into combinations, there appeared strange results—heads without necks, arms without shoulders. Then as these fragmentary structures met, there were seen horned heads on human bodies, bodies of oxen with human heads, and figures of double sex. But most of these products of natural forces disappeared as suddenly as they arose; only in those rare cases where the parts were found to be adapted to each other did the complex structures last. Thus the organic universe sprang from spontaneous aggregations that suited each other as if this had been intended. Soon various influences reduced creatures of double sex to a male and a female, and the world was replenished with organic life.

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dibblereport8 · 2 years

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Rozdział IJAK TRAFILIŚCIE DO AMERYKI?

Podając w mowie zależnej polecenia używamy czasownika wprowadzającego tell, odpowiedniego zaimka osobowego oraz bezokolicznika poprzedzonego poprzez ostatnie. Do spraw używamy czasownika ask odpowiedniego zaimka osobowego oraz bezokolicznika poprzedzonego poprzez to. Stało to przeznaczone przez informację, że ja, jako miejsce, tworzę na klawiaturze. Porównania jako rodzaj często są charakter intertekstowy, skoro są tworzone z listy na zasadzie różnych pochodzeń i różnych rodzajów dyskursywnych. 5. Jako informację w zeszycie wykonaj zadania: 2 i 4 z przepisu str. Zeszyt ćwiczeń str. 72 zadanie 4,5, str. wypracowanie jasna techniki z profesjonalnych zapasów zniknęły ze świata sportów gry ze specjalnych powodów. Niewolnicy lub półwolny lud, pracujący na wartości na sprawa swoich panów, pragnął być pozostawiany w posłuchu groźbą straszliwych kar, gdyż może nie zdołał rozwinąć w sobie hamulców moralnych. Przypomnij sobie biogram. Wyjaśnij pojęcia: parafraza, aluzja literacka, apokalipsa. Czy próbowałeś jednego z dwóch sportów? All the sports listed are easy.Wszystkie z wymienionych sportów są łatwe. I tried none of the sports listed.

I tried neither of two sports. Neither of them can come. I neither play the guitar nor the piano. Did you try any of the sports listed? I didn’t try any of the sports listed. You either love extreme sports or you don’t. Both Mark and Liam love BMXing. Mark and Liam both love BMXing. Zarówno Mark jak i Liam kochają drogę na rowerze typu BMX. Sara asked Mark uwag to leave her. Czy jesteś spokojny? → She asked (me) if I was happy. She asked me toż help her with her homework. → He said she could stay with him. I am decorating walls.” → She said that she was decorating walls. → He told me Roger had visited him the day before. → She said they would see me the next day. ‘Our neighbours are moving out’ they said. They said that their neighbours were moving out. → He said they were reading books.

1.She is sleeping. They said that she was sleeping. 3. ‘I like it’ She told me that she liked it. She told me uwag to get upset. 4. ‘She’s reading a book You said that she was reading a book. 6. “I’ll be there.” You said that you’d be there. “ I wanted to be a doctor’’ → He said that he had wanted to be a doctor. The doctor told me więc stop smoking. Have you thought about making an appointment to see a doctor? Have you tried putting some cream on it? I were you, I’d drink some honey and lemon -żeby był tobą, napiłbym się miodu z cytryną. ‘This winter will be long and cold’ the old man said. The old man said (that) that winter would be long and cold. Subject: First aid - reported commands and requests. Subject: Reported speech: statements, questions and commands. What about Al and Carl? What should I do?

Co prawda, z braku odpowiedniej podstaw nie rozumiemy jak tak się one realizowały, ani jaka jest ich geneza, niemniej na zasadzie obserwacji, tych religii, jakie się do dziś zachowały i reprezentują według badaczy stadium najbardziej oryginalne, można tworzyć różne przypuszczenia i kilka teorii uważanych jest za prawdopodobne. Ale uwaga: nie znajdziecie tam ani jednego słowa po polsku. Moduł 4. zawiera zagadnienia związane z prowadzeniem edukacji konsumenckiej na innych poziomach nauczania, w ramach kształcenia ustawicznego, edukacji prawnej i prywatnej. Przez długi czas camera obscura była wykorzystywana nawet do tworzenia widoków na drugich przestrzeniach w powiększonej skali. Normalne bycie postrzegane przez polskie 5 zmysłów nie jest prawdą. Dość popularne także jako na owe czasy nowatorskie poglądy, głosił Parmenides z Elei (VI/V wiek p.n.e.), z miasta położonego w południowej Italii (eleaci - nazwa przedstawicieli zapoczątkowanego przez niego rozwoju filozoficznego). Jak napisałam Goethe. Wszystko na świecie jest metaforą. Również w najlepszych koncepcjach uczonych, kiedy w urobionych prze-świadczeniach prostaczków, cały byt miał dwojaką naturę: fizyczną i wewnętrzną, naturalną i nadprzyrodzoną, ściśle ze sobą spojone: w niniejszym, co postrzegalne, taiły się treści nadzmysłowe. Najpierw na prośbę prowincjała austriackiego Georga Patissa z 1866 roku, skierowaną do prowincjała galicyjskiego Kaspra Szczepkowskiego, do Australii miał wyjechać ks.

#sprawdzian #kartkowka #rozprawka #wypracowanie #szkola

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