indo-europeans

[indo-europeans]

dards - war-like north westernmost “indo” aryans & asvas

- Strabo and Pliny mentioned war-like people Dardae.

- The term "Dardic" is only a geographic convention used to denote the northwesternmost group of Indo-Aryan languages (spoken in northern Pakistan, northwestern India and parts of northeastern Afghanistan)

- Usage of the term is curiously parallel to the Sanskrit usage, where it connoted nonspecific ferocious outsiders living in the mountains beyond the borders of the region.

- Dardic languages contain absolutely no features which cannot be derived from old [Indo-Aryan language]. They have simply retained a number of striking archasisms, which had already disappeared in most Prakrit dialects... There is not a single common feature distinguishing Dardic, as a whole, from the rest of the [Indo-Aryan] languages... Dardic is simply a convenient term to denote a bundle of aberrant [Indo-Aryan] hill-languages which, in their relative isolation, accented in many cases by the invasion of Pathan tribes, have been in varying degrees sheltered against the expand influence of [Indo-Aryan] Midland (Madhyadesha) innovations, being left free to develop on their own

- Due to their geographic isolation, many Dardic languages have preserved archaisms and other features of Old Indo-Aryan. These features include three sibilants, several types of clusters of consonants, and archaic or antiquated vocabulary lost in other modern Indo-Aryan languages.

- Kalasha and Khowar are the most archaic of all modern Indo-Aryan languages, retaining a great part of Sanskrit case inflexion, and retaining many words in a nearly Sanskritic form.[29][30] For example at’hi "bone" in Kalasha is nearly identical to asthi in Sanskrit[31] and ašrú "tear" in Khowar is identical to the Sanskrit word

- The Sanskrit term aśva, Avestan aspa, and Prakrit assa means horse. The name Aśvaka/Aśvakan or Assaka is derived from the Sanskrit Aśva or Prakrit Assa and it denotes someone connected with the horses, hence a horseman, or a cavalryman or horse breeder. The Aśvakas were especially engaged in the occupation of breeding, raising and training war horses, as also in providing expert cavalry services.[citation needed]

- The name of the Aśvakan or Assakan has been preserved in that of the modern Afghān.

- According to philologist J.W. McCrindle, the name Aśvaka is also "distinctly preserved" in the name of the Esapzai (or Yusufzai) tribe of Pashtuns. McCrindle noted: "The name of the Aśvaka indicates that their country was renowned in primitive times, as it is at the present day, for its superior breed of horses.

- The fact that the Greeks translated their name into "Hippasioi" (from ἵππος, a horse) shows that they must have been aware of its etymological signification."

- Ancient Greek historians who documented the exploits of Alexander the Great refer to the Aspasioi and Assakenoi (Ἀσσακηνοί) tribes among his opponents. The Assakenoi fielded 2,000 cavalry, 30 elephants and 30,000 infantry against Alexander during his campaign in India, which began in 327 BCE, but they eventually had to surrender after losses at places such as Beira, Massaga and Ora

-  Diodorus recorded the strength of the Aśvaka opposition, noting that the women took up arms along with the men, preferring "a glorious death to a life of dishonour".[21]Queen Cleophis was the main leader of Ashvaka during their war against Alexander.

- The Asvayanas have been attested to be good cattle breeders and agriculturists by classical writers. Arrian said that, during the time of Alexander, there were a large number of bullocks - 230,000 - of a size and shape superior to what the Macedonians had known, which Alexander captured from them and decided to send to Macedonia for agriculture

#Karakoram #kashmir #hindukush #himalayas #everest #india #pakistan #jammu #afghanistan #mountains #history #dard #dardistan #indoeuropean #hindi #sanskrit #aryan invasian #south asia #greek #strabo #pliny #ancient history #dardic #north india #vadakkan #vadakku #aryan #indo aryan #hind #hindu

[indo-europeans]

The first letter change from 'a' to 'i' in the words Andra to Indra and Aryan to Iran is a common phenomenon in Indo-Iranian languages called "Satemization." Satemization refers to the shift in pronunciation of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) velar consonants (/k/, /g/, and /gʰ/) to palatal or postalveolar sounds (/s/, /ʃ/, and /ʒ/) in the Indo-Iranian branch of the language family. This change occurred in the Indo-Iranian language branch around 1500 BCE, which led to the development of the satem languages (such as Sanskrit and Persian) from the earlier centum languages (such as Latin and Greek).

#satemization #linguistics #sanskrit #iranian #avestan #hindi #indo european languages #languages #indo iranian #indo aryan

[indo-europeans]

The peak period for mummification was during the New Kingdom (1550-1070 BCE).

Mummification began in ancient Egypt around 3500 BCE and continued until the end of the Pharaonic era in 332 BCE, with the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great.

[indo-europeans]

The Golden Egg of the Rig Veda 1.164.20

In various other mythologies and creation stories around the world, the "golden egg" or "cosmic egg" represents the primordial state of the universe before creation. The egg is often seen as a symbol of fertility, birth, and regeneration.

The "golden embryo"mentioned in Rig Veda 1.164.20 is a metaphorical reference to the source of creation in Vedism. The verse describes the process of creation, with the poet speaking of the "golden embryo" that was born in the beginning of the universe, and from which everything else emerged. In the Vaishnavite Puranas, the god Brahma emerging from a golden egg ("hiranyagarbha") that was laid by a cosmic bird.

In ancient Greek mythology, the golden egg is associated with the goddess Eurynome, who emerged from the chaos of the universe and created the first land by dancing on the surface of the "great sea". She then laid a golden egg, from which the god of love, Eros, was born.

In Egyptian mythology, the "cosmic egg" was known as the "Ogdoad", which represented the eight deities who emerged from the primordial chaos of the universe. The egg was also associated with the god Khepri, who was depicted as a scarab beetle rolling a ball of dung, which symbolized the process of creation and regeneration.

In Chinese mythology, the egg is associated with the goddess Nuwa, who was said to have created the first humans from clay and then laid eggs from which humans emerged.

#vedism #hinduism #india #south asia #aryan #indo aryan #indo european #greek #mythology #ancient history #history #ancient civilizations #myth #myths #creation #religion #god #chatpgt #chat gpt

[indo-europeans]

Abraham purchased his land from the HITTITES

ie. with a cave near Hebron (modern Palestine) 45km below Jerusalem

#abraham #aryan #brahma #indo european #sanskrit #saraswati #sarah #religion #ancient history #palestine #gaza #jerusalem #hinduism #history #ancient hihstory #ancient civlizations #ancient civlization

[indo-europeans]

Was killing men for their wives + having lots of wives the norm during Abraham’s time in general or more near Egypt?

 “I know what a beautiful woman you are. When the Egyptians see you, they will say, 'this is his wife.' Then they will kill me but will let you live. Say you are my sister, so that I will be treated well for your sake and my life will be spared because of you”

- Abraham, to his wife & half-sister

#abraham #indo europeans #egypt #ancient history #abrahamic #yahweh #islam #judaism #christianity #catholicism #religion #history #asia #levant #israel #iran #mesopotamia

[indo-europeans]

the most violent & loudest (oral traditions) won history

[indo-europeans]

barley domestication evidence

mesopotamia  ~11000 years ago?

meluhha  ~9000 years ago?

#agriculture #farming #barn #barley #beer #wheat #india #iran #mesopotamia #culture #history #ancient history #ancient genetics #ancient civlizations #ancient civlization #ancient indus valley #indus valley #meluhha #tamil #dravidian #melakam #south asia #levant

[indo-europeans]

Terah left Abram to mind the store while he departed. A woman came with a plateful of flour and asked Abram to offer it to the idols. Abram then took a stick, broke the idols, and put the stick in the largest idol’s hand. When Terah returned, he demanded that Abram explain what he'd done. Abram told his father that the idols fought among themselves and the largest broke the others with the stick. "Why do you make sport of me?" Terah cried, "Do they have any knowledge?" Abram replied, "Listen to what you are saying!"

about Abraham, supposedly the first monotheist ~1900 BCE

#religion #ancient history #history #prehistory #mesopotamia #sumeria #babylon #ur #dravidian #tamil #indus valley #hindu #hinduism #vedism #judaism #christianity #islam #abraham #brahma #saraswati #sarah #christ #god #terah #abram #truth

[indo-europeans]

an unscrupulous liar to save his own skin (he passes off Sarah as his sister and lets her be picked by the Egyptian pharaoh for his harem)

about abraham

#abraham #judaism #jewish #jew #religion #christian #christ #jesus #catholic #roman catholic #protestant #sanskrit #vedism #brahma #saraswati #sarah #egyptian #history #ancient history

[indo-europeans]

purification by water

- jewish mikveh associated with the impurity of death, periods, etc. - earliest evidence goes back to 1st century BCE?

- Mandean masbuta (weekly baptism in flowing water ie. rivers on Sundays

- Mandean tamasha: triple immersion in rivers required by women after periods, childbirth, sex, etc.

- Mandean Mandis must be built by rivers

- Brahmins bathing in the ganges

- Brahmin “punyahavachanam” - ritual of sprinkling water over people and items on important occasions

- Abisheka - ritualistic bathing a religious image or idol with water, curd, milk, etc

- men are pure after bathing after childbirth but women aren’t for a month

- Brahmin requirement to bathe after a death ceremony

- shinto misogi

- tsukubai

- washing the feet of clergy

- Christian baptism

- islamic ritual ablutions, wudu and ghusl

[indo-europeans]

animal sacrifices to gods

- hurrians and Hittites ritually sacrificed piglets to communicate with 8 old gods (annunaki) to perform ritual purifications

- sacrifice of bulls & sheep

[indo-europeans]

eve (>kali?) was originally worshipped from ancient times and there was no heaven for humans

heaven not for humans, only for the anthropomorphic, immortal gods who required food and drink as well as alcohol - who would assemble at mountains for meetings; deities personifying nature, then tutelary deities for each town and polytheism (3600 deities); ppl of all classes baring the names of particular deities; underworld of demons with stairway to 7 gateways/levels where everyone went regardless of class or actions; raised altars resembling sacred mountains as well as courtyards with basins and water for cleansing visitors; idols were consecrated through rituals and fed - the images were dressed, burned incensed for, and served banquets twice a day which priests may have taken too; regular sacrificial meals were set out regularly with sacrificed animals in place of humans for the gods’ anger; certain days required ceremonies for certain gods - everyday was sacred for a particular god; holy trees; the universe being surrounded by ocean;  search for immortality and great flood myths; storm god defeating snake/dragon myth; priests to appease the wrath of gods with song and music; female and male singers;  some rulers believed certain deities to be personal protectors and much later, common ppl had personal gods too maintained through prayer and maintaining the statue; public & private rituals for good luck, success and protection from disease and demons; strong fear of demons; incantations and ceremonies also used to cure diseases which were also thought to be caused by demons; images of protecting spirits were also made to place at gates to ward off disaster - or to capture a demon an image was created of it, placed above the head of a sick person and then destroyed; belief that gods already determined the destinies of people which could be ascertained through rituals and observing omens like astrology and interpretations of dreams or “lower class” withcraft; god as lord (belu cf. vel?) and man as servant or sale (ardu) to fear (puluhtu) the gods; sin was punished through sickness or misfortune which meant common reference to unknown sins, or transgressing a gods without realizing it - not concrete sins which could apply to the nation and history as a whole - punishment from gods and how kings were used for deliverance is seen in the ancient literature; marriages were arranged through parents - which became legal when the groom gave a bridal gift to the bride’s father?; premarital sex was prohibited but still common, just surreptitious; worship of inanna/ishtar involved wild, frenzied dancing and bloody ritual celebrations of social and physical abnormality - nothing was prohibited to her -- signifying that one could cross over from the “conscious everyday world into the trance world of spiritual ecstasy”; sangu (cf. sanskrit sanga) - priest-rulers who lived in temple complexes as state administrators responsible of large irrigation processes, accompanied by vocalists and instrumentalists  -- followed by the advent of kings & palaces as we see later, particularly in Post-Vedic South Asia mirror Sumerian city-states

the switch from the centrality goddesses to gods came with Akkadian syncretizing their own (Semitic) gods and making them dominant. 

#vedism #aryans #indo european #sumeria #prehistory #india #south asia #mesopotamia #ancient history #ancient civlizations #indus valley #meluhha #melakam #mythology #underworld #heaven #gods #goddess #semitic #jewish #abraham #tamil #hindu #hinduism #vedic #aryan #iyer #brahmin #kali #eve

[indo-europeans]

demon gods and goddesses from Sumeria

- Lamashtu, Mesopotamia: head of a lion, teeth of a donkey, naked breasts, hairy, hands stained with blood, long fingers and finger nails, feet of Anzu believed to feed on the blood of infants widely blamed as the cause of miscarriages and cot deaths. Mesopotamians protected against her with amulets and talismans. she road on her boat on the river of the underworld, was associated with donkeys and was the daughter of An

- Pazuzu, Mesopotamia: canine face, bulging eyes, scaly body, snake headed penis, bird talons and usually wings. son of Hanbi, god of evil. amulets in dwellings and on chains with his face to protect against Lamashtu

#sumeria #mesopotamia

[indo-europeans]

utu & inanna: the original adam and eve. an & ki, the original siva & sakti?

inanna was the sister of ereshkigal, the queen of the underworld (mesopotamia)

#Adam and eve #adam #eve #christianity #abraham #islam #judaism #sumerian #sumeria #mesopotamia #ancient history #prehistory #religion #humankind #history #ancient civilizations #humanity #hinduism #saktism #shaivism

[indo-europeans]

root of vedic obsession of chanting/prayers

sumerian myth of marriage of martu refers to amorites as those who “cannot properly recite prayers”

#chanting #prayer #vedic #hindu #sumerian #prehistory #religion

[indo-europeans]

Lunar deification

Nanna, Sin, Suen, Nannar - Sumerian god of Ur

Sivan?

Siva - Hindu - crescent moon & snake

Wadd, Amm - crescent moon & snake, Yemen to Greece

#mesopotamia #sumeria #religion #moon #shiva #siva #nanna