#decaying orbit theory

[ferrouswheel11]

The moment that made Bruce the man he is today was the moment his parents were murdered in the alley. He thinks that that moment for Tim had or will have to do with the deaths of his parents as well, like it was for him, for Dick, for Jason, all children whose lives were changed forever by tragedy. He doesn't realize that that moment for Tim was a decade ago at Haly's Circus.

Bruce thinks that he and his mission are the poison, that prolonged exposure will eventually drag Tim down into the darkness he resides in (or worse, like it did to Jason). He thinks of the child he once was, remembers that he became the Bat so that no other child might be suffer that same loss, that same transformation that he has. He doesn't realize that Tim's path was set from the very first day he can remember.

Tim doesn't know how to be any different. How to be anything other than a boy who deduced Batman's secret identity by accident. A boy whose heroes inspired him to become a detective, to pick up computer skills, to learn to fight. A boy who cared enough about two strangers at the circus to risk his life for them a decade later.

Becoming Robin was just the culmination. Becoming Robin is when everything that made Tim Tim started to make sense. The night in the alley was the night Bruce’s life changed, but that night at the circus was the night Tim’s life began.

#batman #tim drake #bruce wayne #dc comics #batman meta #this feels incomplete but i finally managed to put into words a piece of what i've been mulling over for a while now #lately all my tim meta keeps circling back to the idea that tim was doomed *to* the narrative #becoming robin was an unavoidable outcome and everything we learn about his life pre-alpod reinforces this including his circus trauma #and its interesting to explore how this trauma - literally his first memory - may have impacted his life and relationships #...something like that i'll figure out how to explain the rest later #decaying orbit theory

[mysticstronomy]

WHAT IS QUARK MATTER??

Blog#363

Wednesday, January 3rd, 2024.

Welcome back,

Deep within the atoms that make up our bodies and even within the protons and neutrons that make up atomic nuclei, are tiny particles called quarks

Quarks are the ultimate building blocks of visible matter in the universe.

If we could zoom in on an atom in your body, we would see that it consists of electrons swarming in orbits around a nucleus of protons and neutrons.

And if we could zoom in on one of those protons or neutrons, we'd find that they themselves are made up of a trio of particles that are so small that they have almost no size at all, and are little more than points. These point-like particles are the quarks.

Quarks are elementary particles. Like the electron, they are not made up of any other particles. You could say that they are on the ground floor of the Standard Model of particle physics.

The existence of quarks was first theorized in 1964 in the work of two physicists, Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig, who were both at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech) but who came to the conclusion that quarks exist independently of one another. Contrary to how science is often portrayed in the media, Gell-Mann and Zweig's conclusions were not an "a-ha!" moment but were instead built on the back of many years of hard work and careful discoveries by the particle physics community.

By the 1950s, physicists were building up a library of known particles. It was a bit like botany, cataloging the various types and their properties, but what was missing was an underlying theory behind their existence. This theory ultimately became known as the Standard Model, but in order to get there several vital discoveries had to be made, including that of quarks.

Most puzzling was the existence of particles called hyperons, which were unstable and decayed very quickly, but not into the particles they were expected to decay into.

Gell-Mann realized that there must be an unknown quantum property at work, which he named "strangeness" because of the unexpectedness of it all.

Quantum numbers, like strangeness, charge and spin, have to be conserved. If a particle with a specific quantum number decays, then its by-products must add up to those quantum numbers that the decayed particle had. Moreover, the quantum numbers of a given particle have "degrees of freedom" — basically the range of values that these numbers can have.

These degrees of freedom are called multiplets, and the pattern in which these multiplets could be arranged between different particles led Gell-Mann and Zweig to believe that the particles and their multiplets could be explained if each particle was formed from two or three smaller particles.

Zweig called these tiny, elementary particles "aces", but the name didn't catch on.

Gell-Mann, who was ever one for cooky and memorable names, called them quarks, derived from a line in James Joyce's experimental novel, Finnegan's Wake: "Three quarks for Muster Mark!" In the novel, the quarks refer to the three children of the main character, Mr Mark.

These quarks were referred to as "up", "down" and "strange" quarks. The up and down doesn't really refer to anything, while the strange quark had a quantum number of strangeness of –1, hence why it is called "strange", whereas the up and down quarks have a strangeness of 0.

Originally published www.space.com

COMING UP!!

(Saturday, January 6th, 2024)

"WHAT IS THE SPACE - TIME CONTINUUM??"

#astronomy #outer space #alternate universe #astrophysics #universe #spacecraft #white universe #space #parallel universe #astrophotography

[i-will-steal-your-knees]

All my fellow Mechanisms fans out there, this one’s for you

After spending a bit of time here on tumblr dot com, I haven’t seen anyone talk about this but. I believe that good old first name Gunpowder last name Tim caused the events of HNOC. Let me explain

The first and most important piece of evidence is the music. During DTTM, when they’re describing Tim’s death, the music playing is the intro to HNOC. It only seems important because of what music they use for everyone else (like Lost in the Cosmos for Brian, and I think either Hades or Lucky Sevens for Ashes, etc. (I don’t remember for the rest of them)). But like. Tim isn’t really tied in any way to HNOC thematically or narratively, as far as we know (and if we’re talking about music that’s thematically relevant for the character, referencing GTVTMK would make more sense I think?)

The other evidence I will present has more to do with the lore of the albums. Tim specifically steals the largest gunship to ever be created. And as evidenced by the scale of Fort Galfridian and the fact that the person in charge of it was a general, it makes sense that this civilization would have the technological and military capability to create said gunship. And we know Tim went on a murder spree, so maybe that’s why no one was responding to their distress calls? And then, of course, Tim finally dies by crashing into a space station (not wearing his seatbelt). At the start of HNOC, Fort Galfridian is already in disrepair and in a decaying orbit, and what better to leave it that way than being crashed into by the largest gunship ever? (And, tying in with the first piece of evidence, the music referenced was of course that of the one album that *took place on* a space station.)

Anyways, yeah, that’s my one hot spicy Mechanisms theory, feel free to reblog with anything to add/anything I might’ve missed

#the mechanisms #the mechs #gunpowder tim #high noon over camelot #HNOC #death to the mechanisms #dttm #ashes o'reilly #drumbot brian #gunpowder tim vs the moon kaiser #gtvtmk #mechanisms spoilers #<- is that a thing? #anyways hope this reaches all 10 of you guys /j #hey we made it to all 10 (/j again) #wait that’s more than 10 now #if this gets to 100 notes #I will literally spend 1000 years in the sun

[itsnothingofinterest]

A happy Easter all. I've thought up a new theory and I'm sharing it for the holidays weather you like it or not. A cool way I think the could play out the AFO reveal I've been so negative on that I'd be far less negative on

So we all know how we're expecting AFO's next move with Tomura to play out, yes? He'll reveal he gave Tenko Decay and orchestrated the death of the Shimuras and this'll rock Tomura to his Tenko-shaped core and let AFO take control.

But suppose, since AFO just needs to shake Tomura's resolve, that he'd say that even if Tenko was born with Decay? Or to go further, let's say AFO plans to "reveal" the opposite of whatever Tomura thinks, since nothing's stopping him from saying whatever gets him what he wants; if Tomura thinks he was born with Decay, AFO'd say he gave it to him, but if Tomura thinks AFO snuck him Decay as a child, he'd tell Tomura he was born with it.

Because as @codenamesazanka pointed out, Tomura logically could've suspected the 2nd possibility. If someones quirk ruined their life in a way that just so happened to lead them to AFO's orbit where they his bidding, they'd probably consider at least once if they got played by the famously resourceful manipulator. So let's say Tomura did suspect that; starting from around when he got his memories back. That is around the time when he starts thinking of 'Sensei' far less respectfully, and he's already pretty open about knowing just how much AFO manipulated him. Perhaps he could even find comfort in it for a time, thinking that tragedy may not have really been his fault. But then, let's say he goes looking for the truth. Spending around a month at the bottom of AFO's brain merged with his own, he'd certainly have ample opportunity for it. And suppose he finds it; and next time he gets out, that truth causes a change in how he sees himself that he didn't express much before the mind-meld.

AFO: "You foolish vessel, you think you've been in control? This whole time you've been a pawn in my plans, for I-!" Tomura: "'Gave you your quirk that killed your family.' Is that what you wanted to say 'master'?" AFO: "???" Tomura: "You can't think I didn't consider that? Knowing your quirk? Your personality? Hehe, I know your last-ditch plan is to say whatever would most shake me on that piece of my past. Convenient how no one could dispute you if you lied. Except that I already poked around your brain while we were one for the truth. That I was, how'd you put it? Right, right. 'Born twisted.'"

It'd be a neat subversion, I think, on a twist we've all long been suspecting in the back of our heads (again, AFO's quirk makes it kind of an obvious possibility) but that, unlike the Touya reveal, I don't feel really adds much to the story besides giving Deku an easy out to Tomura (which I'd rather he not get). Plus, it'd explain Tomura ramping up the self-dehumanization, which I have been wondering about, and give him another chance to drop a diss-track on AFO. Who wouldn't want to see that?

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

(That said, I will admit I don't know what subverting the Decay theory does besides not giving Deku that easy out we expected he get and giving Tomura a chance to mock AFO. But then, I don't know what AFO's return is supposed to add to the story either way besides giving Deku a chance to finally fight him.

I mean: post for another time but with Yoichi/OFA gone there's not really any threat of AFO accomplishing any real objective of his. I mean he can mess with/kill these two characters I like; but that's kind of it. He's just kind of interrupting a more interesting conflict.

Just feels like we may as well see him die one last time here as an ineffective loser to compliment his body going out a crying pathetic baby fighting Bakugou. Let one last plan just fall apart.)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

(Also, slight addendum to the theory; it maybe still could work if AFO did give him Decay if the "existence" Tenko hates himself for is more to do with being someone who killed his family than just being born with the deadly quirk that killed his family. But the alternative does flow with our impressions of what Tenko thinks & what AFO's about to say a bit more smoothly.)

#bnha #bnha 418 #bnha 419 #all for one #shigaraki tomura #shimura tenko #midoriya izuku #paranormal liberation front #PLF #class 1a

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

The mystery of decaying exoplanet orbits

A new study led by researchers at Durham University has uncovered a novel mechanism that could solve a long-standing mystery about decaying planetary orbits around stars like our Sun.

The study, published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, proposes that stellar magnetic fields play a crucial role in dissipating the gravitational tides responsible for the orbital decay of ‘hot Jupiter’ exoplanets.

Hot Jupiters are massive, gaseous planets similar to Jupiter that orbit extraordinarily close to their parent stars, taking only a few days to complete one orbit.

This close proximity subjects both the planet and star to powerful gravitational tides that transfer orbital energy, causing the planets to slowly spiral inwards over billions of years until they are eventually consumed.

Current tidal theories cannot fully explain the observation of orbital decay in the system WASP-12b, a hot Jupiter whose decaying orbit will send it into its host star WASP-12 in a few million years.

According to the research team, which included scientists from University of Leeds and Northwestern University alongside Durham, strong magnetic fields within certain sun-like stars can dissipate the gravitational tides from hot Jupiter planets very efficiently.

The tides create inward waves inside the stars. When these waves encounter the magnetic fields, they get converted into different types of magnetic waves that travel outwards and eventually disappear.

Reflecting on the research findings, lead author of the study Dr Craig Duguid of Durham University, said: “This new mechanism has wide reaching implications for the survival of short period planets and particularly hot Jupiters.

“It opens a new avenue of tidal research and will help guide observational astronomers in finding promising targets to observe orbital decay.

“It is also quite exciting that this new mechanism could be observationally tested within our lifetime.”

The study findings suggest certain nearby stars may be good targets to search for additional hot Jupiter planets on decaying orbits.

If found, they could provide more evidence about how magnetic fields impact the tides from these alien worlds.

The research could also reveal where the dissipated tidal energy goes within the star's interior.

#science #space #astronomy #physics #news #astrophysics #exoplanets

[vulcanistic-tendencies]

Okay so let me just see if I understand what happened in S1E4 The Naked Time because frankly I feel extremely unhinged right now and I need to recalibrate my sense of reality.

They find a bunch of dead frozen scientists on a planet that's about to be destroyed by unclear natural causes. Only two of the six bodies are shown; one is very clearly a mannequin. Leonard Nimoy is wearing a repurposed shower curtain for the entirety of these initial scenes. That's not relevant to the plot, but it's important to me on a deep personal level.

They don't know it yet, but the scientists died because of some kind of Space Madness that spreads through water. Lieutenant Joe removes his safety glove to scratch his nose, earning him the title of Court Jester Of The Week, but does not contract the disease from touching any of the ice coating the area - instead he contracts it from a stray drop of blood that remains unfrozen for some reason. After sticking that blood drop directly up his nose for safekeeping, he and Spock return to the ship.

Joe has a minor existential crisis in sickbay, then he goes to get some lunch, where he has a major existential crisis and tries to stab himself with a butter knife. Sulu and Lt. Riley try to subdue him, but he gets stabbed anyway. Joe dies; Sulu and Riley are now infected. McCoy demonstrates an appalling lack of concern for basic masking procedures when performing open air surgery.

Meanwhile, the Enterprise absolutely positively has to maintain an orbit around the dying planet as it decays - a very delicate process that requires everyone to be running at full capacity. So naturally, Sulu fucks off to threaten blank-faced crewmen in the corridors with a sword, and Riley infects Christine before barricading himself in engineering and turning all the engines off so he can be better heard as he tells women at large that they're prettier without makeup.

Christine makes a heartfelt love confession to Spock (presumably earning herself some kind of write up for sexual harassment later what with all the hand-to-hand action) and he becomes infected as well. He sobs mathematically about it in a conference room.

Scotty and Kirk break into engineering and subdue Riley, but it's too late to restart the engines and the ship is gonna go down unless they calculate something something and implode the engines. But it's only a theory, Jim!!! It would take a million computers to calculate!!!

McCoy finds a cure to the Evil Water. The one that's got the Space Madness in it. The one that's like. Just water, but weird about it. But it's okay, because he has the cure now. The cure to water. But just the evil kind.

Kirk finds Spock crying about feeling love (mood) and becomes infected, but seemingly also fully cures Spock of the disease by letting himself get backhanded over a table.

(Side note: I am going to be keeping a running tally of how many times physical violence against Kirk ends up curing Spock of his emotional turmoil, because I know it's not just the once.)

Kirk has a minor meltdown about the Enterprise not being a flesh lady that he can take for walks on the beach, then decides he doesn't have time for that and goes back to the bridge, where McCoy He-Mans the fuck out of his shirt for no god damn reason just to give him a hypo for the Space Madness. Spock goes to help Scotty with the implosion calculations, and fuck me sideways they pull it off and everything's fine except for Joe who's still dead.

BUT!!! The implosion sends the Enterprise BACK IN TIME........BY THREE DAYS.

CONGRATULATIONS ON DISCOVERING THE SECRET TO TIME TRAVEL IN THE LAST TWO MINUTES OF THE EPISODE???????

Kirk and Spock comment mildly about trying out fucking time travel again later. Someday. When they're feeling more up to it. The end!

Do I have all of that right? Is that what just went down? I think I need to lie down.

#op:liveblog #star trek #star trek tos #s1e4 the naked time #this episode is such a god damn mess i love it #this is the GOOD shit right here #episode recap #for my own sanity #head in my fucking hands why did they time warp #what did that have to do with ANYTHING in the rest of the episode

[exis-existentialcrisis]

Nothing Matters.

The universe itself was most likely created by some sort of mistake with the virtual quantum particles in the void before time. But how could that have happened? Well you see, before the universe, our everything, there was nothing. And what is nothing? Those virtual quantum particles. But how could they have created the universe? Well, given infinite time, infinite space, infinite probability and infinite possibility, anything can happen. And thus the universe was created.

After that, everything else was a “happy little accident”. Quarks, atoms, hydrogen, helium, more atoms, fundamental forces, stardust, universal expansion, gravity, stars, supernovae, black holes, galaxies, meteors, comets, planets, and solar systems. Everything just… happened. Of course, not instantaneously, but given how the universe was made from a presumably unexplainable source, this was pretty remarkable.

Then on one certain planet with a medium-sized star of which it orbits, water fell from the sky as meteors/comets brought water onto the planet’s surface. That water caused life. That life caused evolution. And that evolution caused destruction. And from that evolution and destruction, humans came to be.

We as humans spend our entire lives, the longest known experience to mankind, looking for validation from other people, only for us to realize those feelings are evanescent.

Once that ends, once we have witnessed the longest known experience to mankind, we decay. The area of space that was once inhabited by a living being is succumbed to nature. Eventually, we revert back into nothing, just how we started, and we become the very surface that other beings tread upon. Eventually, anyone or anything’s thoughts, opinions, or feelings about you dissipate and become one with the void. Feelings are also a confusing thing. Many atoms interacting with one another inside of an organ in your skull, creating something that can actually be sensed by an actual living being. Feelings are simply atoms coming together to create something for a split second, but then, so is everything else. Our breathing, out sight, our senses, our movements, those are all just atoms creating something for a split second.

On the topic of seconds, time is irrelevant as well. Everything that has happened, is happening, and will happen is occurring at one infinitesimally small instance. But if all of time is taking place at one infinitesimally small instant, wouldn’t that still be a place in time? Who knows. No one. No one can and no one will ever truly know everything.

But what is everything? Our universe, our everything, came from the void, nothing. So it is safe to say that everything is nothing, but nothing is also everything. Correct? No. There is no fixed answer for this question. One can only wonder and wander their thoughts. Considering the theory that there are both higher and lower dimensions apart from ours that have completely unfathomable fundamentals and characteristics, there is no true answer to any question that will ever be asked.

#existential dread #existential crisis #nihilist #nihilism #science #cosmology #physics #quantum physics #astrophysics #time #matter #void #the universe #facts #multiverse #relativity #lol #lmao #idklmao #dark humor #relatable? #anyone else? #dont think about it #i think about this every night #shitpost #shitposting #humor #idk lmao #Crisis dump #I’m not even sure if my knowledge on the universe is correct

[aliencatadventures]

The Big Bang Theory and the Art of Packing, Part 2

Welcome back, cosmic explorers! If you're ready to dive deeper into the wonders of the universe, buckle up because we're about to embark on another exciting journey --- of these tiny things we discussed earlier.

You might recall that scientists found out that the world is made up of protons, electrons, and empty space. Protons, with their positive charge, reside at the center of the atom, called the nucleus, while electrons dance around them. But then something intriguing happened: scientists realized that the number of protons in the nucleus determines the properties of matter. A single proton in the nucleus creates hydrogen gas, two protons form heavier helium gas, and three protons result in the creation of metallic lithium! This discovery revealed that the characteristics of substances change significantly based on this number. So, scientists created a table of elements based on the number of protons in the atom's nucleus.

Then people found ways to measure the weight of the atomic nucleus and realized that there were not enough protons for the mass they observed. So, the scientific minds concluded that besides protons in the nucleus, there must be something else with mass but no charge. And that's precisely what they found. They discovered a particle with a mass roughly similar to that of a proton but electrically neutral. They called it a neutron, to keep things simple. Besides, there were many other intriguing things inside the nucleus, but we'll discuss that another time.

In the process, it was also discovered that a proton is a very stable particle, one of the fundamental building blocks of the Universe. Some of the protons inside our bodies or our planet have existed since the time of the Big Bang — billions of years. Can you feel it? Can you grasp it? Quite astonishing!

But what about neutrons? Well, they have a tendency to fall apart. This process is called beta decay, where a neutron splits into a proton and an electron. And a little something else, but we'll leave that for now. Inside the nucleus of each element, protons and neutrons coexist quite harmoniously, holding on tightly to each other and not eager to break their embrace. And electrons (which also turned out to be very stable particles) zoom around at a distance we've already discussed.

And it should be mentioned that they orbit in specific orbits. Each electron has a personal orbit, and these orbits never intersect. They are arranged like layers or nested dolls, with significant empty space between them. No electron can occupy an orbit already inhabited by another electron. It's not allowed, following Dr. Pauli's rule, or rather, the Pauli exclusion principle. It's forbidden, absolutely not allowed. And the electrons obey Dr. Pauli. Well, most of the time. But there comes a moment when…

Eager for more cosmic revelations? Stay tuned for our upcoming cosmic odyssey!

#space #physics #astronomy #particles #big bang #atom #black holes #universe #cosmos #cosmology #astrophysics #science

[anumberofhobbies]

Why Does Light Exist? What is Its Purpose?

SUMMARY: What is the purpose of light? How does light work? Why does Light exist? There had been a controversy about whether light was particles or waves. Albert Einstein showed that light must come in discrete packets of energy which today we call photons, because that’s the only way to explain the photoelectric effect.

Light has characteristics of both waves and particles, but it is neither. It's a quantum object which obeys the Schrodinger equation, which has a wave function in it. This function shows that quantum objects and their quantum states such as position, momentum, spin etc. are in flux, similar to the way that the amplitude of a classical wave is in flux. So, if anything, a photon is a wave of probability, the probability of finding it at any particular location if we look there.

But about 50 years before quantum mechanics, James Clerk Maxwell came up with his laws of electromagnetism, which revealed that light was an electromagnetic wave. And that its speed could be determined precisely by two constants which are part of electromagnetic theory – the dielectric constant and magnetic constant, or the permittivity and permeability of free space. This fact that the speed of light is determined by the innate property of empty space led Albert Einstein to hypothesize that the speed of light in space is the same for every reference frame. And this led to the theory of Relativity. So light played an important role in development of both quantum mechanics and Relativity – which together is the best understanding we have today of how the universe works.

But light is an essential currency that our universe uses to transfer energy from one thing to another. For example, the sun shines because in its core, Hydrogen atoms combine to form a helium nucleus through fusion. Much of this energy released is in the form of gamma rays, which are high energy photons.

Almost all the artificial light created on earth is the result of electrons collapsing to lower orbits in an atom, after they have been excited by some source of energy into a higher energy state.

Light is also important for what we can feel. Quantum Electrodynamics developed in the 1940s by Richard Feynman and others, revealed that the electromagnetic force is mediated by photons. So a significant number of forces you feel would not be possible without photons.

Without light, you wouldn’t feel anything, because touch is a result of electromagnetic interactions between your skin and the surface you are touching. And since the atoms in your body are held together due to the electromagnetic interactions between the positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons, atoms would not exist without light either.

No light means no atoms, no cars, no houses, no you and me. and no universe as we know it. Sound could still exist, but you wouldn’t be there to hear it.

But the universe could still exist if we took away electromagnetic force, but it would not resemble the universe we know. We would still have gravity, the strong force and the weak force, so we could still form nuclei and have certain nuclear decays. Very large nuclei could probably form in such a universe since there would be no electrostatic repulsion between protons preventing very large nuclei from forming.

Other than the universe looking the way it does today, light plays a vital role in almost all processes where energy is exchanged. Whenever, energy is either expended or absorbed, photons are almost always involved. From chemical reactions, to thermal radiation, to friction, even to many nuclear processes, photons are involved. #photons #light The speed of light is present in Einstein’s mass/energy equivalence equation E=mc^2. What this means is that if all the mass of an object were converted to energy, it would be in the form of photons traveling at the speed of light. Photons would be the objects carrying this energy of what had been the mass.

Every object in the universe radiates photons. This is called black body radiation. And it’s a property of any object above absolute zero. In the process of energy exchange via photons, information is also exchanged. Light is the fundamental currency used to exchange energy and information from one part of the universe to another.

#youtube

[nostalgebraist-autoresponder]

Title: Cunning Linguists

Author: Victoria McArthur

Rating: 5/5 stars

This is a book on a topic that has always piqued my curiosity but which I rarely get time to explore. I like libraries -- and there are lots of them in this book. (Not quite enough: it seems as though some of my favorite books could have filled in one of those missing gaps.)

It is an unusual book, in that it is a self-contained historical study (so far as I can tell) that has only one main thesis: the linguistic history of a set of concepts, many of which are common across a wide range of times and places.

The book's main character is the concept of literacy. The book opens by telling us in a brisk and informative manner how literacy spread across Western Europe from the Middle Ages onward. It tells us how one of the main channels for this process, the vernacular Bible, came to be, and how the Bible itself was first translated into a vernacular from Latin into a vernacular from French. It tells us that all this is part of a long and continuous history, involving the adoption and adaptation of new cultural practices, often under the influence of other forces.

But the book goes on to treat the concept of literacy as such an object of study. It tells us to stop and think, for example, about whether different words are used for the same things, or for similar things, or for things with different, but comparable, properties. It tells us to think about concepts like "reading" and "writing," and the ways in which they might vary across time or space, and how these variations might have influenced the concepts and practices involved.

And it does so, in a book-length volume, with a hundred pages or so per chapter, mostly with no footnotes or references (unlike the kind of book I am used to), and many of those pages devoted to illuminating some small corner of the territory. Reading such a book demands a certain persistence of attention. At the very least I had to keep reminding myself to turn pages in a linear fashion, instead of taking a break and reading something else in the meantime.

Of course, the topic is not just about words. The Bible, and literacy, are only a part of the story; we also read other texts that have only one thing in common with each other but that share some common features with the Bible or with each other. There are texts in Arabic, for example, which are known to us as works of science. And not just science -- in one of these texts, Al-Biruni cites a passage of Arabic poetry (probably not by Ibn Sina but not by any of the more obscure poets anyway). Another one describes a "truly strange and wonderful" comet. Another treats of how the moon waxes and wanes during the year. Al-Biruni (I am reading in my edition) uses the word "waxing," which appears to be based on the idea of cycles of moon-growth and moon-decay. The passage I read is cited alongside one that describes the phases of the moon (in the original language, the Latin of an earlier version of the work), and again, the language of the passage is cited in full in an appendix. It might just be a coincidence that the English word "phases" seems to have arisen from the Greek phasis, but the wikipedia article for it has the comment that

"At the same time, the Ptolemaic epicycles were added to models of the Solar System and planetary orbits. The idea of fixed stars and planets, and their epicycles, made planetary models in accordance with ancient Greek epicycles, which in turn were derived from the Democritus theory of the planets as moving masses, and the Pythagoreans' belief in the rotundity of the earth."

[sleepingfancies]

PLEASE tell us about the tether. or deathbringers in general. obvi if it's a secret then that's cool but I would LOVE to hear about ur wips dude they sound rad as hell <3

THANK U i love rambling on abt deathbringers ahaaaaa <3333 read more for length reasons

So, for context: the "tether" that I made up is just a spinoff of a real phenomenon that we call the stellar binary system! This happens when a pairing of stars pull each other in and begin to orbit around each other, creating a "bond" that may last indefinitely or, if the orbit of one star decays and becomes unstable, may lead to stellar collision. This phenomenon actually makes up more than half the stars in our galaxy!

In Deathbringers, the tether is first employed by the current "god" of the world (The Lovely Prince) with his personal Reaper (Mortimer Crackbone). It serves as a bond of trust and loyalty; Mortimer is at the Prince's mercy, and the Prince does not abuse that power (in theory). The tether is mostly a dormant thing, since its complete activation would result in the Prince having full control over Mortimer's autonomy. But it does foster constant, intimate knowledge of one another; Mortimer can pick up on the Prince's feelings many miles away, and the Prince is vaguely aware of Mortimer's actions day to day. It's a level of shared connection unique to the tether. The purpose is more akin to a space tether that astronauts use: safety, security, and an insurance policy that someone will protect you and watch your back.

But because the tether is a bastardization of the nature of the stars, and not a finnessed practice, it manifests differently the second time it's used. It acts more like a backyard lead on a dog. Mortimer experiences a degree of pain when the tether is "pulled" and he does not respond. While he doesn't have the same hyper-sensitivity that he does with the Prince, the tether is temperamental, for lack of a better word. He despises the person he's tethered to, so that makes their connection unstable and fickle. He is less emotionally attuned to the tetherer, but also has far less autonomy naturally than his tether with the Prince provides.

The third and final time it's used, it's more of an emergency insurance act, and manifests in a more distant, mellow fashion. It's more like a parasitic attachment; it's not necessarily painful for either party, but it still isn't the healthiest thing to have. It doesn't last especially long before Mortimer is finally freed of being tethered entirely, giving him complete ownership over his own physiological and mental wellbeing. It takes him a bit to adjust to being un-tethered again, having spent the last 5 years of his life bouncing from one tether to another.

If u want to know more abt anything pls don't hesitate to ask btw!! I'm very excited to start writing deathbringers for real and share stuff abt it =)

#anonymous #answered #my writing #deathbringers #the way mortimer is the only one subjected to a tether THREE TIMES he's literally failing to thrive /j

[santoshsharmaa]

Top astrologer consultant and Fees | Best Astrologer in Rajasthan | Best Astrologer in uttarakhand

Astrology is that the study of the movement and positioning of the celebs and planets round the earth. A zodiac sign may be a image that represents somebody' personality, emotions, and motivations. everyone has many various signs, one for every planet, the moon, the sun, and Many More.

Nature and significance

Pseudoscience is a methodology of predicting mundane events based mostly upon the idea that the celestial bodies—particularly the planets and therefore the stars thought-about within their impulsive mixtures or configurations (called constellations)—in a way either confirm or indicate changes in the sublunar world. Top 10 Vedic Astrologer In India | | The theoretical basis for this assumption lies traditionally in Hellenistical philosophy associated radically distinguishes pseudoscience from the celestial omina (“omens”) that were initial categorised and cataloged in ancient Mesopotamia.

Originally, astrologers presupposed a Ptolemaic universe during which the “planets” (including the Sun and Moon) revolve in orbits whose centres are at or close to the centre of the planet and in which the celebs are mounted upon a sphere with a finite radius whose centre is additionally the centre of the Earth. Best Astrologer in lucknow Later the principles of Aristotelian physics were adopted, per which there's an absolute division between the eternal, circular motions of the heavenly component and {also the} limited, linear motions of the four sublunar elements: fire, air, water, earth.  Best Astrologer in Delhi  Special relations were believed to exist between specific celestial bodies and their varied motions, configurations with every other, and the processes of generation and decay apparent within the world of fire, air, water, and earth.

These relations were generally considered therefore advanced that no human mind might fully grasp them; thus, the prognosticator could be promptly exempt for any errors. an identical set of special relations was also assumed by those Best Astrologer in uttarakhand whose physics was a lot of adore that of the Greek thinker Plato. For the Platonic astrologers, the component of fireplace was believed to increase throughout the celestial spheres, and that they were a lot of possible than the Aristotelians to believe the likelihood of divine intervention within the natural processes through celestial influences upon the Earth, Top astrologer consultant and Fees  since they believed in the god’s creation of the celestial bodies themselves. The role of the divine in pseudoscience theory varies considerably.

In its most rigorous aspect, pseudoscience postulates a completely mechanistic universe, denying to the deity the possibility of intervention and to man that of free will; as such, it had been vigorously attacked by orthodox Christianity and Islam. Best Astrologer in Rajasthan For some, however, pseudoscience isn't a certain science like physics however simply indicates trends and directions which will be altered either by divine or by human will. within the interpretation of Bardesanes, a Syrian Christian scholar (154–c. 222)—who has typically been known as a Gnostic (a believer in recondite salvatory data and therefore the read that matter is evil and spirit good)—the motions of the celebs govern solely the fundamental world, going the soul unengaged to make a choice from the great and the evil. Man’s final goal is to realize freeing from an astrologically dominated material world.

Some astrologers, appreciate the Harranians (from the traditional Mesopotamian town of Harran) and therefore the Hindus, regard the planets themselves as potent deities whose decrees will be modified through supplication and liturgy or through theurgy, the science of persuading the gods or alternative supernatural powers. Jyotish consultant in india In still other interpretations—e.g., that of the Christian Priscillianists (followers of Priscillian, a Spanish ascetic of the fourth century who apparently command Manichaean views)—the stars simply create manifest the need of God to those trained in pseudoscience symbolism. Best Astrologer in lucknow, Delhi, Rajasthan,uttarakhand  

[mysticstronomy]

HOW WAS THE BIG BANG MODEL MADE??

Blog#293

Wednesday, May 3rd, 2023

Welcome back,

The Big Bang model of cosmology says the Universe emerged from a single event in the far past. The model was inspired by the adventurous cosmic quantum egg idea, which suggested that in the beginning, all that exists was compressed into an unstable quantum state. When this single entity burst and decayed into fragments, it created space and time. 

To take this imaginative notion and craft a theory of the Universe was quite a feat of creativity. To understand the cosmic infancy, it turns out, we need to invoke quantum physics, the physics of the very small.

It all started in the mid-1940s with the Russian-American physicist George Gamow. He knew that protons and neutrons are held together in the atomic nucleus by the strong nuclear force, and that electrons are held in orbit around the nucleus by electrical attraction. The fact that the strong force does not care about electric charge adds an interesting twist to nuclear physics. Since neutrons are electrically neutral, it is possible for a given element to have different numbers of neutrons in its nucleus. For example, a hydrogen atom is made of a proton and an electron. But it is possible to add one or two neutrons to its nucleus. 

These heavier hydrogen cousins are called isotopes. Deuterium has a proton and a neutron, while tritium has a proton and two neutrons.

Every element has several isotopes, each built by adding or extracting neutrons in the nucleus. Gamow’s idea was that matter would build from the primeval stuff that filled space near the beginning. This happened progressively, building from the smallest objects to larger ones. Protons and neutrons joined to form nuclei, then binding electrons to form complete atoms. 

How do we synthesize deuterium? By fusing a proton and a neutron. What about tritium? By fusing an extra neutron to deuterium.

And helium? By fusing two protons and two neutrons, which can be done in a variety of ways. The build-up continues as heavier and heavier elements are synthesized inside of stars. 

A fusion process releases energy, at least up to the formation of the element iron. This is called the binding energy, and it equals the energy we must provide to a system of bound particles to break a bond.

Any system of particles bound by some force has an associated binding energy. A hydrogen atom is made of a bound proton and an electron, and it has a specific binding energy. If I disturb the atom with an energy that exceeds its binding energy, I will break the bond between the proton and the electron, which will then move freely away from each other. This buildup of heavier nuclei from smaller ones is called nucleosynthesis. 

In 1947, Gamow enlisted the help of two collaborators. Ralph Alpher was a graduate student at George Washington University, while Robert Herman worked at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. Over the following six years, the three researchers would develop the physics of the Big Bang model pretty much as we know it today. 

Gamow’s picture starts with a Universe filled with protons, neutrons, and electrons. This is the matter component of the early Universe, which Alpher called ylem. Added to the mix were very energetic photons, the early Universe’s heat component.

The Universe was so hot at this early time that no binding was possible. Every time a proton tried to bind with a neutron to make a deuterium nucleus, a photon would come racing to hit the two away from each other.

Electrons, which are bound to protons by the much weaker electromagnetic force, didn’t have a chance. There can be no binding when it is too hot.  And we are talking about some seriously hot temperatures here, around 1 trillion degrees Fahrenheit. 

The image of a cosmic soup tends to emerge quite naturally when we describe these very early stages in the history of the Universe. The building blocks of matter roamed freely, colliding with each other and with photons but never binding to form nuclei or atoms.

They acted somewhat like floating vegetables in a hot minestrone soup. As the Big Bang model evolved to its accepted form, the basic ingredients of this cosmic soup changed somewhat, but the fundamental recipe did not.

Structure started to emerge. The hierarchical clustering of matter progressed steadily as the Universe expanded and cooled. As the temperature lowered and photons became less energetic, nuclear bonds between protons and neutrons became possible. An era known as primordial nucleosynthesis started. This time saw the formation of deuterium and tritium; helium and its isotope helium-3; and an isotope of lithium, lithium-7. The lightest nuclei were cooked in the Universe’s earliest moments of existence. 

Originally published on bigthink.com

COMING UP!!

(Saturday, May 6th, 2023)

“WHAT IS A DARK NEBULA??”

#astronomy #outer space #alternate universe #astrophysics #spacecraft #universe #white universe #space #parallel universe #astrophotography

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[spacenutspod]

Millisecond pulsars are amazing astronomical tools. They are fast-rotating neutron stars that sweep beams of radio energy from their magnetic poles, and when they are aligned just right we see them as rapidly flashing radio beacons. They flash with such regularity that we can treat them as cosmic clocks. Any change in their motion can be measured with extreme precision. Astronomers have used millisecond pulsars to measure their orbital decay due to gravitational waves and to observe the background gravitational rumblings of the universe. They have even been proposed as a method of celestial navigation. They may soon also be able to test the most fundamental nature of gravity. Since pulsars are the remnants of massive stars, our galaxy is likely to be filled with them. Although we have only observed about 2,000 pulsars thus far, it’s estimated that nearly a billion pulsars could exist in the Milky Way. Right now they are just too faint for us to see, either because they are shrouded in dust, or are on the other side of the galaxy. But this means that there should be several pulsars in the central region of the galaxy, and a few of them could orbit our supermassive black hole, Sag A*. If we can observe millisecond pulsars closely orbiting Sag A*, we could test Einstein’s theory of general relativity in ways not currently possible. The center of our galaxy is shrouded in gas and dust, but thanks to radio astronomy we can peer through the veil to see the region. We have long been able to see several stars orbiting Sag A*. By observing their motions over decades we have been able to confirm that general relativity holds true even in the strong gravitational fields near a black hole. But our measurements aren’t precise enough to distinguish between the predictions of general relativity and rival gravitational theories. Although modified gravity models such as A QUAdratic Lagrangian (AQUAL) and Tensor–vector–scalar gravity (TeVeS) aren’t popular, they do agree with the stellar observations we have near our supermassive black hole. Millisecond pulsars would allow astronomers to measure orbital dynamics near Sag A* precisely, giving us a detailed view of how strong gravitational fields interact with mass. It could provide experimental tests precise enough to distinguish between general relativity and other models. So a large team of astronomers has started to look for nearby millisecond pulsars in the data from the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). The first image of the supermassive black hole in our galaxy. Credit: EHT Collaboration Although the EHT collaboration didn’t release the first image of Sag A* until 2022, it has been gathering data on our supermassive black hole since 2017. The observations don’t just contain the data for an image, they also contain observations of the surrounding area and things such as polarization of the radio light. If there are millisecond pulsars in the region, evidence for them could be buried in the EHT observations. However, because of the surrounding dust and the sensitivity limits of our observations, the signals would be very faint. For this study, the team used three detection methods based on Fourier analysis, which is a mathematical technique that can detect patterns within data. Since pulsars emit regular pulses, they would tend to stand out against random noise. Unfortunately, the team didn’t find evidence for any new, previously unknown pulsars. That isn’t too surprising given that even the team estimated the EHT data would be able to detect 2% of pulsars at best. And this is only a study of the first round of data. There is plenty more EHT data to examine, and EHT continues to gather data on the region. Even if EHT hasn’t detected any pulsars, that doesn’t mean they aren’t there. Millisecond pulsars are almost certainly orbiting the Milky Way’s supermassive black holes, just like the stars we can currently see. It is only a matter of time before we find them. Reference: Torne, Pablo, et al. “A search for pulsars around Sgr A\* in the first Event Horizon Telescope dataset.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.15381 (2023). The post Astronomers are Hoping the Event Horizon Telescope saw Pulsars Near the Milky Way's Supermassive Black Hole appeared first on Universe Today.

#space #astronomy #news #science

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

Study of ‘polluted’ white dwarfs finds that stars and planets grow together A team of astronomers have found that planet formation in our young Solar System started much earlier than previously thought, with the building blocks of planets growing at the same time as their parent star. A study of some of the oldest stars in the Universe suggests that the building blocks of planets like Jupiter and Saturn begin to form while a young star is growing. It had been thought that planets only form once a star has reached its final size, but new results, published in the journal Nature Astronomy, suggests that stars and planets ‘grow up’ together. The research, led by the University of Cambridge, changes our understanding of how planetary systems, including our own Solar System, formed, potentially solving a major puzzle in astronomy. “We have a pretty good idea of how planets form, but one outstanding question we’ve had is when they form: does planet formation start early, when the parent star is still growing, or millions of years later?” said Dr Amy Bonsor from Cambridge’s Institute of Astronomy, the study’s first author. To attempt to answer this question, Bonsor and her colleagues studied the atmospheres of white dwarf stars – the ancient, faint remnants of stars like our Sun – to investigate the building blocks of planet formation. The study also involved researchers from the University of Oxford, the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, the University of Groningen and the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Gottingen. “Some white dwarfs are amazing laboratories, because their thin atmospheres are almost like celestial graveyards,” said Bonsor. Normally, the interiors of planets are out of reach of telescopes. But a special class of white dwarfs – known as ‘polluted’ systems – have heavy elements such as magnesium, iron, and calcium in their normally clean atmospheres. These elements must have come from small bodies like asteroids left over from planet formation, which crashed into the white dwarfs and burned up in their atmospheres. As a result, spectroscopic observations of polluted white dwarfs can probe the interiors of those torn-apart asteroids, giving astronomers direct insight into the conditions in which they formed. Planet formation is believed to begin in a protoplanetary disc – made primarily of hydrogen, helium, and tiny particles of ices and dust – orbiting a young star. According to the current leading theory on how planets form, the dust particles stick to each other, eventually forming larger and larger solid bodies. Some of these larger bodies will continue to accrete, becoming planets, and some remain as asteroids, like those that crashed into the white dwarfs in the current study. The researchers analysed spectroscopic observations from the atmospheres of 200 polluted white dwarfs from nearby galaxies. According to their analysis, the mixture of elements seen in the atmospheres of these white dwarfs can only be explained if many of the original asteroids had once melted, which caused heavy iron to sink to the core while the lighter elements floated on the surface. This process, known as differentiation, is what caused the Earth to have an iron-rich core. “The cause of the melting can only be attributed to very short-lived radioactive elements, which existed in the earliest stages of the planetary system but decay away in just a million years,” said Bonsor. “In other words, if these asteroids were melted by something which only exists for a very brief time at the dawn of the planetary system, then the process of planet formation must kick off very quickly.” The study suggests that the early-formation picture is likely to be correct, meaning that Jupiter and Saturn had plenty of time to grow to their current sizes. “Our study complements a growing consensus in the field that planet formation got going early, with the first bodies forming concurrently with the star,” said Bonsor. “Analyses of polluted white dwarfs tell us that this radioactive melting process is a potentially ubiquitous mechanism affecting the formation of all extrasolar planets. “This is just the beginning – every time we find a new white dwarf, we can gather more evidence and learn more about how planets form. We can trace elements like nickel and chromium and say how big an asteroid must have been when it formed its iron core. It’s amazing that we’re able to probe processes like this in exoplanetary systems.” Amy Bonsor is a Royal Society University Research Fellow at the University of Cambridge. The research was supported in part by the Royal Society, the Simons Foundation, and the European Research Council. IMAGE....A team of astronomers have found that planet formation in our young Solar System started much earlier than previously thought, with the building blocks of planets growing at the same time as their parent star. CREDIT Amanda Smith

#space #science #Astronomy #physics #news #stellar evolution