#deciduous forest amphibians

[uncharismatic-fauna]

Commune with the Common Eastern Froglet

The common eastern froglet (Crinia signifera) is, as its name suggest, a widely encountered species of frog in eastern Australia, as well as the island of Tasmania. This species can be found in many habitats, including deciduous eucalyptus forests, wetlands, and agricultural and urban ponds and dams. During the dry season, froglets will also shelter under logs or leaf litter to prevent desiccation.

C. signifera is one of the smallest species of frog, reaching only 3 cm (1.2 in) in length. Most individuals are brown, but specific markings can vary widely from region to region; some have dark stripes while others take on a more mottled appearance, though generally the belly is lighter than the back and head. Because this species is largely terrestrial, they lack webbing on their toes.

Like most frogs, the common eastern froglet consumes primarily insects, especially mosqitoes, cockroaches, flies, and small spiders. In turn, the species is food for a wide variety of predators including larger frogs, fish, birds, and small rodents. Because C. signifera is active all year round, its distinctive cricket-like "Crick crick" call can be heard in every season, typically as males attempt to attract a mate, though their coloration and small size makes them difficult to find.

Under ideal conditions, C. signifera mates througout the year. Once a male has attracted a female, typically by being the loudest male in an area, he will climb on top of an inseminate her in a common position known as amplexus. Afterwards, the female will lay upwards of 200 eggs attatched to a leaf or stick at the water's surface level. Though these eggs are a popular snack for predators, it only takes about 10 days for them to hatch; afterwards, hundreds of tadpoles will occupy the water for anywhere from 6 weeks to 3 months. Fully mature adults leave the water to find food and mates, but will often stay close to their original breeding ground.

Conservation status: The IUCN considers the common eastern froglet to be of Least Concern. Though the species is threatened by habitat loss, it is remarkably resilient to the chytrid fungus which has devestated so many other Anuran species.

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Photos

Stephen Mahony

Matt Clancy

David Paul

George Vaugan

#common eastern froglet #Anura #Myobatrachidae #froglets #Australian ground frogs #frogs #amphibians #deciduous forests #deciduous forest amphibians #wetlands #wetland amphibians #urban fauna #urban amphibians #oceania #australia #east australia #biology #zoology #animal facts

[willtheweaver]

A writer’s guide to forests: from the poles to the tropics, part 7

Is it no.7 already? Wow. A big shout out to everyone who has had the patients to stick with this. Now onto this week’s forest…

Dry forest

Water is life. That’s a fact. And especially where it doesn’t rain for more than half the year.

Location: Dry forests are scattered throughout the Yucatán peninsula ,South America, various Pacific islands,Australia, Madagascar, and India. Areas have been cleared by human activity, and the SA dry forests are classified as the most threatened tropical forests.

Climate: Temperate to tropical, with just enough rain to sustain trees. Many are monsoonal, with rain coming in one or two brief periods separated by a long dry season.

Plant life- Hardy trees, such as Baobab and Eucalyptus are able to last with little rain by tapping into groundwater with extensive root systems. Many trees are evergreen, but in India, many species are deciduous. Trees are often more spaced out, and shrubs and grasses grow extensively. Cacti are common plants in the Americas, with some growing tall enough to be considered trees. In order to survive the heat and lack of water, many small plants are annuals, or store water in tubers. Palms can make up a large percentage of the trees, as was the case in the now vanished forests of Easter Island.

Animal life- As they can come and go when they please, birds are common species. Larger animals are active year round, with smaller species of mammals, amphibians, and certain insects only coming out during the rainy season. Isolation means that islands become home to many endemic species; think about Madagascar and the lemurs, or Darwin’s finches, iguanas, and tortoises in the Galapagos. Isolation has also led to the marsupials of Australia developing to fill the niches that would normally be occupied by placental mammals .The introduction of invasive species has brought about the extinction of island fauna.

How the forest affects the story- Water, or the lack of will be the biggest challenge your characters will face. Rivers and lakes may be seasonal, so other sources will have to be utilized. Drinkable fluids can be obtained from various plants and animals, or maybe the bedrock is porous and water accumulates in cenotes. Your characters could come from a culture that builds artificial reservoirs to collect the rain and store it for the dry season. With careful water management, cities can thrive in dry areas. But your characters will have to be careful. Prolonged drought will see societies go the way of the Maya. Deforestation leaves the topsoil vulnerable to the wind, and forests, farms, and grassland will inevitably turn to desert. Whether nomadic or sedentary, your characters and their society will have to find a way to interact with the forest without destroying it or themselves. Can they do it? Can a damaged biosphere be restored before it’s too late? The success or failure of your characters and/or their predecessors can be a driving focus of the plot. Of course ,when the rains do come, it could be in the form of a cyclone. Dry ground does not readily absorb water, and flash floods are a danger. Water can grant life, but it can take it as well.

#writing #creative writing #writing guide #writing inspiration #writing prompts #writer #writers #writing community #writer on tumblr #writeblr

[dougdimmadodo]

March’s Fossil of the Month - Acanthostega (Acanthostega gunnari)

Family: Acanthostega Family (Acanthostegidae)

Time Period: 365 Million Years Ago (Late Devonian)

In life, Acanthostega gunnari would have likely resembled a cross between a lungfish and a salamander, and this isn’t dramatically different to what it really was; Acanthostega was a stem-tetrapod, an early member of the lineage of animals that now contains all reptiles, birds, mammals and amphibians, and is believed to be an example of a key stage in the transition between fleshy-finned fishes and the earliest terrestrial vertebrates. Although it possessed 4 short limbs ending in wide, 8-toed feet, the lack of any clear wrist or ankle joints suggests that Acanthostega likely couldn’t support its weight on land, and this combined with its well-developed pelvic bones implies that it was likely a fully-aquatic animal that primarily relied on a paddle-like fin on its tail to propel it forwards while its limbs were used to steer or possibly to grasp aquatic vegetation. During the late Devonian much of the world (including the area of what is now Greenland where Acanthostega fossils were first discovered) was covered in humid, swampy deciduous forests, and this combined with Acanthostega’s anatomy suggests that it likely inhabited warm, oxygen-poor forest pools, which would also explain one of its more unusual characteristics; in addition to possessing fish-like internal gills (as suggested by the presence of gill arch like structures at the base of its skull), a rudimentary rib cage implies that Acanthostega likely had lungs, allowing it to extract oxygen from water as well as air and thereby survive in shallow, oxygen-starved pools that fishes and larger stem-tetrapods would have struggled to breathe in. The teeth of Acanthostega (which were arranged in two rows and were short and sharp, with two larger fangs on the lower jaw) implies that it was likely carnivorous (possibly feeding on terrestrial arthropods caught from above-water beds of vegetation or the banks of its home pools), and comparisons of the anatomy and mineral makeup of fossils of smaller individuals (believed to be juveniles) with those of larger individuals (which are generally believed to be adults) implies that it grew slowly, possibly taking up to 6 years to reach full maturity (at which point most individuals were around 60cm/23.6 inches long, although the difference in the length of seemingly mature individuals suggests that, as with many fish, adverse environmental conditions could considerably limit Acanthostega’s growth.) Although it is unlikely that Acanthostega or its descendants ever succeeded in colonizing land, it is generally accepted that (having become so well-suited to life in the oxygen-poor pools they inhabited) they had little need to, and as several of Acanthostega’s fellow stem-tetrapods (such as the significantly larger Ichthyostega, which had jointed, six-toed limbs and a more developed rib-cage that likely allowed it to haul itself onto land for prolonged periods like modern mudskippers or seals) are known to have done so, the study of the anatomy and lifestyle of this strange little swamp-dweller can still help to shed light on how the variety of land-dwelling vertebrates seen today came to be. 

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Image Sources

Fossil: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acanthostega_gunnari.jpg#/media/File:Acanthostega_gunnari.jpg

Restoration: https://www.10tons.dk/acanthostega-gunnari

#Acanthostega #acanthostega gunnari #animal #animals #prehistoric animals #wildlife #prehistoric wildlife #devonian wildlife #zoology #biology #paleontology #stem-tetrapod #stem-tetrapods #evolution

[rebeccathenaturalist]

Climate Change Fuels Northwest Tree Die-back

I’ve been living in the Pacific Northwest since 2006. I moved here in part because of the overall milder weather compared to the Midwest where I grew up. And yet since then I’ve watched the average temperatures get hotter, the hot periods get longer, and the rainy season shorten at both ends like the edges of a dried leaf curling up in drought. This has led to an increase in tree die-back.

There’s no more iconic natural symbol of this region than a forest. Images of vast conifer woods are used to attract tourists here, and tree iconography graces company logos, license plates, and the flag of our bioregion. The timber industry still holds immense amounts of power and land here, but conservation groups are hard at work preserving as much non-plantation forest as possible, especially the last few scraps of old growth.

It is alarming, then, to see that some of the first widely visible casualties of climate change are trees.

Last year Oregon saw the biggest die-off of fir trees–true firs in the genus Abies, not the Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii. My favorite species of tree, the western red cedar (Thuja plicata) is also declining at a frightening rate. And for the last few years, I’ve watched numerous Sitka spruce trees (Picea sitchensis) struggle and ultimately die; mature trees are surprisingly susceptible. It’s not just the conifers that are in trouble, though; one of the region’s largest deciduous trees, the bigleaf maple (Acer macrophylla) has also been hit hard by hotter, drier summers.

It’s a one-two punch, because drought-stressed trees are more susceptible to diseases and parasites. The Sitka spruce are plagued by spruce aphids, for example, but the other species also have trouble fighting off their attackers. Couple that with warmer winters that may not kill off as many invertebrates, fungi, and bacteria as usual, and infestations often roar back even bigger once spring returns. If the trees were healthy and well-hydrated their immune systems might have a better chance of fending off pathogens, but drought weakens them too much.

Other denizens of the forest are struggling, too. Amphibians here and elsewhere aren’t just going to be seeing more of their habitat dry up, but they’re also feeling more pressure from fungal infections and other pathogens. And last year the mycelium of many fungi dried out so badly in the heat that we had a terrible fall mushroom season; fungi need a certain level of hydration to be able to move the nutrients required to build the mushrooms.

I wish I could tell you there were sure fixes for tree die-back and other environmental ills. Unfortunately, even a basic understanding of climate change makes it clear that this is a massive, multi-faceted problem compounded by other environmental destruction. There are plenty of people trying to pick this massive Gordian knot apart, but it’s going to take time, and for those of us alive right now climate change mitigation is more likely than total reversal.

But–sometimes the best thing one single person can do is tug at an individual thread. And sometimes that can make a difference on a local, personal level. For example, arborists suggest that if you have a small number of vulnerable trees in your yard, you may be able to help them get through the drought with supplemental watering. Planting more native trees is still a valid way to help, too! Your young seedlings and saplings may also need some extra water each summer, but even if only some of them survive further tree die-back that’s still more trees than there were before. Just make sure you’re planting them in appropriate ecosystems!

Since I mentioned them earlier, amphibians and other wildlife can benefit from the preservation and restoration of their habitat, even small patches of wetlands and other cool, damp places. If you’re feeling ambitious and have the opportunity, building a small pond and surrounding it with native plants may offer frogs and salamanders a safe place to spawn and rest.

Even if you don’t have a yard or can’t take on a project at home, see if any local municipal, county, or nonprofit organizations need volunteers for habitat restoration projects in your area. Biodiversity centered on native species is one of the best ways to help an ecosystem weather harsh changes; even if one species is struggling, another native species in the ecosystem may be able to take up some of the slack and still support the overall web of interrelationships. Removing invasive species is quite possibly one of the best ways to prepare an ecosystem for the onslaught of climate change. And not every member of a given species is going to drop dead instantly; a healthy population of a species can handle some mortality and still reproduce enough to keep going. Habitat restoration is key to both bolstering biodiversity and increasing population numbers of the species themselves. That’s going to help the trees, the fungi, the amphibians, and everyone else, too.

Finally, it’s important to keep taking care of yourself. You can’t be a good steward to the nature around you if you’re so tired and depressed that you can barely get out of bed. The stress of climate change, sociopolitical turmoil, and interpersonal issues, among other things, is enough to have knocked a lot of people down; even I have days where my optimism gets tarnished and worn. So please don’t feel bad if you just can’t muster the time, energy, or other resources to “go save the world.” Do your best to get that self-care going, even if it’s just the bare bones, and no need to feel guilty, either.

One thing I find helps a lot when I’m feeling down about, well, everything is to take Mr. Rogers’ advice and look for the helpers. The news is full of negativity because that’s what gets clicks. But I try to focus on ways people are trying to improve things. Sometimes amid the scary headlines I do find stories of scientific breakthroughs that can help curb climate change symptoms, or other environmental success stories. I consider that in spite of the unwieldiness of large, governmental bodies, there are people within federal, state, and other public entities who are doing their best to use the resources available to them to do some good in the world. I also reconnect with individual people I know who are trying to make the world a better place, even in very small ways, and I remember that quite often the changes that are helping are too quiet and unobtrusive to make it into the media. Or, as Tolkien said via Gandalf the Grey: “I have found that it is the small everyday deed of ordinary folks that keep the darkness at bay. Small acts of kindness and love.”

And I walk outside, where there are still many Sitka spruce in view. A few of them still show damaged branches from previous heat waves, but they persist in spite of that. In the weeks to come, the tips of their branches will start growing bright green new growth for the year. I can’t promise them that I can save every single one in the next tree die-back, but it reaffirms for me that I still have many reasons to keep fighting.

Did you enjoy this post? Consider taking one of my online foraging and natural history classes or hiring me for a guided nature tour, checking out my other articles, or picking up a paperback or ebook I’ve written! You can even buy me a coffee here!

#climate change #tree #forest #environment #environmentalism #conservation #habitat restoration #endangered species #nature #trees #look for the helpers #amphibians #wildlife #ecology #self care #fungi #mycelium #drought

[outofangband]

Reptiles and Amphibians of Brethil and Greater Doriath

I love doing general flora and fauna posts but I can’t fit everything in them so I’m trying to make more specific ones as well! please please feel free to send categories to work on with locations! Or any environmental world building asks!

Note that while I have many specific headcanons about the environment of Brethil, I’m always happy to take suggestions or write environment posts based on specific places (like I did with the Havens based on Southwest Australia)

It’s climate was similar I believe to the deciduous and semi deciduous forests of Central Europe as well as those of non coastal New Zealand and parts of East Asia.

Flora, fauna, geography and environment of Arda masterlist 

Brethil is a forested region west of Doriath and the river Sirion. Though it was not within Melian’s Girdle, it was considered part of Doriath until it was inhabited by people of the Haladin as well as so called woodsmen and wild men. Brethil was a deciduous forest of mainly birch trees, bordered on the south and west by the river Teglin which broke off into several tributaries.

The common pond turtle is found throughout Brethil and surrounding regions in wooded ponds.

Common green lizards and common wall lizards are found in more open areas closer to the region of Nargothrond. Jeweled geckos are another species found closer to the region of Nargothrond but which will occasionally be found within the borders of Brethil in beech trees especially. Brown skinks are found sometimes in Northern Brethil. 

Vernal pools form throughout the woods, sometimes the result of spring rains or groundwater. These provide important habitats for amphibians to lay eggs as there are no fish and thus no significant predators for eggs and tadpoles. Vernal pools can be found throughout Brethil forest.

Fire salamanders live on the south western side of Brethil towards the region of Nargothrond, as they prefer hilly terrain. Crested newts are found throughout the woods but tend to congregate in similar locations during spring before returning to their forest homes.

Smooth newts are a highly adaptable species and can be found throughout western Beleriand outside of extremely mountainous regions. They are some of the least disturbed by human habitation.

Black salamanders are found nearer to the river Sirion and around the river Teglin. 

Common tree frogs are also found in the southwest areas of Brethil in more open areas.

Marsh frogs and pool frogs are found closer to Nivrim and in slower moving areas of the two northern tributaries to the river Teglin. 

Agile frogs can be occasionally found in Brethil though they tend to prefer warmer and drier climates.

In the north west parts of Brethil in the northern reaches of the river Teglin species similar to the genus Amolops in East Asia live in fast moving streams. These are called torrent frogs though that name actually refers to species in several different genuses. 

Geographic and environment notes

-Throughout Sindar culture, amphibians are associated with spring, vibrancy, and metamorphosis. Northern Sindar cultures (as well as some Silvan ones) often have words for the first sounds of frogs in the spring.

#the silmarillion #the children of húrin #brethil #beleriand #musing and meta

[vannrajresorts]

Pench National Park: Explore Wildlife Wonderland

Located in the southeastern foothills of the Satpuda Mountains, Pench National Park invites nature enthusiasts to explore its diverse ecosystems. The park, named after the winding Pench River, spans the southeast border of Madhya Pradesh and seamlessly extends into Maharashtra. Covering 758 sq km of pristine wilderness, it is divided into the 299 sq km Indira Priyadarshini Pench Nationwide Park and the 464 sq km Mowgli Pench Sanctuary.

For an immersive adventure in dense forests, encountering wildlife and marveling at nature's beauty, consider booking a Pench safari online. Ensure your reservation for an extraordinary journey into the heart of the wilderness.

Flora & Fauna at Pench National Park:

Pench's undulating hills and valleys are mainly covered by dry deciduous forest, transitioning to lush greenery near the Pench River. Dominant tree species include Teak, Mahua, Tendu, Flame of the Forest, Golden Shower, and Bamboo.

The park provides a habitat for 39 mammal species, 13 reptile species, and 3 amphibian species. Commonly sighted animals include chital, sambar, wild boar, jackal, Indian leopard, sloth bear, wild dog, jungle cat, and gaur. With over 300 bird species, including migratory birds, Pench offers a rich birdlife experience.

Location of Pench National Park: Spanning 758 sq km in the lower southern Satpura hills, Pench National Park is divided by the Pench River into Seoni and Chhindwara districts. Accessible near Turia Gate, Seoni district, Kurai, Madhya Pradesh, the park can be reached via air, road, and railway. Inquire or contact provided phone numbers for Pench safari bookings.

History of Pench National Park:

Declared a sanctuary in 1977 and a national park in 1983, Pench became the 19th tiger reserve in India. In 2011, it was recognized as the "Best Managed Park" by Madhya Pradesh Tourism. Pench's biodiversity has inspired renowned authors and, notably, Rudyard Kipling's classic 'The Jungle Book.'

How to Reach:

Nagpur airport (93 km) and Seoni Railway Station (30 km) serve as convenient entry points. Make an online Pench safari booking in advance for easy transit from these hubs. Buses and jeeps are available at Seoni bus stand for swift park access.

Lakes in Pench:

Explore Khokha Lake, Junewani Talao, and the picturesque lake area of Bodha Nala. Enhance your adventure with an online Pench safari booking, ensuring an immersive experience in renowned spots like Baghin Nala, known for tiger sightings.

Best Season to Visit:

Plan your Pench safari booking between November and May for a captivating experience. Note that the park remains closed in July, August, and September.

Land of Tigers:

Embark on a Pench jungle safari for a chance to witness the significant Bengal Tiger population, with approximately 40 tigers as per the latest Tiger Census.

Different Bird Species:

Experience vibrant birdlife at Pench National Park, home to over 210 species, including migratory birds. Book your Pench safari for an unforgettable encounter.

Other Animals:

Embark on a thrilling journey with a safari booking in Pench, home to approximately 39 mammal species, 13 reptile species, and 3 amphibian species. Encounter Chital, Sambar, Nilgai, wild boar, and Jackal among common wildlife sightings.

Why Make a Pench Safari Booking at Vannraj Resorts? Discover the reasons for a Pench National Park safari booking with Vannraj Resorts:

Immersive Jungle Experience: Expert naturalists guide you through Pench, sharing extensive knowledge about the diverse flora and fauna.

Night Safari Adventure: Explore Pench’s wildlife from a different perspective with knowledgeable guides.

Stargazing under the Pench Sky: Enjoy a mesmerizing stargazing session away from urban lights.

Wildlife Photography Tips: Learn valuable tips and tricks from experienced naturalists and wildlife photographers.

Luxurious Accommodations: Unwind in comfortable and stylish accommodations surrounded by the natural beauty of Pench at Vannraj Resorts.

#villas #best resort in pench #wildlife photography #tiger safari #hotels #traveling

[pleistocene-pride]

The wild turkey is an upland ground bird native to North America, one of two extant species of turkey the other being the Ocellated turkey. It is the ancestor to the domestic turkey, which was originally derived from a southern Mexican subspecies of wild turkey. They prefer to dwell in open deciduous woodlands, but can also be found in mixed and coniferous forests, tall grasslands, croplands, orchards and marshes. Wild turkeys are gregarious birds that travel in small or medium-sized flocks, usually with one dominant male and up to 20 or more hens that make up its harem. During the winter, multiple flocks may join up and create large groupings of 150 or more birds. Wild turkeys are omnivorous with there diet consisting of acorns, nuts, fruit, seeds, pine cones, roots, leaves, ferns, insects, carrion, and small amphibians/ reptiles. Wild turkeys are themselves preyed upon by foxes, coyotes, hawks, owls, eagles, lynx, bobcats, cougars, bears, alligators, and crocodiles. Wild turkey show marked sexual dimorphism with females being smaller at around 2.5 to 3ft in length, and 5 to 12lbs in weight compared to males at around 3.5 to 4ft in length and 11 to 25lbs in weight. This makes the wild turkey the the heaviest member of the order Galliformes. Despite their weight, wild turkeys, unlike their domesticated counterparts, are agile, fast fliers. Both sexes have long reddish-yellow to grayish-green legs. The body feathers are generally blackish and dark, sometimes grey brown overall with a coppery sheen that becomes more complex in adult males. Adult males, called toms or gobblers, have a large, featherless, reddish head, red throat, and red wattles on the throat and neck. Male also have a long, dark, fan-shaped tail and glossy bronze wings. The breeding season can last from late February to early August.  During such time males try to mate with as many partners as they can, and display for females and other males by puffing out their feathers, spreading out their tails and dragging their wings, gobbling, and drumming/ booming, this behavior is most commonly referred to as strutting. After mating hens will lay 10-14 eggs in a nest made of shallow dirt depressions engulfed with woody vegetation. After a 28 day incubation period, the eggs hatch and the chicks are ready to leave there nest and follow there mothers nest in about 12–24 hours and will stay with there mother from about 4 months. Under ideal conditions a wild turkey will reach sexual maturity at around 1 to 2 years, and may live up to 10 years.

#wild #turkey #birdlovers #bird #pleistocene #pride #extant #animal #thanksgiving

[currenthunt]

Melanistic Tiger Safari

Odisha is set to unveil the world's first melanistic tiger safari near the Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR). Odisha's Vision for the Melanistic Tiger Safari - Melanism and Melanistic Tiger: Melanism is a genetic condition, that results in increased melanin production, leading to black or nearly black skin, feathers, or hair in animals. - The Royal Bengal Tigers of Similipal boast a distinctive lineage with elevated melanin levels, giving rise to black and yellow interspersed stripes, making them pseudo-melanistic. - According to the All India Tiger Estimation, 2022, Similipal Tiger Reserve houses 16 tigers, with 10 of them displaying melanistic traits. - Location of Safari: Spanning approximately 200 hectares near Dhanbad-Balasore National Highway-18, the safari site lies in close proximity to STR, providing a landscape akin to Simlipal. - In the beginning, three melanistic tigers from Nandankanan Zoo, along with rescued or orphaned tigers, will occupy the open enclosures of the safari. - Objective: It aims to raise awareness about the conservation needs of melanistic tigers, providing a platform for researchers and enthusiasts to engage with these rare big cats. - Approval: The project necessitates approvals from the Central Zoo Authority and other regulatory bodies overseeing wildlife initiatives in the country. - A National Tiger Conservation Authority committee will also conduct a feasibility study of the proposed site before granting final clearance. Other Colour Variations in Tigers - Orange with Black or Brown Stripes: This is the most common and widely recognized tiger coloration, e.g, the Royal Bengal Tiger.Each tiger's stripe pattern is unique, serving as a form of camouflage, in their natural habitat. - White Tigers: They are not considered a separate subspecies. The colour of the white tiger's fur is the result of a genetic mutation called leucism.Leucism is a genetic condition that results in reduced pigmentation in animals, causing them to have white or pale-colored skin, feathers, fur, or scales. - Golden Tigers: They are also not considered a subspecies of tigers because their golden colour variation is caused by the presence of a recessive gene called "wideband".The wideband gene reduces melanin production during the cycle of hair growth.Recently, it was spotted in Kaziranga National Park.   Similipal Tiger Reserve - Location: Similipal is situated in the Deccan Peninsula Biogeographic Zone. - Vegetation: Predominantly moist mixed deciduous forest with tropical semi-evergreen patches and sporadic dry deciduous forests and grasslands. - Floral Richness: Holds 7% of India's flowering plants and 8% of its orchid species. - Faunal Diversity: Home to 55 mammal species, 361 bird species, 62 reptile species, 21 amphibian species, and numerous insects and microfauna. - Major species other than tigers include sambar, chital, barking deer, gaur, and mouse deer, leopards, fishing cat etc. - Management efforts have revived mugger crocodile populations along rivers Khairi and Deo. - It has also been designated as a Global Network of Biospheres site since 2009. Read the full article

#Bank_PO #BPSC #Current_Affairs #DSSSB #Railway #SSC #UPSC #WBPSC

[everythingaboutbirds]

Meet the Barred Owl: A Nocturnal Master of the Forest

Posted By Andy on August 18, 2023

Barred owls (Strix varia) stand as enigmatic inhabitants of our forests, their presence felt through the night as their haunting hoots pierce the darkness.

In this exploration, we will delve deep into the captivating world of barred owls, uncovering their habitat preferences, intricate behaviors, communication strategies, and the invaluable role they play in maintaining the delicate balance of our ecosystems.

The Hoots that Echo Through Time

Barred owls are renowned for their distinctive vocalizations that resonate through the woods, creating an enchanting ambiance in the nocturnal forest.

Often referred to as "Hoot Owls," they are known for their rhythmic hooting pattern. This vocalization isn't merely a melodic call; it serves as a form of communication that is essential for territorial demarcation and courtship rituals.

As each owl's hoot is unique, it's not just a call—it's a way of announcing its presence to potential mates and rivals alike.

Hunters of the Night: Strategies and Adaptations

The mastery of the night defines the barred owl's hunting prowess. Their ability to thrive in the darkness is attributed to a combination of their exceptional low-light vision and acute sense of hearing.

Barred owls exhibit an impressive versatility in their diet, feeding on rodents, small mammals, birds, amphibians, and even insects.

Their talons, designed for precision and power, allow them to swoop down on prey with astonishing accuracy.

The Habitat Mosaic: Where Barred Owls Call Home

Barred owls are habitat generalists, adapting to a diverse range of environments across North America.

From deciduous and mixed forests to swamps and wetlands, these birds have demonstrated their resilience by thriving in various ecosystems.

Their adaptability isn't solely about the physical environment; it extends to their nesting preferences as well.

Whether in tree cavities, abandoned nests of other birds, or even human-made nest boxes, barred owls showcase their ability to adapt their nesting locations to their surroundings.

A Peek into Human-Owl Interactions

Barred owls have inadvertently become participants in the urbanization narrative.

As human populations expand into natural habitats, the lives of these owls intersect with ours.

Their presence in suburban and urban areas highlights the undeniable impact of human activity on the natural world.

The encounters between humans and barred owls evoke curiosity, concern, and the realization of the delicate equilibrium that must be maintained to ensure the survival of both species.

The Wiki: A Gateway to Deeper Understanding

For those seeking an in-depth exploration of the barred owl's life, behavior, and significance, this wiki page serves as an invaluable resource.

Delve into detailed insights provided by experts, enthusiasts, and researchers who have dedicated their efforts to unraveling the mysteries of these majestic creatures.

From nesting habits to vocalizations, the wiki offers a comprehensive journey into the world of barred owls.

In Conclusion: Guardians of the Nocturnal Realm

In the intricate tapestry of our natural world, barred owls emerge as guardians of the night, maintaining the delicate balance that underpins ecosystems.

Their haunting hoots, diverse diet, and adaptability to varied habitats reveal their multifaceted role.

As we marvel at their nocturnal mastery, it is a reminder that every species, no matter how enigmatic, contributes to the grand symphony of life.

When the moon rises and the forest comes alive with the gentle hoots of barred owls, take a moment to appreciate the ancient connection between these creatures and the timeless world they inhabit.

Disclaimer: This article is presented for informational purposes only and should not be construed as professional advice. Consult experts for specific inquiries regarding wildlife and conservation.

#Barred Owl #Nocturnal Birds #Forest Ecology #birdwatching #ornithology #birds #birding #birdphotography #owls

[periyartour12]

Blend of Wildlife and Houseboat Experience in Kerala Trip

Wildlife and nature enthusiasts heading up to Kerala can blend up an unique itinerary with Periyar National Park and Alleppey Backwaters. Kerala is mostly about tourism and the state offers endless options to its visitors to carry back unforgettable memories. 

You can commence your Kerala trip by exploring the wilderness at Periyar National Park and later moving to Alleppey to experience the houseboat cruise.

Periyar National Park:

Breathtaking scenic beauty and rich biodiversity are closely associated with Periyar National Park. Periyar is significantly one of the protected regions for tigers and elephants. The 100 years old artificial yet picturesque lake is among the central attractions and is located at the heart of the national park. 

Flora - moist deciduous forest. Tropical evergreen forest and semi-evergreen forests.

Fauna - tiger, elephant, wild pig, Indian wild dog, sambar, barking deer, mouse deer, gaur, Nilgiri langur, bonnet macaque and many more species of mammals, birds, butterflies, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fishes. 

Types of safari available: 

Boat safari

Elephant safari

Jeep safari 

Popular tourist attractions in and around Periyar Wildlife sanctuary - 

Cradomom hills

Pandalom hills

Kumily

Periyar lake

Pullumedu 

Mangla Devi Temple

The months from October to June are considered the best time to visit Periyar National Park. The nearest airport from Periyar is in Cochin in Kerala and Madurai in Tamil Nadu. The nearest railway station to reach Periyar National is at Kottayam.

Houseboat Experience at Alleppey Backwaters:

Approximately 138 kms away from Periyar National Park, the backwaters of Alleppey is located. 

Alleppey is one of the cleanest places in Kerala and the backwaters here are very famous and it was known to be Venice of the East. Houseboat experience at Alleppey, meandering through the backwaters of Kerala should be included in your bucket list of Kerala trip. Surrounded by water and serenity, the houseboats float calmly on the backwaters, and with your favourite company in the boat you will derive a memorable and unique experience. Cruising in the houseboats is the best way to wander through the beautiful backwaters of Kerala engulfed with picturesque scenery.

You can opt for either a day time cruise which lasts for about 2-5 hours, or you can choose an overnight stay in the houseboat. The experience is going to be in a class by itself..

These houseboats comprise of all the necessary amenities for a comfortable stay including a dining space, television, bedrooms, luggage storage room, washroom, kitchen (to provide freshly prepared meals), balcony space to chill and enjoy the stunning beauty of the backwaters and palm trees. Both private and sharing basis houseboats are available to suit your preferences. Throughout your house boat ride, apart from the palm trees and other houseboats and shikaras, there will be the views of small villages and the inhabitants indulged with their daily chores. 

Opt for the meals included or excluded in your package in the houseboat to savour the authentic Keralian cuisines, specially the sea food and meals served on the banana leaves give an exceptional feel while eating. The menu mostly includes-

Lemon/fruit/tender coconut juice as welcome drink

For lunch:  Veg – Sambar, Thoran, Aviyal, Veg Fry, Salad, Pickle, Curd, Papad etc.

                 Non veg – Karimeen Fish Fry

Coffee / Tea and Snacks (mostly  Banana Fry) for evening snacks

Dinner: Non-veg - Chicken Curry, White Rice, Chapati, Cauliflower Manjuri.

             Veg – Dal Fry and Mutter Paneer or  Mix Veg Korma or Aalu

Idli or Dosa with Chutney and Sambar and Coffee or Tea for breakfast.

You can request for changes or additions in the regular menu according to your choice.

Alleppey houseboats routes:

Alleppey or Alappuzha round trip around the legendary Punnamada lake.

A picturesque cruise from Alleppey to Kottayam witnessing the toddy farmers.

Alleppey to Mankotta through the villages specialising in coir making.

Alleppey to Kumarakom route for birdwatching.

Alleppey to Kidangra through the famous Vembanad Lake and Pathiramanal Island.

Delve in the history of houseboats by Alleppey to Alumkadavu route.

[uncharismatic-fauna]

The Smooth Newt with the Smooth Moves

Also known as the European newt, northern smooth newt, or common newt (Lissotriton vulgaris), the smooth newt is one of the most common species in Europe and western Asia. It is also the only newt species found in Ireland. There are currently three recognised subspecies distributed throughout this range, and four others have been reclassified as distinct species. The common newt is able to survive in a variety of habitats, including deciduous and coniferous forests, wetlands, meadows, parks, and gardens. Their only requirements are sufficient sunlight and water with sufficient vegetation.

Like most newts, the northern smooth newt spends the majority of its time foraging for food on land. Their diet is carnivorous, consisting of insects, worms, snails, slugs, and larvae. When available, L. vulgaris may also eat the eggs of its own species. In turn, many animals prey on the European newt, including waterbirds, snakes, frogs, and larger newts. To avoid these predators the smooth newt is active mainly at night, and will secrete a toxic mucus when threatened. While active, they are largely solitary but from October to March several individuals will hibernate together under logs or leaf litter burrows.

Almost as soon as the common newt emerges from hibernation, they begin migration to their breeding sites-- usually the ponds in which they spawned. Males undergo a dramatic transformation, growing large crests and becoming brightly colored. When a female enters the water, the male swims around her and sniffs her cloaca. He then vibrates his tail to fan his pheromones towards her. Finally, he will swim away and, if the female is interested, she will follow him. He then deposits a packet of sperm, or spermatophore, that the female picks up for fertilization. Rival males may try to lead the female towards their own spermatophores, and clutches of eggs often have multiple fathers.

Females deposit anywhere from 100 to 500 eggs, each of which is carefully wrapped in aquatic vegetation. Larvae hatch after only 20 days, and quickly begin developing. Unlike frogs and toads, newt larvae have external, feathery gills, and develop their front legs first. After about three months, the larvae absorb their gills and leave the water as newtlets or efts. However, when temperatures are particularly low and aquatic prey is abundant, some adults retain their gills and stay aquatic in a phenomenon known as paedomorphism. These adults are fully capable of sexual reproduction, and when moved to areas with a larger population will often metamorphose into terrestrial adults.

Adult smooth newts are rather small, reaching only 9–11 cm (3.5–4.3 in) and 0.3–5.2 g (0.011–0.183 oz). Males are slightly larger than females. The head and back are dark brown or olive, while the underside is much lighter. Both males and females have dark spots on their bellies, and males also sport a bright orange stripe. In the spring, the colors in males become more vivid and the spots grow larger. Males also develop a large yellow crest that runs from the head to the table, and is dotted with dark bands.

Conservation status: The IUCN has designated the European newt as Least Concern, as it is common over most of its range. Threats include habitat destruction and the introduction of invasive fish species.

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Photos

Philip Precey

Derek Middleton

Christoph Moning via iNaturalist

Kristýna Coufalová via iNaturalist

#common newt #smooth newt #Urodela #Salamandridae #newts #salamanders #amphibians #deciduous forests #deciduous forest amphibians #evergreen forests #evergreen forest amphibians #grassland birds #grassland amphibians #wetlands #wetland amphibians #urban fauna #urban amphibians #europe #asia #west asia #animal facts #biology #zoology

[willtheweaver]

A writer’s guide to forests: From the poles to tropics, part 2

Dearest writers, and all who find this guide, big shout out to you. Now let’s get back into things and move ever closer to the equator.

Temperate rainforest

While most people think of rainforests as being a purely tropical environment, several exist in more seasonal areas of the planet.

Location- Coastal regions. The North American temperate rainforest is a thin belt stretching from California, through British Columbia and up into southern Alaska. In the southern hemisphere, the largest forest is found along the southern stretches of the Andes.

Climate- Temperate to subpolar. Conditions are wet, with moisture coming in the form of rain and sea mist. Seasons are variable, with summers being warm and winters cold and snowy.

Plant life- Conifers dominate these forests, with deciduous trees restricted to lower altitudes. In the north, the primary species are Sitka spruce, Douglas fir, red cedar, western hemlock, and giant redwoods. Southern forests are dominated by Podocarps, Monkey puzzle, and southern beech. High humidity means that moss, lichens and ferns grow amongst tree trunks and the forest floor.

Animal life- Whilst more densely populated than the boreal forests, the amount of wildlife is limited by resinous conifer needles, and the lack of plants on the forest floor in denser areas. Most species are arboreal, with weasels, squirrels, and various birds along up the majority of life. Moist conditions mean that there are many types of amphibians and invertebrates that live on the forest floor. Southern hemisphere forests have become host to many invasive species, such as deer, beavers, rats, and ferrets.

How the forest affects the story- The most obvious challenge for characters will be the changing of the seasons. What do your characters do as the days grow shorter and colder? And let’s not forget that rain and mist are common. Damp conditions are a breeding ground for mold and rot, so people will have to come up with ways of keeping them and their possessions dry.Then comes the vegetation. What kind of culture would develop among the tallest trees in the world? Do they live on the forest floor or up in the trees? The density of the canopy can make farming impractical, unless done in clearings or tree top platforms. If your characters and their society are arboreal, then how do they travel between trees? Bridges? Zip-lines? Or do they take inspiration from nature and glide between trees? Imagine if people on the ground meet those from up above. How would these two cultures be different? Would interactions be peaceful, antagonistic, or do they have no contact (at least until the plot requires it)? Being close to the coast, does the sea have an influence on characters and their culture? How would you explain this to someone not familiar with this environment? And you are not limited to the Earth. Remember, the California forests were the stand-in for the forest moon of Endor from Star Wars.

#writing #creative writing #writing guide #writing inspiration #writing prompts #writer on tumblr #writeblr

[dougdimmadodo]

Animals of the Photo Ark - Blue-Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma laterale)

Family: Mole Salamander Family (Ambystomatidae)

IUCN Conservation Status: Least Concern

Named for the pale blue spots that stand out on its glossy black body and warn predators of its mild toxicity, the Blue-Spotted Salamander can be found in damp deciduous forests and swampy habitats in southeastern Canada and the northeastern USA. It typically lives away from water, but like most amphibians it must keep its skin damp in order to breath and as such it typically spends the day buried among leaf litter or hidden under rocks to prevent the sun from drying it out. At night it emerges to feed on small invertebrates, and while its exact diet is poorly known it likely consists of earthworms, slugs, snails and isopods. During the spring, large numbers of Blue-Spotted Salamanders travel to temporary pools created by seasonal rain in order to reproduce - after a brief courtship that involves the male nuzzling a female with his snout and using his jaws to cling to her back, he deposits a spermatophore (a “package” of sperm cells) which she takes into her body through her cloaca to fertilize her up to 500 eggs, which she will later attach to submerged rocks or vegetation. Around 1 month later the eggs hatch into fully-aquatic, limbless larvae with external gills - these young salamanders feed on aquatic invertebrates and gradually develop their legs before loosing their gills and transitioning to life on land in the summer of the year they were born. Blue-Spotted Salamanders are capable of hybridizing with the closely-related Jefferson’s Salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) to create a unique “hybrid species”, the Tremblay’s Salamander, which are always born as females and must mate with a male Blue-Spotted Salamander or Jefferson’s Salamander in order to reproduce.

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The photo above is from the National Geographic Photo Ark, and was taken by Joel Sartore. To see more of Sartore’s amazing work and support the Photo Ark, follow the link below:

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/photo-ark/?locale=en

#blue-spotted salamander #salamander #salamanders #amphibians #amphibian #herpetofauna #zoology #biology #Herpetology #animal #animals #wildlife #joel sartore #photo ark

[wildlifetour]

Wildlife fun begins here in Ranthambore National Park

A magical time for the travel industry is here, and it's a time when the entire tours & travels can have their way to make the most of this. You will have a unique eco-tourism experience that brings you closer to nature. The place is indeed good, the food is great, and the safaris are startling. You will be guided by a team that is specifically trained in diverse aspects of jungles and ensures that your experience is as gratifying as promising. 

Wildlife in Ranthambore

Unique variety of animals, reptiles, and birds to be encountered here and no less than beauty unlimited, tigers, deer, and different forms of birds.

The list is big with the land animals such as Emu, eastern brown snake, Gang-gang Cockatoo, wolf spider, wedge-tailed eagle, tiger, snake, Bengal fox, striped hyena, and many more. Dominant species Tiger is very strong and they roam and stroll around their territories so that nobody can dare to go inside and take over their place. 

Because of Ranthambore's unique climatic and vegetational characteristics, its forests are dry, open, and stunted. As a result, wildlife viewing is relatively easier on safari.

What I have discovered in Ranthambore Jungle

Birds

More than 320 species of birds are there in real but I managed to have the beautiful sighting of both resident and migratory including Parakeets, Asian Palm Swift, Owl, Nightjars, Pigeon, Dove, Crakes, Snipes, Sandpipers, Gulls, and Terns.

Mammals

Among 40 species of mammals, and 35 species of reptiles found in the park I managed to get a glimpse of a few amphibian species such as crocodiles, lizards, snakes, chameleons, turtles, tortoises common India toad.

A unique mix of nature, history, and wildlife

When I went through Ranthambore National Park premises unique mix of nature, history, and wildlife was overwhelming and made my heart-felt with pride that it was my worth decision to be here. Surrounded by the beautiful landscape and breathing in the fresh air amidst organic nature would be a very meaningful visit. 

Conclusion

Ranthambore is a good place to go on your first tiger safari, however. The forest is dry-deciduous, meaning it has very little undergrowth and most trees shed their leaves in the dry season. Because of this, it is easier to capture photos of tigers since they are less hidden away. 

I stored a few Instagram-worthy images which will be loved by you as they are unique and very specific and can be rarely found on the internet.  This best combination of heritage and wildlife draws much inspiration from its dazzling mountainscape setting. Every corner of Ranthambore Tiger Reserve is rustic and turn your head often. It has a certain story to tell.

#best tiger zone in ranthambore #best time to visit ranthambore #Ranthambore safari charges #ranthambore tiger reserve #ranthambore national park safari booking #canter safari in ranthambore #ranthambore safari booking

[outofangband]

Flora and Fauna of Brethil

I had these posted separately but I thought it would be easier to combine them, I’ve also added some more information!

Requested by @echoofthemusic

Flora and fauna of Arda masterlist 

Disclaimer: I used both what we can extrapolate is likely indigenous to the region based on descriptions of the landscape and climate as well as my own headcanons and inspirations and reference books on similar habitats as well as books like The Atlas of Middle Earth and The Flora of Middle Earth

I really love working on and researching these! and as always feel free to ask more, even if I’ve already done a place I’d always enjoy going into more detail of tacking a more specific kind of life there

Brethil was a forested country that made up the Northwestern border of Doriath and was home to the people of the House of Haleth. It also borders Dorthonion, the land of pines. It translates to Silver birch in Sindarin.

Brethil translates to Silver Birch in Sindarin and was described as containing forests of beeches. In this world, these can be found throughout Europe. The Ancient and Primeval Beech Forest is made up of 94 parts in 18 countries. For the flora of Brethil I have taken inspiration from a number of them, especially from areas I know were of interest to Tolkien himself.

While the real world locations that make up similar climates or forests are heavily varied in their flora making it difficult to say exactly what could be found here. But needless to say we are talking about temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in a relatively cool climate.

And as the books say, beeches and birches made up the primary species. The only other plant named directly in the text as associated with Brethil are bracken ferns. 

Acorns, chestnuts, walnuts, beechnuts, and hazelnuts can be collected from their respective trees. 

As we know roots are foraged, chicory, dandelions, burdock root, wild carrot, and wild garlic are possibilities. Other edible plants include yarrow, hazel, thornapple, hogweed, stitchwort, and wild thyme. Both silver birches and beech trees have some edible parts. 

Flowers like cornflower, columbine, Wood anemone, ramsoms, daisy, and harebell perhaps grow in less densely forested areas.

Fungi are not plants but many of the forests Tolkien was likely inspired by contain a wide variety of fungi with silverleaf fungus, Echinoderma asperum, and Meripilus giganteus being some of the most recognizable ones.

Lichen and mosses are also likely found, for example carpet moss, Atrichum undulatum and hoary fringe moss 

Somewhat related, in The Wanderings of Húrin, we get a beautiful (and heartbreaking) description of how the grave of Morwen and the memorial to her children is honored by the women of Brethil.

"But until the end of Beleriand women of Brethil would come with flowers and spring and berries in autumn and sing for awhile of the Gray lady who sought in vain for her son"

It would be all but impossible to make a guess on what flowers these were but based on the description of the forests and the likely climate, blackberries, currents, elderberries and chokeberries are all possibilities, they grow in late summer and autumn. (note that I am using the looser definition of berry rather than the strict one)

As for the fauna, typical insect life of a deciduous forest; earthworms, beetles, butterflies and moths, etc.

There’s probably a lot of birds; pheasants and quail, thrush and nuthatch, nightingale, nightjars, and owls, kestrels, crows, rooks, etc

I do wonder about the possibility of extinct, even flightless birds though no known species exactly fit this sort of habitat so perhaps on another location someone requests I’ll be able to fit them in

In the spring, vernal pools are home to frogs and salamanders. I imagine that because the main known source of water is the fast moving river, the amphibian life in Brethil is less aquatic species that prefer leaf litter and the undergrowth to permanent ponds. Toads, wood frogs, certain species of salamanders including red back salamanders. 

There could possibly be wood turtles too.

Squirrels, rabbits, wood mice, moles and red foxes are possible mammals

I believe it’s mentioned somewhere that the people of Brethil keep pigs though that are not fully domesticated and are closer to wild boars.

There are probably few larger predators but bears are a possibility. Húrin does mention wolves in “The Wanderings of Húrin” but it’s somewhat unclear if this is because he has seen wolves in Brethil or if it’s more hypothetical. 

Deer like fallow, roe, and elk are probably found

I like to think there are species that are extinct in the world today, perhaps like the Irish Elk, a rare sighting in Brethil as they prefer colder climates but in the spring and summer they could potentially be spotted in more open clearings and by the river.

#The Silmarillion #the children of húrin #Beleriand #Brethil #musing and meta

[indicolabxrs]

Los Sabinos - Santa Rosa - San Cristóbal.

El agua de los deshielos del eje neovolcánico, (siendo el volcán Popocatépetl y el volcán inactivo Iztaccihuatl los mas reconocidos de esta falla geológica) corre por los lechos de las barrancas en su descenso hacía el sur.

The water from the melting of the Trans-Mexican Belt, (being the volcano Popocatépetl and the inactive volcano Iztaccihuatl the most recognized of this geological fault) runs through the beds of the ravines in its descent towards the south.

El agua fluye de manera subterránea y brota siendo una enorme riqueza contenida en manantiales los cuales están completamente rodeados por la zona urbana del Municipio de Cuautla conformando el río que lleva su nombre.

The water flows underground and sprouts being an enormous wealth contained in springs which are completely surrounded by the urban area of the Municipality of Cuautla forming the river that bears his name.

152.31 hectáreas albergan un ecosistema de bosque de galería y selva baja caducifolia. Se reportan 80 especies de aves, 16 especies de mamíferos, 13 de anfibios y reptiles,  y 5 especies de peces.

152.31 hectares are home to an ecosystem of gallery forest and deciduous lowland forest. 80 species of birds, 16 species of mammals, 13 species of amphibians and reptiles, and 5 species of fish are reported.

Los ejidatarios son los propietarios de dichos manantiales, el agua proveída es destinada a los cultivos y a la población.

The villagers are the owners of these springs, the water provided is destined to the crops and the population.

Derivado de los asentamientos irregulares en la ribera del rio, la infraestructura deficiente de la ciudad y el desvío de cauces por parte de empresas privadas - termoeléctrica de Huexca- la permanencia de éste ecosistema se ve alertado considerablemente.

Derived from the irregular settlements on the riverside, the poor infrastructure of the city and the diversion of channels by private companies - thermoelectric Huexca- the permanence of this ecosystem is alerted considerably.

Vista aérea panorámica del río Cuautla y el asentamiento de la población. / Cuautla River panoramic aero view and population assessment. Fuente/Source: Sistema Estatal de Información Ambiental y Recursos Naturales Morelos

Sin embargo, se ha proyectado un programa de manejo y cuidado que busca preservar el medio ambiente del Oriente del estado de Morelos, siendo responsabilidad de la ciudadanía informarse, respetar e insistir a las autoridades para concretar la obra que ha sido postergada desde hace un par de años, asegurándolo a generaciones futuras.

However, a management and care program has been planned that seeks to preserve the environment of the East of the state of Morelos, being the responsibility of the citizens to inform themselves, respect and urge the authorities to carry out the work that has been postponed for a couple of years, securing it for future generations.

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All non reference photos are created by IndiCo.LABxrs

#indicolabxrs #myphotos #photosbyindicolabxrs #photography #mexico #Cuautla #RioCuautla #morelos #Webmagazine #Water #photographers on tumblr