Pages from Wrath of the Devil-Fish, (written by Cary Bates, and drawn by Dave Cockrum) the main story from Superboy (vol. 1) #202 (June, 1974). This issue was a 100-Page Special, which meant there were 20 pages of new material, accompanied by 80 pages (minus the ads) of reprints.
This was Dave Cockrum's last Legion story, and last work at DC. before he left for greener pastures across town at Marvel Comics. That's all thanks to editor Murray Boltinoff, who didn't want to return Cockrum's original art pages to him.
Had Cockrum stayed at DC and on the Legion (a feature that he loved and which had propelled him to comic stardom), he planned to have Devil-Fish join the Legion. Actually, he had a sketchbook full of original characters he wanted to introduce to the Legion mythos, including some demon-looking guy named Nightcrawler.
Instead, he ended up wasting his talents on some loser book called X-Men.
This is from last summer (I found it while trying to clean up browser tabs--oops.) Anyway, it's one of many examples of critically endangered species showing an upturn in population with support. The Devils Hole pupfish is particularly imperiled because it is only found in one flooded cavern in Nevada's Amargosa Desert; the species is likely descended from fish that were washed in there by flooding thousands of years ago, and have managed to eke out a living in the hot, oxygen-deficient water ever since.
This is one of the first species ever listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Devils Hole is threatened by groundwater depletion from well drilling, and after the pupfish's ESA listing there were numerous legal battles between conservationists and farmers over water usage. Water levels reached their lowest point in the early 1970s, but have been slowly rising since then.
Scientists are excited because the current wild population (at least as of last fall) is at 263 fish. That's up from just 35 in 2013, the lowest recorded population ever. There are a few hundred more in captivity, being used to breed more young for reintroduction. The hope is that this fall's wild count will break 300, a good sign for the world's most endangered fish.
By the way, THIS is the entirety of the Devils hole pupfish's habitat, the only place in the world where they are found:
detail from a copy of "le pèlerinage de la vie humaine" by guillaume de deguileville, illuminated by the maître d'antoine rolin, hainaut, late 15th/early 16th c.
source: Genève, Bibl. de Genève, Ms. fr. 182, fol. 162v
This is the devil’s hole pupfish! A tiny species that lives only in One water-filled limestone cavern in Nevada. It was one of the first animals on the endangered species list. At the last count in 2022 there were 263 pupfish observed - the most in 19 years! They’re tracked pretty carefully, as their 215 square foot habitat (the smallest of any know vertebrate) is fragile and has been disturbed in the past by groundwater extraction and other human interference.
[ID: an illustration of a shiny metallic blue fish, the male devil’s hole pupfish, facing to the right. It is on a lighter blue background with a ripple pattern. End.] l
Manphibian, the Marvel Comics’ analogue of the Creature From the Black Lagoon, by Art Adams.
This character was created by Dave Cockrum in the early 1970s when he was working for DC Comics drawing the Legion of Super-Heroes, and doing some side work for Marvel.
Cockrum had originally suggested putting Manphian in the Legion book. He thought that suggestion would not go very far (most of the characters he created and pitched for that series were rejected by editor Murray Boltinoff), so he pitched a Manphibian series to Marvel.
Marvel, which was expanding its horror and monster-themed titles at the time, agreed to go forward with a Manphibian series. Surprisingly, Manphibian was also approved to appear in a Legion story (probably because writer Cary Bates - who liked the character - put him in a script and submitted it as a fait accompli).
With Manphibian already sold to Marvel, Cockrum had to come up with a new name and design for the character to appear in the Legion story. Thus Devil-Fish was born, appearing in Superboy and the Legion of Super-Heroes #202.
Ironically, due to a dispute with DC editorial over the return of his artwork, this was also Cockrum’s last LSH story. He left the company and went to Marvel where he was soon involved in co-creating the new X-Men.
The most well-known species of pupfish, these fish have their entire population confined to a single 130 meter deep hole, and more specifically a single partially submerged rock shelf in the hole. The conditions in the Devils Hole are very extreme, but the Devils Hole pupfish has many adaptations that help it survive: the pupfish can, for example, stop using oxygen for up to two hours!
Cool Facts- I actually got the opportunity to speak with one of the lead conservationists working to protect the Devils Hole pupfish. He described holding two buckets full of the pupfish and realizing he was holding the last population left on the planet. These bright blue pupfish are some of the rarest fish in the world. Originally only inhabiting Devils Hole pond in Nevada, they evolved separately from any other desert pupfish species. Starting in the 2010, several pupfish were caught and began an offsite breeding program in an attempt to increase their genetic diversity. Efforts to protect Devils Hole are extensive and water is slowly added to the aquifer to keep water levels steady.
Rating- 13/10 (As of 2022, only 263 wild adults remain.)