#spain 1808

[josefavomjaaga]

Bessières and Soult in Spain

After the battle of Baylèn in 1808, King Pepe Joseph had been driven from Madrid for the first time. Napoleon could not come to his brother’s aid immediately, because he first had to watch some theater plays together with Alexander during their meeting at Erfurt. Priorities. However, among others, Bessières was still holding out in Spain (under direct orders of Joseph which cannot have been much fun), leading second corps.

When the congress of Erfurt had ended, Napoleon hastily threw all available troops into the peninsula, including a certain marshal Soult who was destined to take over second corps. And while Soult’s presence usually caused his fellow marshals to adapt a slightly hostile attitude, Bessières, waiting in front of the enemy fortress of Burgos and not quite daring to attack, might be the only example of the marshal species who even wished for Soult's prompt arrival. It even seems that, on learning on 6 November 1808 that Soult was on his way and that he himself would take over Murat’s former position at the head of the cavalry reserve, he deliberately postponed all action and rather chose to leave the job to Soult:

The day of 8 November was lost unnecessarily by Bessières, and this was a blunder [...] The Marshal gave no serious excuse for his inaction; was it the high number of men attributed to the enemy that stopped him, was it that he waited for Soult's arrival in order to hand over command of the 2nd corps to him and to concern himself only with the cavalry? In a first letter to Berthier, he announced that "a full-scale battle" was needed to take the vicinity of Burgos, but he did not dare or did not want to fight it. In a second letter, he wrote: "I would very much like Marshal Soult to arrive soon... Marshal Soult and I will get on very well together."

As weird as that sounds, he was right about that latter point. Bessières also seems to have been delighted at the idea of rejoining Napoleon’s guard and at taking over the cavalry. Sounds as if he, learned cavalryman that he was, had not been very comfortable with commanding infantry.

Soult set out from Vittoria towards Briviesca on the evening of the 8th and joined Bessières on the morning of the 9th, who handed over command of the 2nd Corps to him.

Bessières: Oh, for god’s sake, you’re here! Look, I’m perfectly fine with the cavalry stuff but … there’s also all these folks who have uniforms and weapons – but no horses? Do you know what those are? What are we supposed to do with them?

Soult took command of his troops and began his offensive movement: he stopped on the evening of the 9th at the entrance to the defile which from Quintanapalla through Villafria leads to Gamonal and opens onto the Burgos plain. He wrote to Berthier: "His Excellency Marshal Bessières has kindly agreed to come with me as far as Burgos…"

Soult: Oh, c’mon, Bessie, I’m sure the emperor can wait another day. We’ve not even had time to properly catch up on everything…

Bessières: Okay. But only as far as Burgos. I’m not in the mood for another of Nappy’s lectures...

Bessières was to lead the cavalry, Soult the infantry. Soult had only expected an "avantgarde engagement" to take Burgos: it was a battle that had to be fought, as Bessières had thought, but the battle was a brilliant victory. On 10 November, at noon, Soult wrote to the Emperor from Burgos: "Your Majesty is master of Burgos: the corps of Estramadure, 12,000 strong, is destroyed. There are already more than 1,000 prisoners, 10 cannon, many caissons: the ground, for more than a league, is covered with corpses, weapons and debris; two flags have also been taken. Marshal Bessières has already passed Burgos and is pursuing on the road to Madrid all those who fled in a rout..."

[Translated from: A. Rabel, Le Maréchal Bessières, Duc d’Istrie]

Seeing somebody work well together with Soult in Spain is a nice change for once. Unfortunately it was pretty much the only time.

#napoleon's marshals #jean baptiste bessières #jean de dieu soult #peninsular war #spain 1808 #burgos 1808

[illustratus]

The Battle of Somosierra by Horace Vernet

#battle of somosierra #horace vernet #somosierra #art #painting #history #europe #european #spain #polish #cavalry #france #napoleonic #napoleonic wars #peninsular war #iberia #somosierra pass #wincenty krasínski #1808 #napoléon bonaparte #napoleon #bonaparte #marengo #madrid #mountains #mountain pass #french #spanish #napoléon

[joachimnapoleon]

Excerpt:

Sire, there were many people killed. The chasseurs of the Guard have lost some men. Colonel Daumesnil comported himself bravely, as usual; he crossed the crowd twice with his chasseurs and his Mamelukes. He had twenty men out of action, two horses killed under him, he was wounded in the knee; his wound is light. This evening I will let Your Majesty know about this event in a more positive manner, when I have myself all the detailed reports of the different generals in command. In the blink of an eye, everyone was at his post. I owe the greatest praise to all Your Majesty’s troops; I owe it especially to General Grouchy.

#Joachim Murat #Napoleon #Napoleonic wars #Spain #Dos de Mayo #1808 #letters #translations

[asitrita]

Feliz 2 de Mayo

Viva Españita y viva Madrid 🙂

#2deMayo #españa #spain #guerra de independencia #peninsular war #1808 #paintings #cuadros #art #france #i guess

[toastedbiali]

Historically, Jews and Muslims have lived extremely peacefully when Muslims were the majority:

622 - 627: ethnic cleansing of Jews from Mecca

and Medina, (Jewish boys publicly inspected for pubic hair. if they had any, they were executed)

629: 1st Alexandria Massacres, Egypt

622 - 634: extermination of the 14 Arabian Jewish tribes

1106: Ali Ibn Yousef Ibn Tashifin of Marrakesh decrees death penalty for any local Jew, including his Jewish Physician, and Military general.

1033: 1st Fez Pogrom, Morocco

1148: Almohadin of Morocco gives Jews the choice of converting to Islam, or expulsion

1066: Granada Massacre, Muslim-occupied Spain

1165 - 1178: Jews nation wide were given the choice (under new constitution) convert to Islam or die, Yemen

1165: chief Rabbi of the Maghreb burnt alive. The Rambam (Maimonides) flees for Egypt.

1220: tens of thousands of Jews killed by Muslims after being blamed for Mongol invasion, Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Egypt

1270: Sultan Baibars of Egypt resolved to burn all the Jews, a ditch having been dug for that purpose; but at the last moment he repented, and instead exacted a heavy tribute, during the collection of which many perished.

1276: 2nd Fez Pogrom, Morocco

1385: Khorasan Massacres, Iran

1438: 1st Mellah Ghetto massacres, North Africa

1465: 3rd Fez Pogrom, Morocco (11 Jews left alive)

1517: 1st Safed Pogrom, Ottoman Palestine

1517: 1st Hebron Pogrom, Ottoman Palestine Marsa ibn Ghazi Massacre, Ottoman Libya

1577: Passover Massacre, Ottoman empire

1588 - 1629: Mahalay Pogroms, Iran

1630 - 1700: Yemenite Jews under strict Shi'ite 'dhimmi' rules

1660: 2nd Safed Pogrom, Ottoman Palestine

1670: Mawza expulsion, Yemen

1679 - 1680: Sanaa Massacres, Yemen

1747: Mashhad Masacres, Iran

1785: Tripoli Pogrom, Ottoman Libya

1790 - 92: Tetuan Pogrom. Morocco (Jews of Tetuuan stripped naked, and lined up for Muslim perverts)

1800: new decree passed in Yemen, that Jews are forbidden to wear new clothing, or good clothing. Jews are forbidden to ride mules or donkeys, and were occasionally rounded up for long marches naked through the Roob al Khali dessert.

1805: 1st Algiers Pogrom, Ottoman Algeria

1808 2nd 1438: 1st Mellah Ghetto Massacres, North Africa

1815: 2nd Algiers Pogrom, Ottoman Algeria

1820: Sahalu Lobiant Massacres, Ottoman Syria

1828: Baghdad Pogrom, Ottoman Iraq

1830: 3rd Algiers Pogrom, Ottoman Algeria

1830: ethnic cleansing of Jews in Tabriz, Iran

1834: 2nd Hebron Pogrom, Ottoman Palestine

1834: Safed Pogrom, Ottoman Palestne

1839: Massacre of the Mashadi Jews, Iran

1840: Damascus Affair following first of many blood libels, Ottoman Syria

1844: 1st Cairo Massacres, Ottoman Egypt

1847: Dayr al-Qamar Pogrom, Ottoman Lebanon

1847: ethnic cleansing of the Jews in Jerusalem, Ottoman Palestine

1848: 1st Damascus Pogrom, Syria

1850: 1st Aleppo Pogrom, Ottoman Syria

1860: 2nd Damascus Pogrom, Ottoman Syria

1862: 1st Beirut Pogrom, Ottoman Lebanon

1866: Kuzguncuk Pogrom, Ottoman Turkey

1867: Barfurush Massacre, Ottoman Turkey

1868: Eyub Pogrom, Ottoman Turkey

1869: Tunis Massacre, Ottoman Tunisia

1869: Sfax Massacre, Ottoman Tunisia

1864 - 1880: Marrakesh Massacre, Morocco

1870: 2nd Alexandria Massacres, Ottoman Egypt

1870: 1st Istanbul Pogrom, Ottoman Turkey

1871: 1st Damanhur Massacres,Ottoman Egypt

1872: Edirne Massacres, Ottoman Turkey

1872: 1st Izmir Pogrom, Ottoman Turkey

1873: 2nd Damanhur Massacres, Ottoman Egypt

1874: 2nd Izmir Pogrom, Ottoman Turkey

1874: 2nd Istanbul Pogrom, Ottoman Turkey

1874: 2nd Beirut Pogrom,Ottoman Lebanon

1875: 2nd Aleppo Pogrom, Ottoman Syria

1875: Djerba Island Massacre, Ottoman Tunisia

1877: 3rd Damanhur Massacres,Ottoman Egypt

1877: Mansura Pogrom, Ottoman Egypt 1882: Homs Massacre, Ottoman Syria

1882: 3rd Alexandria Massacres, Ottoman Egypt

1890: 2nd Cairo Massacres, Ottoman Egypt

1890, 3rd Damascus Pogrom, Ottoman Syria

1891: 4th Damanahur Massacres, Ottoman Egypt

1897: Tripolitania killings, Ottoman Libya

1903&1907: Taza & Settat, pogroms, Morocco

1890: Tunis Massacres, Ottoman Tunisia

1901 - 1902: 3rd Cairo Massacres, Ottoman Egypt

1901 - 1907: 4th Alexandria Massacres,Ottoman Egypt

1903: 1st Port Sa'id Massacres, Ottoman Egypt

1903 - 1940: Pogroms of Taza and Settat, Morocco

1907: Casablanca, pogrom, Morocco

1908: 2nd Port Said Massacres,Ottoman Egypt

1910: Shiraz blood libel

1911: Shiraz Pogrom

1912: 4th Fez Pogrom, Morocco

1917: Baghdadi Jews murdered by Ottomans

1918 - 1948: law passed making it illegal to raise an orphan Jewish, Yemen

1920: Irbid Massacres: British mandate Palestine

1920 - 1930: Arab riots, British mandate Palestine

1921: 1st Jaffa riots, British mandate Palestine

1922: Djerba Massacres, Tunisia

1928: Jewish orphans sold into slavery, and forced to convert to Islam by Muslim Brotherhood, Yemen

1929: 3rd Hebron Pogrom British mandate Palestine.

1929 3rd Safed Pogrom, British mandate Palestine.

1933: 2nd Jaffa riots, British mandate Palestine.

1934: Thrace Pogroms, Turkey

1936: 3rd Jaffa riots, British mandate Palestine

1941: Farhud Massacrs, Iraq

1942: Mufti collaboration with the Nazis. plays a part in the final solution

1938 - 1945: Arab collaboration with the Nazis

1945: 4th Cairo Massacre, Egypt

1945: Tripolitania Pogrom, Libya

1947: Aden Pogrom

#antisemitism #israel #terrorism #gaza #palestine #jumblr #ישראל #jewish #judaism #historic antisemitism #antizionism is antisemitism #Ottoman Palestine was NOT a great place for Jews

[secular-jew]

While there were periods of coexistence with Jews in the Levant, let this brief history disavow you of the notion, being promulgated all over the internet (and especially my inbox) that Jews were treated "well" by Muslims.

Similar in many ways to the dehumanization and murder at the hands of European Christianity, the Jews in Muslim-controlled lands, starting with Muhammad (exemplified in Islam as not just a prophet, but the "perfect example of human being") suffered continuous waves of ethnic-cleansing pogroms and massacres, culminating in the Massacres in southern Israel on October 7th.

This is a short list:

622 - 627: Ethnic cleansing of Jews literally from Mecca and Medina, (Jewish boys with pubic hair were executed along with the men). Over 800 adult males were killed by beheading. Women were forced into sexual slavery, and the children were given to Islamic Jihadis as slaves. Mohammad force-married Safiyyah, after murdering her husband and father.

629: 1st Alexandria Massacres of Jews, Egypt.

622 - 634: Exterminations of Arabian Jewish tribes.

1106: Ali Ibn Yousef Ibn Tashifin of Marrakesh decrees death penalty for any local Jew, including his Jewish Physician, and as well as his Jewish military general.

1033: 1st massacre of Jews in Fez, Morocco.

1148: Almohadin of Morocco gives Jews the choice of converting to Islam, or expulsion.

1066: Granada Massacre of Jews, Muslim-occupied Spain.

1165 - 1178: Jews of Yemen given the choice (under new constitution) to either convert to Islam or die.

1165: Chief Rabbi of the Maghreb was publicly burnt alive. The Rambam (Maimonides, Moses ben Maimon), forced to flee Spain to Egypt.

1220: Tens of thousands of Jews massacred by Muslims Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and Egypt, after being blamed for Mongol invasion.

1270: Sultan Baibars of Egypt resolved to burn all the Jews, a ditch having been dug for that purpose; but at the last moment he repented, and instead exacted a heavy tribute, during the collection of which many perished.

1276: 2nd Fez Pogrom (massacre) against Jews in Morocco

1385: Khorasan Massacres against Jews in Iran

1438: 1st Mellah Ghetto massacres against Jews in Morocco.

1465: 3rd Fez Pogrom against Jews in Morocco, leaving only 11 Jews left alive.

1517: 1st Safed Pogrom in Muslim Ottoman controlled Judea

1517: 1st Hebron Pogrom in Muslim-controlled Judea, by occupying Ottomans.

1517: Marsa ibn Ghazi Massacre of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Libya.

1577: Passover Massacre throughout the Ottoman Empire.

1588 - 1629: Mahalay Pogroms of Jews in Iran.

1630 - 1700: Yemenite Jews considered 2nd class citizens and subjugated under strict Shi'ite 'dhimmi' rules.

1660: 2nd Judean Pogrom, in Safed Israel (Ottoman-controlled Palestine).

1670: Expulsion of Mawza Jews in Yemen.

1679 - 1680: Massacres of Jews in Sanaa, Yemen.

1747: Massacres of the Jews of Mashhad, Iran.

1785: Pogrom of Libyan Jews in Ottoman-controlled Tripoli, Libya.

1790 - 92: Tetuan Pogrom. Morocco (Jews of Tetuuan stripped naked, and lined up for Muslim perverts).

1800: Decree passed in Yemen, criminalizing Jews from wearing clothing that is new or good, or from riding mules or donkeys. Jews were also rounded up for long marches naked through the Roob al Khali dessert.

1805: 1st Algiers Massacre/Pogrom of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Algeria.

1808: 2nd Ghetto Massacres in Mellah, Morocco.

1815: 2nd Algiers massacres/pogroms of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Algeria.

1820: Sahalu Lobiant Massacres of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Syria.

1828: Baghdad massacres/pogroms of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Iraq.

1830: 3rd massacre/pogrom of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Algiers, Algeria.

1830: Ethnic cleansing of Jews in Tabriz, Iran.

1834: 2nd massacre of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Hebron, Judea.

1834: Massacre/pogrom of Safed Jews in Ottoman-controlled Palestine/Judea.

1839: Massacre of the Mashadi Jews in Iran.

1840: Damascus Affair following first of many blood libels against Jews in Ottoman-controlled Syria.

1844: 1st Cairo Massacres of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Egypt.

1847: Dayr al-Qamar massacre of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Lebanon.

1847: Ethnic cleansing of the Jews in Jerusalem, Ottoman-controlled Palestine.

1848: 1st Damascus massacre/pogrom, in Ottoman-controlled Syria.

1850: 1st Aleppo massacre/pogrom of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Syria.

1860: 2nd Damascus massacre of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Syria.

1862: 1st Beirut massacre of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Lebanon.

1866: Massacre of Jews by Ottomans Kuzguncuk, Turkey.

1867: Massacre of Jews by Ottomans in Barfurush, Turkey.

1868: Massacre of Jews by Ottomans in Eyub, Turkey.

1869: Massacre of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Tunis, Tunisia.

1869: Massacre of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Sfax, Tunisia.

1864 - 1880: Massacres of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Marrakesh, Morocco.

1870: 2nd Alexandria Massacres of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Egypt.

1870: 1st Istanbul massacre of Jews in Ottoman Turkey.

1871: 1st Damanhur Massacres of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Egypt.

1872: Massacre of Jews by Ottomans in Edirne, Turkey.

1872: 1st Massacre of Jews by Ottomans in Izmir, Turkey.

1873: 2nd Damanhur Massacres of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Egypt.

1874: 2nd Izmir massacre of Jews in Turkey.

1874: 2nd massacre of Jews in Istanbul Turkey.

1874: 2nd massacre of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Beirut, Lebanon.

1875: 2nd massacre of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Aleppo, Syria.

1875: Massacre of Jews in Djerba Island, Ottoman-controlled Tunisia.

1877: 3rd massacre of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Damanhur, Egypt.

1877: Masaacres of Jews in Mansura, Ottoman-controlled Egypt

1882: Masacre of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Homs, Syria.

1882: 3rd Massacre of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Alexandria, Egypt.

1890: 2nd massacre of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Cairo, Egypt.

1890: 3rd massacre of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Damascus, Syria.

1890: 2nd massacre of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Tunis, Tunisia

1891: 4th massacre of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Damanahur, Egypt.

1897: Targeted murder of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Tripolitania, Libya.

1903 &1907: Masaacres of Hews in Ottoman-controlled Taza & Settat, Morocco.

1901 - 1902: 3rd set of massacres of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Cairo, Egypt.

1901 - 1907: 4th set of Massacres of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Alexandria, Egypt.

1903: 1st massacre of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Port Sa'id, Egypt.

1903 - 1940: Series of massacres in Taza and Settat, Morocco.

1907: Massacre of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Casablanca, Morocco.

1908: 2nd Massacre of Jews in Ottoman-controlled Port Said, Egypt.

1910: Blood libel against Jews in Shiraz, Iran.

1911: Masaacre of Jews by Muslims in Shiraz, Iran.

1912: 4th massacre in Ottoman-controlled Fez, Morocco.

1917: Baghdad Iraq Jews murdered by Ottomans.

1918 - 1948: Yemen passes a law criminalizing the raising of a Jewish orphan in Yemen.

1920: Massacres of Jews in Irbid Jordan (British mandate Palestine).

1920 - 1930: Arab riots resulting in hundreds of Jewish deaths, British mandate Palestine.

1921: 1st Jaffa (Israel) riots, British mandate Palestine.

1922: Massacres of Jews in Djerba, Tunisia.

1928: Jewish orphans sold into slavery, and forced toonvert to Islam by Muslim Brotherhood, Yemen.

1929: 3rd Hebron (Israel) massacre of Jews by Arabs in British mandate Palestine.

1929 3rd massacre of Jews by Arabs in Safed (Israel), British mandate Palestine.

1933: 2nd Jaffa (Israel) riots, British mandate Palestine.

1934: Massacre of Jews in Thrace, Turkey.

1936: 3rd riots by Arabs against Jews in Jaffa (Israel), British mandate Palestine.

1941: Masaacres of Jews in Farhud, Iraq.

1942: Muslim leader Grand Mufti collaboration with the Nazis, playing a major role in the final solution.

1938 - 1945: Full alliance and collaboration by Arabs with the Nazis in attacking and murdering Jews in the Middle East and Africa.

1945: 4th massacre of Jews by Muslims in Cairo, Egypt.

1945: Masaacre of Jews in Tripolitania, Libya.

1947: Masaacre of Jews by Muslims in Aden, Yemen.

2023: Massacre, rape, torture and kidnapping of ~1,500 Israelis (mostly Jews) by Muslims in numerous towns throughout southern Israel.

#secular-jew #israel #jewish #judaism #israeli #jerusalem #diaspora #secular jew #secularjew #islam #pogroms #massacres #massacres of Jews #Jewish massacres #Jewish pogroms #Hebron massacre #Hamas #Isis #Mohammad #Safiya #jew #jihadi #Judea

[mapsontheweb]

French Expressions based on Other Nationalities

by u/Beurreboule

These expressions come from various online platforms, with a strict focus on those whose etymology can be linked to specific nationalities. It is important to note that this map is not intended to offend, but rather to explore the linguistic interaction between cultures.

I've picked expressions that are tied to people or nationalities. For instance, “To have the Portugueses sanded” (Avoir les portugaises ensablées) refers to a type of oysters, not the people of Portugal.

Here is the list of these expressions, along with their origins:

To take a Scottish shower (Prendre une douche écossaise): This French expression dates back to the 19th century and refers to a hydrotherapy practiced at that time in Scotland. In a figurative sense, it describes a situation where a combination of sensations, events, or impressions swiftly transition from being positive to turning negative.

The English have landed (Les anglais ont débarqué): In comparison to the British armies which, during the Napoleonic wars, were dressed in red.

To slip away the English way (Filer à l’anglaise): Probably an alteration of the English "to take French leave", dating from the 19th century.

To talk like a Spanish cow (Parler comme une vache espagnole): According to the most plausible hypothesis, it would be a distortion of the Occitan expression “parlar coma un gavach espanhòl” (to speak like a Spanish gabatch). The word “gabatch” designates here the mountain dweller from the Pyrenees.

A Spanish wanking (Une branlette espagnole): The origin of this 20th century expression is obscure and mysterious.

A Spanish inn (Une auberge espagnole): This expression was used in the 17th century to describe the poor quality of inns/hostels in Spain, which were widely used because they were on the road to Santiago de Compostela.

A German quarrel (Une querelle d’allemand): The most commonly accepted theory is that the Holy Roman Germanic Empire was made up of numerous small states. These rulers frequently looked for opportunities to engage in battles with neighboring states, aiming to capture land and increase their power and influence.

To be drunk like a Pole (Être saoul comme un polonais): This expression, which has become pejorative, was not so at its beginnings. After a decisive battle, the Polish lancers of Kozietulski in Spain in 1808 were paraded before Napoleon as heroic survivors of this elite unit. Jealous French generals, wanting to downplay the role of the Poles, claimed that they were drunk. The Emperor responded to them, "Well then, gentlemen, learn to be as drunk as the Poles!". Another version states that Napoleon, in admiration, said, "One had to be as drunk as a Pole to accomplish that."

The Russian mountains (les montagnes russes): The concept of Russian Mountains originated from toboggan races held on snow-covered hills, especially in the vicinity of Saint Petersburg. In the late 1700s, these races gained immense popularity, prompting entrepreneurs to explore the idea in other countries. This led to the development of rides using wheeled cars on tracks. In 1812, the company "Les Montagnes Russes" constructed and operated such rides in the Belleville district of Paris. The term was subsequently used to describe roller coasters, and this analogy led to the emergence of the expression.

A Roman’s job (Un travail de romain): From the reputation of the Romans for having accomplished Herculean works, especially the construction of aqueducts and ancient roads.

To be strong like a Turk (Être fort comme un turc): This expression comes from the 15th century and refers to the period of the Ottoman Empire when the Turks achieved many conquests through their sheer strength and ruthless behavior, showing no mercy. Thus, during that time, the Turks represented the ultimate enemy, seen as unbeatable.

To be the Turkish head (Être la tête de turc): This expression is based on the entertainment found at French fairs in the late 19th century. These amusements involved gauging one's strength by hitting a head wearing a turban, evoking the stereotypical image of a Turk.

To send to the Greek calends (Renvoyer aux calends grecques): From the Calends, which were not Greek but Roman, is an expression used by Suetonius in The Twelve Caesars to say “never”.

To go get lost at the Greeks (Aller se faire voir chez les grecs): This expression indirectly refers to the alleged common homosexuality among Greeks since ancient times, including practices like pederasty. Notably, Plato's work "The Symposium" illustrates this, featuring figures like Socrates.

#maps #Beurreboule #phrases #french language #europe

[emgavi]

hi, do you think you could write a gavi x reader where they're best friends but secretly have feelings for each other and y/n is comforting gavi because spain is out of the world cup and he confesses his feelings, sorry i know this is really specific ❤️‍🩹😭

"I still won" (Gavi x reader)

this one hurt to write but I hope you enjoy it! :))

1808 words

You and Gavi have been best friends for what felt like your entire lives.

Meeting when you were small toddlers at the playground one sunny day. After that you become inseparable, always going over to each other's houses or the park to play. Gavi would always want to play football while you liked playing pretend superheroes. 

As you got older you both stayed close. Always there to support each other through everything and always confiding to each other when something happens. You both were each other’s best best friend.

 However Gavi has always had a crush on you since you were little kids and it only grew as you both got older. He never got the courage to say anything to you about his feelings, too scared to admit and possibly ruin your friendship if you didn’t feel the same. He hoped one day he could tell you, but for now he loved having you in the stands with his family to cheer him on the field. Especially now on the big stage, the 2022 world cup.

You were so proud seeing him give it his all, and when he made his first world cup goal. You remember him after he scored, pointing up to where you and his family were sitting and feeling, for a moment, a blush on your cheeks, pretending that he felt the same as you did. 

“Do you see him?” you hear Gavi’s mom say next to you, looking at the field of players warming up for the game, breaking you from your thoughts.

“No … oh wait there he is!” you said seeing gavi passing the ball with pedri 

‘Oh he looks so handsome out there, mi hijo” his mom said looking on proudly towards her son.

Aurora from next to you nudges your side, “do you think he looks handsome y/n?” she says with a smirk, knowing about your not so tiny crush on her brother after getting it out of you one night. You blushed in embarrassment, stuttering a bit, ‘uh- i -mean yeah, he always does” 

After a moment , “So when are you going to tell him, I know my son isn’t going to be the first to admit?” his dad asked you. His whole family basically knew how both of you had feelings for each other but waited for you too to finally realize it.

 “I uh - whaaat, i don’t know what you are talking about?” you said. His family just smirked at you. “It’s okay y/n/n i know” aurora said winking at you. You rolled your eyes at her, turning to continue to wait for the game against Morocco to begin. 

—-----

As you watched the game, you felt like you were on edge the whole time. Always feeling worried for Gavi as he kept falling to the floor in pain. Hating seeing all the grass stains on his jersey.

 He fought hard for the game and you made sure that he knew as he was subbed off, you and the family section clapping and cheering his name.

Spain just couldn’t find the net the whole 90 minutes. Then extra time came and you prayed that they would score so they didn’t have to go to penalties. Sadly that is exactly what happened. 

You held your breath and held hands with Gavi’s mom and sister, watching the first player up to take the penalty. Taking a quick glance at Gavi, seeing his nervous face, made you feel more nervous for him. The feeling of hope slowly decreases as another kick is taken until the game is over. Conforming the worst…Spain has been eliminated. 

Looking out onto the field at the Spanish players you see the disappointment and sadness. You can’t help but feel the same. Seeing Gavi look at the other players from the other team celebrating with a stone face made you want to go down to the field and hug him. Sadly you had to wait before you could do that. You and Gavi’s family walked down to the family section where the players could meet their families inside the stadium. 

As you all waited there for a while, you finally saw Gavi walking towards us with his national team polo shirt and sweats having an emotionless face. But you could immediately see through the facade. 

“Hola” he said softly as he went to hug his parents. Then he moved to his sister, then to you. Finally being able to hug Gavi brought you relief and you tried to show that it’ll be okay , he’ll be okay with your hug. “I’m so proud of you, regardless of the outcome pabs” you whispered in his ear while he hugged you tight, and longer than he hugged the rest. 

He simply nodded his head at your statement and slowly pulled away. As you did you looked up at his eyes, and you could tell he was keeping his emotions in, not wanting people to see him fall apart. He turned his head to his family and then to you as he said, “gracias for supporting me through this, I love you all so much” 

His parents gave him another needed hug and you could only look at him concernedly. “I’ll meet you guys back at the hotel, the team is going to have dinner and a meeting later” We nodded and said our goodbyes, before he could leave  you grabbed his hand “hey , you sure you're okay?, you don’t have to hide it from me you know”. 

He gave you a small smile “I know , it’s okay, I'll see you soon okay?” He gave your hand a small squeeze before letting go and walking back to the locker room. 

“Come on y/n , our ride is here” Aurora said, putting her hand on my shoulder. I nodded and followed to the car.

At the hotel…

By now it was late in the evening, you were getting ready for bed soon. Aurora, who was rooming with you, just stepped out, saying that she was going to go downstairs to the hotel for snacks. Just a couple of minutes later after that you heard a knock.

You went to open the door, confused a bit. why didn’t Aurora use her key card, but instead of seeing her in front of you , you see Gavi. “Gavi ? I thought you were going to be with the team right now?” while letting him in the room.

He shook his head and walked to the coach but didn't sit down, he looked as if he was holding something in.  “no… well yes but i just needed to see you” he said softly. You gave him a soft smile , “like i said before, you can tell me what’s on your mind Gavi, i can tell your holding it in”

When you said that , he looked at you softly before walking up to you and wrapping you in a hug, putting his head on your shoulder. You hugged him back just as tight, and after a couple of moments, that’s when you start to feel your shirt start to feel wet by your shoulder. Gavi was releasing all the pain and sadness he tried to keep in from everyone until he could finally show his vulnerable side with you, only knowing you would understand him fully. 

Crying on your shoulder, you started to rub his back, trying to soothe him. “It’s okay, your okay pabs” you said. 

He shook his head and continued the waterworks,  “no it’s not okay, if only i could’ve tried harder then maybe we would still be in this tournament, i failed”. His body lightly shook from his sobs. 

 Shaking your head immediately at his  words you told him softly “no no no, don’t you dare say that, you, Pablo Martin paez Gavira, are one of the most hard working players I’ve ever seen and you did all you could on that pitch today, i saw you, you were amazing, the cards just wasn’t in our favor. But please don’t call yourself a failure because you're not, you’re Spain’s youngest player ever to score a goal in the World Cup, you’re a phenomenal football player who at the age of 18 made the roster over a bunch of senior players, and you’re the bestest best friend ever.” 

Sniffling a little,you feel him calm down in your arms,and you continue to rub his back. Then Gavi whispers something in your neck. 

“I love you” he said.

“I love you too” you said normally since you both said it as best friends

“No…i mean im in love with you” he took his head out of your shoulder to meet your eyes.

Frozen in your spot, Gavi can sense you stiffen at these words. Quickly getting out of your embrace, he starts to rambling, “i - uh i’m sorry, i didn’t say that- well - i did but i’ve been having these uh feelings for you and i know you probably don't feel-

Cutting him off, you lean in, putting your hands to his cheeks and kiss him. It was soft and quick, now Gavi was the one who was frozen as you pulled away. 

“I love you too stupid” you said gigling , still holding his cheeks

He looks at you with wide eyes , “you do ?” smiling wide. You nod your head, “if i didn’t i wouldn’t do this” you lean giving another kiss but this time Gavi kisses you back, putting his hands on your waist while yours to his shoulders. Pulling away admiring each other,  he can’t help but laugh at this situation. 

‘What?” you ask him smiling, seeing him for the first time today smile.

His eyes sparkle as he looks into yours, “It’s just, I may have lost today but at the end of the day I feel like i still won” smiling wide at you.

Pouting at him , “you’re adorable”

He leans his forehead on yours, completely forgetting how sad he was when he first came into your room. “Thank you y/n/n, for what you said, i’m so grateful to have you support me for everything, You mean so much to me , i don’t know what i would do without you, I love you querida”

“ I love you too, pabs” you say. Still standing soaking up the happy moment between you too, a knock on the door interrupts the mood.

“Can I come in now Pablo!?” Aurora spoke behind the door. Making your head turn to Gavi, “did you kick out your sister so you could come over here?” you said laughing at little

Gavi just shrugged his shoulders, “....maybe” 

“Yall better be together now because I had to wait forever in the lobby and they had no snacks!” his sister called out. 

Laughing at the siblings, you went to open the door for his sister. 

#pablo gavi x reader #pablo gavi imagine #pablo gavi x you #pablo gavi blurb #football fanfic #spain football x reader #football imagines #football imagine

[city-of-ladies]

(Photo: Carmen Escobar Carrio)

Juana Galán - Heroic guerrillera 

When the French invaded Spain during the Peninsular War, some women were determined to resist. Among them was Juana Galán (1787-1812), the daughter of a prosperous tavern keeper. 

On June 6, 1808, a column of 1,000 enemy troops attacked the town of Valdepeñas. Juana rallied the townswomen under her command. They manned the windows and threw boiling water and oil at the enemy.

Juana went to the street armed with a club. She reportedly pulled several French soldiers from their horses and dispatched them with a blow to the head. The townspeople’s fierce resistance forced the French to retreat and never return.

Juana didn’t live to see the end of the war. She died in 1812 while giving birth to her daughter. Her legacy lives on and she was made a local heroine and a symbol of resistance. She now has her own monument in Valdepeñas.

Like Juana, other women fought in desperate situations or during riots, sometimes with improvised weapons. In 1809, an unnamed woman armed with a sword rallied the inhabitants of Penafiel (northern Portugal) and led them in battle against the raiders. In 1811, María Marcos, a tavern keeper from La Palma del Condado, played a key role in repelling a small group of French soldiers. 

There were also cases of women involved in guerrilla warfare. The Catalan Somatén, a paramilitary defense organization, had female members such as María Escoplé, Magdalena Bofill, Margarita Tona, María Catalina and Catalina Martín. Francisca de la Puerta reportedly fought in Extremadura and commissioned the Junta of her province for permission to form her own guerrilla band. 

Wanting to avenge her father and brother, Martina de Ibaibarriaga Elorriagafora disguised herself as a man and led a guerrilla band until she gained a commission in the Spanish army. An unnamed woman was given the command of a troop by the Junta of Molina de Aragón in 1809. A British officer also mentioned women serving with bands of irregulars as active combatants. 

For more heroines of the Peninsular War, see Agustina de Aragón. 

Feel free to check out my Ko-Fi if you want to support me!

Further reading

Esdaile Charles J., Women in the Peninsular War

Sheldon Natasha, “Juana Galan: A Spanish Heroine of the Peninsula War”

#Juana Galán #history #women in history #spain #spanish history #peninsular war #napoleonic wars #19th century #women's history #warrior women #war #women warriors #historyblr #badass women #historicwomendaily #historical ladies #warriors

[mysteriousanderfels]

I guess if I had to choose one alternative universe, out of the most credible ones, it'd be to see Leon join the STARS and be familiar with Wesker before the big betrayal. To see his relationship with Chris when he was still a rookie kid and see his big blue eyes go wide and as he stands up before Wesker (You know the fanart haha).

Also to see how Wesker's betrayal would impact Leon, too, how he would have fared in the mansion in the re1 events, if he would have been with Chris and Jill when they would go after him later, If he would have marked Wesker in any way like Chris did, etc...

Even if Leon would have gone his own way with the goverment and Chris in the BSAA, it's interesting to imagine that Wesker knows Leon intimately while they were in spain.

#resident evil #leon s kennedy #chris redfield #albert wesker

[vacantgodling]

CURRENT BETWIXT THUMB AND FOREFINGER (AKA 19TH CENTURY TWILIGHT ADAPTATION THAT CRASHED INTO GOTH LIT SOMEWHERE) RESEARCH AND PLANNING and generally my chaotic thought process lmao.

sponsored by: @sarahlizziewrites & @ink-flavored

tl;dr: all of this is still subject to change bc i'm still planning a lot of this stuff out. however, i want to post what i have so far bc how i plan things is kinda intriguing to me and i wanna talk about something but bc i'm not Writing Prose atm this is all i got.

transposed under the cut but i wanted to showcase what the actual doc looks like :p

WIP NAME ⟶ BETWIXT THUMB AND FOREFINGER

(the hell) betwit thumb and forefinger — the time between solstice and equinox

with the secondary title that almost implies that the story is taking place over a short time period between solstice and equinox — which is a 90 day period, so about 3 months?

idk if i have to keep that in the title, but perhaps the title is a reference to how short a time this is in the grand scheme of things, especially in the life of an immortal creature, but for biscella this is a lifetime. going through every stage of grief and sommemore shit. so i think i’ll call it betwixt thumb and forefinger (BTAF)

some kind of celestial name (twilight/new moon/eclipse/breaking dawn) ⟶ something in this realm to tie back to twilight’s inspo’s somehow but idk if i wanna give that bitch the luxury

dark adaptation — the eyes’s transition to night vision

equinox / solstice

retrograde 

betwixt retrograde and amnesia LMAO

betwixt equinox and solstice

i need to decide what year i want this story to take place in cuz that’s gonna hinge everything.

History of the Netherlands - Wikipedia

peninsular war was 1807-1814. sjaak did not see the end of this conflict as he was turned into a werewolf by a fellow soldier “gust” (why, idk yet).

joined the french army (netherlands and french were allies during this time the batavain-french alliance™) and fought in the battle of zaragoza (1808) ; was injured and near death when he was found by gust a gravewalker. there’s been a rumor going around during the battle that people have seen corpses up and walk away from the battle and their wounds and its because gust (and others) have been turning them into werewolves for some greater purpose. — sjaak becomes one of these when he leaves.

if i assume that for all intents and purposes sjaak is 18 when he finally leaves the netherlands and joins the spanish FRENCH army, then maybe he’s 20 when he’s turned into a werewolf. so… 20 during 1808.

born: 1788 in the netherlands — black mother who was a slave but then brought to the netherlands and subsequently freed. father was the master of the home she worked at.

biscella is younger than sjaak and i want her to be a naive 18 during 1808—perhaps this happens during 1808? but then we would have the war to contend with going on unless it was removed from the battlefield somewhat.

the “cullens” are located in castillo-nuevo in what is now navarre spain and have cleared it out to build a castle there. that lonely castle in the middle of the wilderness is where biscella lies. the crypt is hidden among the mountainous landscape, and even though biscella was there during the funeral, another aspect of everything is eduard appearing to her in dreams/visions/as an apparition keeps her from knowing his location fully by scrambling her mind.

i want sjaak to kill that baby

“you have the face of the woman i love. but the blood of the man i hate flows thorugh you” or something. kills the damn baby and makes biscella’s death worthless in some ways

“she would’ve wanted you to live. she would’ve wanted me to show you the ways of the world and the sun in the trees and the apples that hang low from branches. but i am a monster filled with utter darkness and hate. i will kill what she cherished, and hope that in your death, her memory will haunt me.” or something.

NAMING STRUGGLES ⟶ Spanish naming customs - Wikipedia / Category:Catalan-language surnames - Wikipedia / Names Categorized "Twilight characters" - Behind the Name

possible names for bella (romani, coming from germany into netherlands after being expelled from the country or whatever)

biscella 

mirella ⟶ variant of amaryllis (meaning to sparkle)

sibella ⟶ prophetess (variant of the name sybil)

tsarla ⟶ evening

gisela ⟶ hostage/pledge

biscella schwann

tsarla schwann

gisela schwann

sibella schwann

karl schwann + tsarla schwann >> biscella schwann >> 

surnames for eduard & the cullens™ ⟶ casavantes (the name taken from the patriarch of the family; comas is the 

CHARACTERS

biscella schwann de casavantes (bella) ⟶ follows the standards of the region + is not spanish so she just goes with the flow

karl schwann (charlie father, dead)

tsarla schwann (mother, dead)

sjaak de witte (dutch) (jacob)

luis jofre casavantes basurto (carlisle) ⟶ created via union but killed his parents so he could defect to a “vegetarian” lifestyle (aka hibernation). he forbids the usage of venom to create more of their coven, forbidding the femme vampires from autonomous reproduction essentially.

maritxell comas miranda (esme) ⟶ wife and half-sister of luis; created via union and assisted luis in killing their parents so that they could start their own coven. completely loyal to him and was defanged in an act of loyalty (aka; she can no longer make other vampires stronger as luis removed her fangs, this also keeps her from drinking blood AND solely dependent on him for protection)

i want maritxell to actually have a more prominent role than just like. a sad woe is me matriarch. i want her to be like those women who uphold the patriarchy by being misogynistic towards other women. women like her own daughters (rosita and azelie) need to know their place, and because biscella is romani, she views her as subhuman (and also just as a breeder for eduard’s seed).

i don’t want her to be like romilda in vdtrt who’s more battered wife syndrome. i think maritxell and luis are very very complicit in one another’s bullshit.

rosita casavantes i comas (rosalie) ⟶ first child of the union between luis and maritxell, defanged at birth, rosita desperately wishes to be with child (need to figure out why). she is intensely jealous of biscella despite knowing the woman will die, and torments her now that eduard has been buried in the crypt.

eduard casavantes i comas (edward) ⟶ uses ‘i’ instead of ‘y’ or ‘de’ because he’s specifically from catalina ; created via union of luis and maritxell, and despite being the middle child, is the strongest of the vampire children.

azelie picard (alice) ⟶ luis impregnated a french woman who azelie assumed the name of once she was born. she was the one who met biscella first and despite everything is protective of her. she did not approve of eduard impregnating her (lesbian undertones and may defect and help sjaak, we’ll see). does not want to be defanged.

silvano di luise (jasper) ⟶ youngest child of the coven and born of an italian woman, his surname means ‘son of luis’ (as he is). he is very conflicted on the matter of whether or not they should stay ‘vegetarian’ if they’re still going to kill human (women) anyway by impregnating them with their spawn and thinks that human men should receive the same treatment by being killed for food or made as spawns as well. its caused infighting amongst the coven.

the other question is if i should add other characters. bc i included all the twilight vampires that are Actually Interesting (sorry emmett you’re fucking boring to me) and i’m also only including the werewolves that are interesting to me… which is mostly ig sam, leah, and whats her name. 

WORLDBUILDING AND SHIT

HOW VAMPIRES WORK (biologically)

vampires are made only through human hosts; vampires with penises can impregnate women and the pregnancy will last for 2 years until the woman is fully drained of all her blood and innards, then perish, with the baby bursting out of the womb

vampires without can impregnate men or women via their venom and it will take the form of a parasite forming in their stomach. these vampires tend to be more deadly, though because of the times it is rare to have these kinds of non-producing ‘coven’ leaders. they will do so if their mate is killed, but usually they use their venom to strengthen the other vampires in their coven.

vampires that are created via the union of two vampires in coitus will have a normal “human like” pregnancy, and tend to be the most powerful of all) (ie: eduard)

unlike werewolves vampires cannot be “turned” they can only be born.

HOW WEREWOLVES WORK (turned)

werewolves are the natural enemies to vampires as they were specifically engineered hundreds of years ago to be on par with the nightwalkers’s (vampires) habits.

they cannot be born biologically; once you are turned a werewolf you are infertile.

werewolves are created via consumption of the compound moonstone, which, as its name suggests, is what people of this time assume to be rocks from the actual moon.

whether it is or isn’t is debatable. its not Really important. you eat it and you are now lycanthrope congrats

#everything is still subject to be changed and altered as i continue to work on things #but i like where i'm heading with these... thoughts #s: btaf #i still need to figure out the werewolves more

[josefavomjaaga]

Metternich about Napoleon, 1808

An interesting evaluation of the general situation in France, from autumn 1808, given by Austrian ambassador Metternich to his Minister of Foreign Affairs in Vienna, taken from the second volume of “Mémoires, documents et écrits divers”. For context: Metternich had in an earlier missive suggested it might be a good idea to have closer relations with Talleyrand. A suggestion that – hardly surprising – seems to have met with lots of suspicion in Vienna. Metternich tries to prove that, for once, Talleyrand is not to be seen as an enemy to the Austrian cause, that he, to the contrary, tries to stabilize a foreign policy that is about to spiral out of control.

Metternich to Stadion. Paris, 24 September 1808

[…] There are two parties in France, as opposed to each other as the interests of Europe are to the particular ideas of the Emperor.

At the head of one is the Emperor and all the military. The first only wants to extend his influence by means of force, and it is from a degree of nepotism of which there is perhaps no example, a feeling at least as strong in him as egoism; it is, moreover, from the bellicose tendency which a long habit has given to his mind, and from the fiery spirit of his character, to which we owe all the upheavals which, contrary to all reason, and to all sound and settled political calculation, he attempts and unfortunately executes only too much every year.

In short: The guy is unable to discipline himself, and unlike at other courts, there currently is no system in place to keep him in check by other means.

Napoleon sees in France only himself; in Europe and in the whole world, only his family. It is enough to observe him, against all prudence, isolating himself from all the members of his family in order to place them far from him on thrones acquired at the price of so much blood and sacrifice, to see him overthrow weak princes, entirely subject to his will, even to his whims, in order to give these crowns to brothers or relatives over whom he exercises infinitely less influence, - a truth proven daily, to his great chagrin, - not to be able to doubt that his very ambition is subject to his inclination for nepotism.

As interesting and probably correct this assessment by Metternich is (the problems Napoleon had before he took over Portugal and Spain are miniscule compared to those he had after that coup), I could imagine there may be an ulterior motive behind Metternich’s dire warning of nepotism. After all, the Austrian emperor, too, had plenty of brothers, and so had empress Maria Ludovica, most of which were no friends of Metternich.

Personally, I think there may be another motive behind Napoleon’s behaviour than nepotism. As Metternich states himself, Napoleon often struggled to keep his relatives in check. So, when he removed them from Paris and put them on thrones far away, did he do that only in order to do them a favour, or also in order to strengthen his own position in France by removing anyone who might become a figurehead of opposition at home? He removed, one by one:

Eugène (son of the empress, closest thing to a son Napoleon had in the eyes of the public during the Consulate)

Joseph (most respected and most influential of his brothers, according to the constitution his immediate heir)

Louis (father to the boy whom most people saw as Napoleon’s likely future heir)

Jérome (last remaining of his brothers)

Murat (last remaining and highest-ranking family member still in Paris, most respected in the army among all the relatives)

While Lucien of course famously had exiled himself even before the empire. - From what I have read about other courts, it was not unusual to see people flock around other influential figures than the monarch, especially around a possible heir, forming different parties in more or less overt opposition to each other and to certain policies. While it made a court a hotbet for intrigues, it also made it possible for different views and attitudes to coexist there, and to confront the monarch with them. I often feel like Napoleon was keen on removing his relatives from court simply because it removed a source of possible opposition.

Metternich continues:

The military seek only bruises and wounds, especially since he who escapes death is sure of immense rewards.

This must have made for interesting battlefield conversations: Excuse me, sir, before I kill you off, could be so kind as to wound me a little? Nothing too serious, if you please, but with lots of blood. I finally want that damned cross, you know.

There is only one state in France which opens the way to everything, to fortune, to titles, to the constant protection of the Sovereign: it is the military state; one would say that France is populated solely by soldiers and by citizens created to serve it by the sweat of their brow.

The other party is composed of the great mass of the nation, an inert and immovable mass, like the remains of an extinct volcano. At the head of this mass are the most eminent persons of the civil state, and principally M. de Talleyrand, the Minister of Police, and all those who have fortunes to keep, who see no stability in institutions based on ruins, and which, rather than leaning on a durable state of affairs, the anxious genius of the Emperor surrounds only with new ruins.

I’m not sure if Metternich is right in drawing such a clear line between these two parties, to me the distinction seems much more blurry. Plenty of high-ranking officers had married into the circles “who have fortunes to keep”, after all. And there are lots of reports about unrest in the army already from the Polish campaign in 1807. The alleged “Philadelphes” conspiracy is mentioned a lot in German sources for the campaign of 1809, for what those are worth.

This party has existed since 1805; the war of 1806 and 1807 strengthened its means; the bad success of the enterprise against Spain in 1808 made the leaders of the party and their arguments popular; what previous successes had not been able to mitigate had to be strengthened by reverses caused by the most disastrous and immoral of calculations.

This last expression probably refers to the coup in Spain and Napoleon forcing the Bourbons to abdicate so he could put Joseph on the Spanish throne. Which, in my opinion, was not only immoral but mostly clumsy and stupid.

It is in the nature of things that two parties directly opposed can only gain strength at the expense of each other. The reverses in Spain, the destruction of several army corps, the reflux into the interior of troops sustained and fed up to now at the expense of foreigners; the drying up of a host of pecuniary resources, the upheaval given to France by the passage of so many columns which cross it in all directions, all these facts, combined with a hundred other considerations, have weakened the party of universal destruction and strengthened, consequently, the party of interior consolidation, which is only composed of elements equally protective of us.

That’s mostly interesting to me because it alludes to the pecuniary problems Napoleon faced around that very time (or actually always during periods of peace): His army simply was way, WAY too big and a constant drain on France’s finances, even counting the enormous war recompensations the defeated enemies usually had to pay. The Bourbons on returning to France will in the end have to solve that problem that Napoleon merely dragged out as long as he could. But he was very aware of it and tried to find reasons to keep as many troops outside of France as possible, where they had to be provided for and paid by the host country.

I’m not sure if Metternich is necessarily right in everything but he was a diplomat by trade and likely to correctly evaluate his sources. Overall, it’s an interesting assessment of France’s true situation around the time of the congress of Erfurt, and before Napoleon’s Spanish campaign.

#napoleonic era #Paris 1808 #clemens metternich #spain 1808

[girlactionfigure]

Nice try. 

But NOBODY was calling Yusif Pasha Al Khalidi a “#Palestinian” in 1877. 

Let me fill in some other blanks for you.

To be clear, the Ottoman Empire was #Turkish, not #Arab.

Also, while #Herzl built #Zionism into the political powerhouse it became and was a focused, determined, genius who cared about saving his people and doing the actual job of state-building and planning, he was most definitely not the first person to just come up with the idea of Zionism – not even close.

First, Zionism is baked into the #Jewish soul – there has been a yearning to return to #Zion since Emperor Hadrian brought 12 Roman army legions from #Egypt, #Britain, #Syria, and areas of #Judea to finally put down the three-year Bar Kokhba Revolt (the Third Jewish Revolt against the Romans) in 135 CE – after which Hadrian was so embarrassed by the early Jewish victories that he murdered more than 1 million Jews, he outlawed the practice of #Judaism on pain of death, and he renamed our homeland “Syria Palestina” after our ancient, long-extinct enemies – the Aegean “sea people” known as the Philistines.

The Jewish yearning to return is why, ever since then, #Jews have always faced #Jerusalem when we pray, Jews have always said “Next Year in Jerusalem” at the end of every Seder on Passover, Jewish grooms stepped on and broke a glass to signify the destruction of the Temple and to remind us, even in happy times, that we are a scattered people, and it is why we would recite the Psalm, “If I forget thee O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget its cunning.”

Also, waves of Jews from Europe frequently made Aliyah and moved back home to Eretz #Israel over the years. For example, in 1211, a group of 300 #French and #English rabbis made Aliyah back to Israel. And more Jews from both #England and #France followed them in 1260.

Nahmanides also made Aliyah in 1267, which then encouraged other Jews join him and together they built the Ramban Synagogue in Jerusalem.

More waves of Aliyah came from #Spain because of the Inquisition starting in 1492 – thousands settled largely in Tzfat (Safed), Tiberias, and Jerusalem.

The 1500s saw waves of additional Aliyah from France, #Germany, #Italy, and other European countries as well as North #Africa – these Jews mostly joined a flourishing Jewish community in Tzfat.

Then, on October 14, 1700, a group of 1,500 Jews from Europe, headed by Rabbi Judah Hasid, made Aliyah and settled in Jerusalem.

1764 saw another organized Aliyah, this time of Hassidic Jews who were led by disciples of Ba’al Shem Tov; and they were followed by more Hassidic Jews in the subsequent years and generations.

Then in 1808, the Perushim – Jewish disciples of Elijah, the Gaon of Vilna – organized an Aliyah and established a community in Jerusalem. Others followed them to Jerusalem, while still others moved to Tzfat, Tiberias, and Jaffa.

Then, in 1830, there was a significant wave of Aliyah of Jews from Germany as well as #Holland and #Hungary.

After the Ottomans retook Jerusalem from Muhammad Ali in 1840, Jewish Aliyah more than doubled in the next four decades since Jerusalem was seen as a safer place to live.

Finally, we get to the first writings of the early pioneers of modern political Zionism. Only neither of the two early Zionist pioneers were named “Theodor Herzl.” 

Modern political Zionism started with the writings of Sephardic Rabbi Judah ben Solomon Chai Alkalai  (LEFT) and Ashkenazic Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer (RIGHT) in 1843.

Then in 1852, Alkalai established the Society of the Settlement of Eretz Yisrael in #London, and in 1871 he established a branch of this Society in Jerusalem.

Kalischer’s influence, meanwhile, led Chayyim Lurie to form the Association for the Colonisation of Palestine in Frankfort in 1860, and Kalishcher helped found the Mikveh Israel agricultural school in Eretz Israel in 1870.

Then, still before Herzl, Leon Pinsker published Auto-Emancipation in Germany on January 1, 1882, in which he urged Jews to strive for independence in Eretz Israel.

Meanwhile, the “First Aliyah” of modern political Zionism began in 1882, at a time when fewer than 250,000 #Arabs were living in the Land. About 35,000 Jews moved to Eretz Israel between 1882 and 1903.

It was in 1890 (still pre-Herzl) that publicist Nathan Birnbaum coined the word “Zionism” to describe the Jewish return to Eretz Israel where they could become a “normal” people again and live in their own sovereign nation in the only place on Earth the Jews could call “home.”

Then, finally we get to Theodor Herzl and his famous book Der Judenstaat (“The Jewish State”) in 1896.

That should clear a few things up.

@CptAllenHistory

#Jewish #Zionism #Herzl

[momo-de-avis]

ana can you explain the liberal wars in simple terms? i visited algarve recently and the tour guide (like yours where it's mostly related to history) talked about the war between the brothers and a guy named remexido(?)

Just yesterday I told my boyfriend to please ask his coworker who graduated in history for a book on the civil war because thats the one thing I'm not good at lmao I didn't even know who Remexido was but apparently he was a guerrilla fighter from the Algarve which yay but fought on the side of Miguelistas which nay

The liberal wars was between Pedro IV of Portugal, better known as Pedro I fo Brazil, who was its first Emperor after declaring its independence, then to quote a brazilian client I had once, homeboy was a better king for the portuguese than he was an emperor for the brazilian... He basically stepped down and answered the plea from Portugal to come back here and kick his brother off the throne.

Now, his brother is Miguel I, the absolutist

Important background is that Portugal was an absolutist country thruoghout the 18th century, which means the king held absolute power. Think Louis the XIV level. Not only does the king have last say about everything government related, he works hand in hand with the church, who is below him (except the Inquisition) and he is celebrated as Godsend's. He is the centre of the universe. Its a time of extravagance, of theatricality, of excess, and the people, as you might imagine, are dirt poor.

This is essentially a kicker into the French Revolution, as you might imagine.

But with portugal, there's the Napoleon problem. Napoleon sends out General Junot to invade Portugal after successfully capturing spain, and on 1808 Junot arrives.

The Portuguese monarchy realised we did not have the arms to face off this guy, and the english, with whom we'd signed a treaty in 1387 and had always upheld it, said they were too busy fighting the french elsewhere... we needed to sort ourselves out. It was obvious by now that an invasion would be unstoppable. We did not have the navy nor the weapons to fight it off. So, the king, John VI, who by now is king because his mother, Maria I, went insane, decided to deceive Napoleon. He uprooted the government and took everyone to BRazil. He established court there and changed the name of his kingdom slightly to the kingdom of Portugal and brazil, it was something like that And then he made the capital city Rio de Janeiro. All in all he took with him about 100.000 people, nobility and court members as well as government. When Junot arrived, he was greeted by a Regency Government that basically said "step right in"

It was a way to show Junot that there was no government to overthrow and that he and his troops had been formally invited. Junot lived here until Napoleon told him to go pound sand somewhere else, and in the time he did, he fucked everyone's wife, lived in complete excess, and angered virtually everyone.

So, two more "invasions" happen, and by the third that's when Wellington and his beef come along to (this time, successfully) fend off the french.

And then, what happened was that this single event changed the country forever.

You'd be surprised to find how many in portuguese society were for Napoleon. Overall in Europe Napoleon was seen as the dude who was going to change the modern world, and it was actually accepted that he was undefeatable. When looking at the case of Portugal and Spain, most countries just went "submit bro there's no turning around". So it was a bit of a surprise that in the end backwards catholic portugal and the english won.

For example, the painter Vieira Portuense, arguably the most celebrated artists of portuguese neo-classicism and someone who met and hung out with Angelica Kauffmann, was so in favour of Napoleon not only was he arrested for it, he had to leave the country to escape persecution. There are paintings of him that originally had Napoleon's eagle hidden in it, but he had to repaint it to not offend anyone.

Basically, Napoleon offered a liberal alternative to the absolutist nightmare that was our country. Napoleon was the opposite of what Portugal was: a country ruled by a royal family who relished in absolute excess and also ruled by the church, and a country where the church held not just a monopoly on riches but controlled the country, so much so that the inquisition was still here despite the Marquis of Pombal's efforts to reduce its power. And a country that was mostly rural, ignorant, illiterate and extremely, painfully catholic. Liberals saw in Napoleon the chance to grow past this, embrace enlightenment, to evolve past catholic fervor.

These ideals, even long after Napoleon's death, will remain. Napoleon will influence the country enough that it will infect it with new liberal ideas and change the 19th century forever.

The absolutist monarchy stood against everything Napoleon defendedm because if those things were abolished, they would go to shit.

So when the french are kicked out, the english stay. General Beresford basically becomes a de facto king in the king's absence, because John VI turns out enjoyed the brazilian weather a lot more.

Now excuse me cause this is the part I'm not too familiar with. I was actually looking at a series of books by Laurentino Gomes on the topic. he's a brazilian historian who wrote about the portuguese court in brazil and slavery, so here's a tip for those like me who want to know where to start. What I'm not very familiar with is the court in brazil.

Basically, at a certain point, the king is forced to come back and get rid of General Beresford. The anti-british sentiment in the country that prevailed through the 19th century starts here, with Beresford benefitting a lot of his countrymen and repressing anyone who stands against him. THe book Felizmente Há Luar, which we had to study in school and is about the failed revolt by Gomes Freire, is about this exact fact.

There's a character here I haven't mentioned. Carlota Joaquina, wife of John VI, and arguably the vilest woman to have ever lived in this country. By "vile" I mean, spotting a hot guy on the way, finding out who he is, and having his wife killed so she can fuck him. It's downright insane. And Carlota Joaquina was the great manipulator behind her son, Miguel I.

WHile the royal family comes back to portugal, Pedro IV stays in Brazil. What led to the Ipirange scream is another thing I'm not familiar wiht but the presence of the royal family in Brazil reinforced the wish for independence. Maybe a brazillian follower can chime in and explain this a lot better (I'd actually REALLY appreciate that!!)

Pedro IV ends up declaring Brazil an Empire, this becoming Pedro I. I think it's shortly after that John VI, the man who hid chicken legs in his coat pockets out of fear of being poisoned, died by poison. Thus, his son Miguel gets to the throne

Now Liberal sentiment since Napoleon had grown considerably, and by now, Miguel is not happy, so he conducts a "purge". He leads a very repressive regime against Liberals, which lead them to contact Pedro in Brazil and ask him to come here and get rid of his brother.

I seriously don't know what leads to Pedro stepping down and his daughter Maria ascending to the throne (again, if another brazilian wants to either fact check me or teach me, I'm more than happy to hear), but Pedro comes to Portugal precisely to fight a war against his brother.

And that's the civil war.

Listen, in the middle of all of this, the root cause of the fight, is the Constitutional Charter. The Constitutional Charter had been approved in 1821, but barely upheld. I believe Miguel's mistake was to refuse the Constitutional Charter, as it was against absolutist ideals. Think of the constitutional charter as something like the 19th century Magna Carta, what limited a king's ability to jsut rule over everything and delegate the government to a parliament.

Another point of contention was the church. By now, the Inquistion is finally abolished (1820) but the church still holds IMMENSE power over the country. Liberals want something VERY CLOSE to a secular state. They want the people to have access to education outside of the church, and they want the extinction of monastic orders (which they will achieve in 1834). The absolutists can only exist with the church and its power, so Miguel is naturally against this.

Pedro IV ends up winning the war, and his brother is sentenced to exile and signs a contract stating his side of the family can never, ever take the throne. Fun fact: the "Duque of Braganza", the only remnant of the royal family we have today and who is at the head of the monarchist party, actually descends from Miguel. So you want to have an argument against him, just say "maybe your ancestor shouldn't have lost the war".

I don't know much about the liberal wars, but I know that, like the war againsat napoleon, it involved a lot of guerrilla. A notorious moment was the siege of Porto, in which Porto held strong agaisnt the absolutists (so, Miguel) so spectacularly (they even bombed Clérigos), Pedro IV left it in his will that his body should be buried in Brazil but his heart belonged to Porto. His heart is still there lmao

Again, if any brazilian reading this wants to add whatever, I'm more than happy to hear cause this is an episode of both our histories I am lacking in a lot

[joachimnapoleon]

We can’t let Marshal Davout get all the love today—it’s Lasalle’s birthday too (10 May 1775). And I like him more than Davout anyway. Ahem. Here’s a little tribute to him I translated from an old French book.

The name of Lasalle has remained legendary in the French cavalry. His military life, so short and full of glory, his extraordinary acts of vigor and bravery during the Egyptian campaign recalling the prowess of a Richard the Lionheart, his audacity always crowned with success in Italy, Prussia, Spain, the surrender of the fort of Stettin immortalized by a portrait by Gros in which we see Lasalle awaiting, with a proud attitude, the Prussian governor who brought him the keys of the town, his death in full triumph at the age of thirty-four years while leading the final charges which would decide the victory of Wagram, have surrounded his memory with an unequalled prestige. He died on time. He did not know the reverses in the face of which so many characters have weakened.

Count of the Empire in 1808, provided with rich dotations in Hanover and Westphalia, he rejected the selfish thoughts to which the dignitaries of the First Empire had too often yielded. His compatriot Roederer, having met him in Spain, recounted a conversation he had had with him on 28 April 1809, several weeks before his death. Roederer had told him: “One must take care of his life when it can be useful.” – “Me,” replied Lasalle, “I have lived enough by now. What does one want to live for? To bring himself honor, to make his way, his fortune; ah well! I’m thirty-three years old, I am a general of division. –Do you know that the Emperor gave me a pension of fifty thousand livres last year? That is immense!” –And as Roederer observed to him that in order to enjoy all of this he should avoid useless and inglorious dangers: “No! Not at all,” he cried; “one rejoices in welcoming all of that, one rejoices in waging war. It is already a great enough pleasure to wage war; one is in the noise, in the smoke, in the movement; and then, when one has made his name, he has enjoyed the pleasure of making it; when one has made his fortune, one is sure that his wife, his children will want for nothing. All of this, is enough: me, I could die tomorrow.”

Source: D'Essling à Wagram. Lasalle: correspondence recueillie par Robinet de Clery. 1891. Pages 1-2.

#today in history #Antoine Lasalle #Napoleon’s generals #Napoleonic wars

[artthatgivesmefeelings]

Anton Raphael Mengs (German, 1728-1779) Maria Luisa Of Parma, 1765

Maria Luisa of Parma was the daughter of Philip, Duke of Parma. She married her first cousin Charles IV, King of Spain in 1765 and became Princess of Asturia. The couple had fourteen children, six of which survived into adulthood. She was the wife of Charles IV, King of Spain (1788-1808) during the turbulent period of the French Revolution. Lacking qualities of leadership himself, Charles entrusted the government (1792) to Manuel de Godoy, a protégé (and lover) of the queen, Maria Luisa.

The unfinished painting, showing the young princess at the age of 15, is a study, the final painting is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

#Anton Raphael Mengs #art #german art #spain #german #germany #1700s #spanish history #world history #european art #european history #powdered hair #black eyes #spanish woman #spanish queen #fine art #fine arts #oil painting #women in art #woman #female portrait #female #portrait #classical art #maria luisa of parma #french revolution #beautiful art #europe #hispanic #latin