#immunology notes

[er-cryptid]

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#studyblr #notes #medblr #medical notes #med notes #immunology #immunology notes #immune system #immune system notes #antigen recognition #antigen elimination #homeostasis #biology #life science #health science #medical science #science #scienceblr #sciblr #memory cells #apoptosis #lymphocytes #t cells #b cells

[briteenystudy]

#studyblr #collegeblr #student #study notes #studying #study #study inspiration #study inspo #britsbook #notes #studybuddy #study motivation #study aesthetic #studygram #immunology #zebra mildliners

[scientific-tricorder]

Something that I noticed and started really bothered me, is that it makes no sense for Trill to be very sensitive to allergies. If anything, it should be the other way around.

Allergies happen when your immune system recognizes a substance and decides that it must die, even though said substance is generally pretty innocuous. So, a tiny bit about the immune system, or at least the part of it that's relevant to this discussion. The immune system is activated by little molecules, which you might know as antigens. They're basically just tiny bits of protein that the immune system can sense and bind to. Self antigens are stuff that's just normally in the body, and the immune system generally ignores them, and non-self antigens are anything from outside the body, which the immune system may decide is an attack.

And how does this relate to the Trill? A symbiont is basically a giant chunk of non-self antigens that's inserted into the body (kind of like an organ transplant), so the immune system will freak out, which is generally pretty bad. Which means that the immune system is likely somewhat dampened in a joined Trill, which would also dampen an allergic response. I.e. Being very sensitive to allergies is the exact opposite of what would be expected to happen.

#Star Trek #Star Trek doesn't understand biology #Or immunology in this case #Trill #Trill biology #It does get more complicated in that the immune system could eventually become tolerized to the symbiont #but I think that the main point still stands. #I have several dozen additional notes and caveats but won't go into it

[reicchel]

While Tamayo and Yushiro are both characters i adore, i don't really ship them as they are in canon. I slightly favor Yushiro over Tamayo because his obnoxious personality truly resonates with me like. he and haganezuka are the two kny characters i relate to so you get the picture even if Tamayo is a doctor and a honorary immunologist. So there's a part of me that would like to see his love being requited. I would also love to see Tamayo forgive herself and be able to let go of her late family, even if not necessarily only to get together with Yushiro.

But if they were to get together, I would like to see Yushiro help her accept that she is a demon, and that even if she was turned into a demon by Muzan, she's got nothing to do with him anymore thanks to her own will that allowed her to change the demon qualities she so hated. Because it feels like she thinks she completely lost her humanity, but i think she regained a lot of it as we see through her kindness, mercy, generosity, etc--like, there are humans more cruel than her. I know Yushiro can see this, but he either doesn't tell her or she just won't believe him.

#kny talk #tamayo x yushiro #on a side note im going to divide all important events in immunology as before kny and after kny #for studying for the exam purpose #...as if i will have time to study TT-TT

[tchaikovskym]

being on tumblr is like being a dendritic cell. residing at place the highest damage might occur and then absorbing and presenting the horrors you find to someone else to deal with.

#WE are taking immunology this semester lads #hope you're taking notes

[alinelovelace]

I never thought that getting 100% on an open notes quiz would be an accomplishment. Today, I learned it very much can be

#immunology open quiz was VERY hard #like what the fuck #i used like all my resources including google. powerpoints. notes. textbook #and it was still super hard????? #can't imagine the exam 😨 #alinelovelace

[mitsuyeaah]

study session.

— sanzu haruchiyo x f! reader

cw: nsfw (mdni), smut, fingering, sex toy (vibrator), swearing, pet names (darling, baby), sanzu being a lil’ shit

a/n: lovely nonnie has inspired me to write a lil drabble with sanzu since i am studying for my finals as well. thank u for this idea hehe <3 sorry in advance for any typos, i wrote this with tears in my eyes.

it was a rough night to say the least, you didn’t even notice the sun beginning to set under the horizon since your eyes were too focused on your notes before you. it was only then you realised how much time you’ve spent studying when your boyfriend made his presence known by kissing the crown of your head.

it all started innocently, really. a gentle exchange between the two of you—telling him how you’ve been very stressed and worried for your upcoming finals. of course, being the good boyfriend he was, he offered to take your mind off your worries for a bit.

now, as innocent as the offer was, your boyfriend’s fingers deep inside your wet cunt as he stood behind you was not what you initially had in mind. one knee was propped on the desk, resting above your notes as your hips pressed against the edge of your desk. the chair that you previously sat on was whisked away, somewhere in the room.

“ah, fuck! sanzu—ngh!” you breathlessly moaned as he added a third slender digit inside, your hands turning into fists against your immunology notes, causing the paper to crumple under your touch. sanzu peppered your nape with open-mouthed kisses, goosebumps forming at your skin.

“mmm, my darling has been diligently studying that i just had to treat her..” he sent vibrations down your spine as he spoke against your skin.

at this point, your study notes were long forgotten. the constant worry that plagued your mind of failing your finals disappeared, and the only thing in your pretty little head was how much pleasure your boyfriend was giving you. how delicious his fingers felt inside you. how the deep pit in your stomach bubbled at the sensation.

the next thing you knew, your cheek was pressed against your notes, and the crown of your head making contact with the edge of your laptop. both your wrists were pinned against your lower back by one of sanzu’s hand, while the other held your favourite vibrator against your puffy clit.

it was turned to the highest setting. little shit.

you didn’t even know your ears were ringing until it finally subsided and you could hear sanzu’s sly voice cutting through, “c’mon, baby, answer the question. how’re you going to prepare for your exam, hm?” you couldn’t see him but you knew he had a shit-eating grin plastered on his pretty face. as always.

you didn’t even hear his question because of the loud ringing in your ears. “aah! w-what..?” your voice came our quieter than you intended but it was loud enough for sanzu to hear above the buzzing of the sex toy.

“i said, describe antibody, IgM.” his cerulean eyes quickly scanned over the notes on your laptop screen before returning them to you. he tilted his head to the side, waiting for an answer.

opening your mouth to answer, a loud whine escaped your lips as sanzu pushed the vibrator past your wet folds. you closed your eyes shut, face contorting with pleasure as he started thrusting the device in and out. “haah! fuck! I-IgM antibody is the largest antibody molecule—ngh!”

sanzu absentmindedly leaned down to connect his clothed chest with your back to suck on your nape, waiting for you to continue. the mixed sensation of the vibrator inside you and sanzu sucking on your skin absolutely drove you crazy. the answer inside your head suddenly dissipated into thin air like smoke.

“shit.. this antibody is mostly confined to the—ah! to the.. to the blood and lymphatics since it cannot be transported across—hmph sanzu! it can’t be transported across the fucking placenta.” it took all your willpower to get all those words out, it didn’t help how your boyfriend picked up the pace of the vibrator.

tears rolled down to your notes as he brought the vibrator back to your clit, earning a loud shameless moan from you. you didn’t even care if the ink was going to be smudged from your tears, all you wanted was to reach your orgasm.

“good girl.” sanzu breathlessly chuckled against your skin, his free hand travelling down to your chest to squeeze and grope at your breast over the fabric of your shirt.

“what are the two major sites for establishment of immunological tolerance? tell me, baby or you won’t get to cum.. need to get you prepped for your exam.” your heart sank to your stomach at the mention of your orgasm denial. despite your lust-fogged brain, you tried to wrack your mind for a coherent answer but the only thing that came out your mouth were moans and incoherent sentences.

“aah! shit shit! i don’t fucking know! please, just let me cum, sanzuuu..” you opened your eyes, vision obstructed by tears as you craned your neck to try and meet his gaze. “oh? are you telling me you spent hours studying just for you to not answer the question? a pity.. looks like no orgasm for you then..”

you hastily shook your head against your desk, your notes rustling beneath every movement of your head. “no, no, no! please—ah! just let me.. let me think!” you shut your eyes, brows furrowing as you tried to concentrate on the answer, ignoring the familiar sensation that was making itself known.

you panted against your notes, mouth parted, “fuck! i’m so near” you didn’t mean for that to come out but it just did, and you never regretted anything as fast. “the answer, baby. or you’re not cumming.” sanzu clicked his tongue and pressed the vibrator harder onto your clit, earning another loud whine from you.

“c-central tolerance at the—ngh! the primary lymphoid organs! a-and—haah! peripheral tolerance at the secondary lymphoid organs. fuck!” your nails dug into your palms as you answered his question, trying your best not to cum right then and there.

sanzu grinned at your answer, “that’s right. m’baby is so smart, huh? now, why don’t you cum for me?” he didn’t have to tell you twice, you came before he even finished his sentence. a chain of profanities leaving your lips as your vision blurred, and ears ringing once again.

your legs shook from the intense pleasure, a fresh set of hot tears rolling down to pool at your notes. sanzu rode out your orgasm by pressing the vibrator even further onto your clit and whispering sweet praises against your ear, earning small whines from you as you cried out his name like a prayer.

you didn’t expect sanzu to take your worries away by giving you a mind blowing orgasm but you weren’t complaining. if anything, you’d definitely encourage him to accompany you whenever you studied because,

to say the least, study sessions with sanzu were much more interesting and fun.

© mitsuyeaah

#sanzu haruchiyo #sanzu smut #sanzu x you #sanzu x reader #sanzu x y/n #sanzu drabble #tokyo revengers x you #tokyo revengers x y/n #tokyo revengers x reader #tokyo revengers #tokyo revengers smut #sanzu brainrot #tokrev sanzu #tokrev x you #tokrev x y/n #tokrev x reader #haruchiyo sanzu #haruchiyo x you #haruchiyo x reader #haruchiyo x y/n

[larstudy]

✍🏻 6.11.2023 // I was really tired from my weekend which has been a bit chaotic (mostly on Sunday) but I managed to go to the library and study for 3 hours and attend to a meeting about the pharmaceutical industry! It was really interesting even if it's not what I want to do in the future.

I studied the different syringe and detector used to do gas chromatography with their advantages and inconvenients, their characteristics and for which molecule they are used. It's pretty interesting even if I had to do drawings and it takes so much time ugh

I also finished to take notes on my galenic lecture (which is not that interesting imo) and I began an immunology lecture about transplant and graft (it is mostly recalls for now).

🎧 Adélaïde - requin chagrin

#dailylar #studyblr #french student #french studyblr #study #pharmacyblr #studyblr community #pharmacy student #pharma student

[now-worst-organ-bracket]

WORST ORGAN BRACKET FINALS - UTERUS vs APPENDIX

This is the final poll! If you want to see the propaganda for the other entrants, please check the #pollpropaganda tag. As this is the final, I'll be putting all available propaganda into the poll. And now, without further ado, the finalists:

The UTERUS is a reproductive organ located in the lower abdomen, around the pelvis. Its main purpose is to hold a developing fetus during pregnancy; it also secretes some hormones.

Prominent diseases of the uterus include endometriosis, cancer, adenomyosis, and prolapse.

Propaganda:

“…for storing babies and hurting … ouchy ouchy ouchy :(”

“ow yeouch owie!!! … Come on. It’s CLEARLY the worst”

“only 2 other species menstrate. Everyone else just reabsorbs the blood. Instead we now loose nutrients and attract predators”

“bleeds, cramps, hurts, and generally is the cause of discomfort for many of those who are in possession of one, particularly if they would rather not be reminded of its existence.”

“It causes pain monthly, can have cysts, growths in places growths should lot be, and all round makes life miserable. but also makes babies, which may or may not be a plus.”

“ENDOMETRIOSIS”

“This organ hurts me for a week every month. And gives me dysphoria so therefore it is transphobic and homophobic.”

“It’s the only human organ that regularly hurts without any sickness or injury going on. … The current workings of the uterus prove God is either non-existent, stupid, weak or malevolent.”

“It’s the one that bleeds for no reason. … Ancient people explained the way uterus functions as God hating women. I’d like to add that he’s also transphobic.”

“THE FUCKER THAT BLEEDS EVERY GODDAMN MONTH … IT FUCKING BLEEDS. EVERY DAMN MONTH. AND ON TOP OF THAT IT(OR MAYBE WHATEVERS CONNECTED TO IT) SENDS OUT WEIRD ASS HORMONES ALONG WITH THE BLEEDING. IT’S PAINFUL AS HELL AND MAKES ME FUCKING SAD WITH THOSE DAMN HORMONES. 'IM HERE TO MAKE BABIES'FUCK OFF. i do not want babies inside of me. have you even considered that. sure some people do want babies in there. not me. did you even ask me for consent before existing in MY BODY HUH? … only around half the population has this organ. the other fuckers should consider themselves luCKY to not have it. anyway i apologise for my excessive swearing i just hate periods”

The APPENDIX is a protruding section of the gut, appended to the small intestine and located in the lower right part of the abdomen. It is generally accepted to play an immunological role and house beneficial gut bacteria.

The most prominent disease of the appendix is appendicitis, which is described below.

Propaganda:

“It can suddenly get infected or straight up explode, which is fatal if not treated”

“it can randomly get infected and explode and kill you”

“Appendicitis”

“man it doesn’t do shit except explode. it might have used to help us process fruits and nuts though … it just doesn’t do shit except explode sometimes”

“…it doesn’t do jack shit … useless motherfucker. also it looks like a dick.”

“does nothing … useless bastard that fucks you up, no one asked for you you little bitch”

POLL RUNNER’S NOTE: Most information on the function of the appendix dates to the 21st century, and thus has changed recently and may change again.

#round five #poll #polls #organs #anatomy

[er-cryptid]

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[science-lover33]

Complement system

1. Activation: The complement system can be activated through three main pathways: the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway. Each pathway involves different initiating events but converges on a common cascade of reactions.

2. Cascade of Reactions: Once activated, the complement system triggers a cascade of enzymatic reactions that result in the cleavage of complement proteins. This cascade ultimately leads to the formation of several key components, including C3b, C4b, and C5b.

3. Opsonization: C3b and C4b are opsonins, which means they can bind to pathogens and label them for phagocytosis by immune cells like macrophages and neutrophils. This enhances the removal of pathogens from the body.

4. Inflammation: Complement activation also results in the release of small peptides called anaphylatoxins, such as C3a and C5a. These peptides promote inflammation by increasing blood vessel permeability and attracting immune cells to the site of infection.

5. Membrane Attack Complex (MAC): The final step of complement activation involves the assembly of the membrane attack complex (MAC). C5b, C6, C7, C8, and multiple C9 molecules come together to form the MAC, which can create pores in the membranes of target cells, leading to cell lysis and destruction of pathogens.

References:

1. Walport, M. J. (2001). Complement. First of two parts. New England Journal of Medicine, 344(14), 1058-1066.

2. Ricklin, D., Hajishengallis, G., Yang, K., & Lambris, J. D. (2010). Complement: a key system for immune surveillance and homeostasis. Nature Immunology, 11(9), 785-797.

3. Merle, N. S., Church, S. E., Fremeaux-Bacchi, V., & Roumenina, L. T. (2015). Complement system part I – molecular mechanisms of activation and regulation. Frontiers in Immunology, 6, 262.

Please note that for the most current and detailed medical information on the complement system, I recommend consulting recent textbooks or academic journals in immunology and microbiology.

#science #biology #college #education #school #student #medicine #doctors #health #healthcare #immunology #immune system #complement system

[indolentinsect]

taking some immunology notes <3

this lecture is heavily focused on primary lymphoid organs/tissues. these tissues are areas of maturation for lymphocytes (T-cells and B-cells). these cells, once mature, enter peripheral circulation and eventually reach secondary lymphoid organs, where they encounter antigens and mediate immune responses.

(the diagrams in my notes are not mine, they were provided by my professor in her powerpoint slides but originate from Kuby’s IMMUNOLOGY, 6th edition)

#college #biology #science #university #student #microbiology #studyblr #immunology #lymphoidtissuehistology

[nacricissa]

Explaining why singers conceive faster

I now have the lore (I am reading through the illustrated guide) and would like to do more Vampire Biology.

It is noted in the Guide that Joham "had noticed that the more appealing an individual woman smelled to him, the more likely she was to conceive quickly." pg294

I can explain this.

Some people think it strange that such a thing would occur. Surely, it would be evolutionarily favoured to promote reproduction by enabling sex with potentially fertile partners, if such a thing were in fact detectible to vampires. However, sex is not the primary method of vampire reproduction. In fact, the continued existence of vampires is disfavored by sex, because it requires such careful control of bloodlust. This control makes it significantly less likely that the vampire would accidentally turn a human, in the way Carlisle was turned, and thus any mutations that favored such control would be less likely to propagate.

Anyhow, this explains why it would not be evolutionarily favoured to make sexually compatible partners less appealing than others, but not why the opposite might be true. The answer, I believe, is immunological.

Vampirism is a retrovirus. It is a condition, spread through fluid, which cannot reproduce without a living host and which inserts DNA into that living host. It is not specified if it's actually a virus, in the sense that it is unclear if venom contains actual virus particles, however, this would explain how vampire bodies have "venom-like" fluid throughout them; they have venom with the virions removed, thus those substances are not infectious.

Now, since we know that vampire sperm contains some, but not all, of the viral DNA (since hybrids exhibit vampire traits but clearly the egg is not infected in the same way vampires are or it would never be able to develop), it is reasonable to assume that the single copy of the extra vampiric chromosomes is having some effect on the presentation of the sperm cell. This could mean that some viral proteins are expressed by the sperm.

If this is the case, the female's immune system would pick them up, triggering chain reactions that notice pathogens. However, if the cells were more similar to the female's, fewer of those defenses would be triggered, as your body trains it's immune system not to recognize itself.

This is not normally as relevant when fertilization is possible, because the more discriminating parts of the immune system are suppressed when the body expects foreign material (sperm, then maybe a baby) to be present. However, this window is based around the life expectancy of human sperm, which is not very long. If we are assuming the sperm cells are presenting enough vampiric traits to be recognized as a pathogen, it is quite likely that they would be more able to survive the harsh environment of the vagina for longer than human sperm, leaving a larger window where fertilization is possible. This would mean that for two partners having regular sex, more of the vampire's sperm would be in the fallopian tubes when the egg passes, increasing the likelihood of fertilization, if the vampire's sperm was presenting more cellular structures that closely resembled those of the female.

This still doesn't explain the smelling good thing. That one is pretty simple though. Things tend to smell good if they are good for you. This has been somewhat broken as a heuristic by humans' ability to manufacture taste as a separate thing from nutrition, through cooking and chemical synthesis, but in general, the reason a corpse stinks is because it's really hazardous for you to eat it, and so on. This would indicate that singers, which we established above are people more biologically similar to the vampire, are more nutritionally advantageous. This makes sense. Vampires have no digestive tract, no way of processing and extracting nutrients from varied food sources. This is why they cannot eat food, they must consume blood. This would indicate that biologically similar structures are more accessible to the vampire, in terms of nutrition, that the more similar parts can better be incorporated into their bodies. They don't have a method of disposing of waste, so particles unfamiliar to the vampire would simply be used, but less efficiently.

#correlation is not causation #vampire biology #twilight #twilight renaissance #team edward #nacricontent

[micamicster]

lmao they cant bill for student notes at the immunology clinic im gonna be doing fuck all this rotation 💕

#im just a girl who does fuck all #one of the preceptors is threatening to have me write notes anyway and like 🙄 i guess 🙄 #'its good for your learning' no #i say knowing that by tomorrow im gonna be throwing a fit aobut not having enough work to do

[meditating-dog-lover]

Why I think it came from a lab

Note: before you judge me for what I'm about to say, just know I am speaking from a scientific and biological standpoint. I'm a cell biologist who works in virology, and have a BSc in Anatomy and Cell Biology and MS in Neuroscience. I'm a scientist, not your 40 year old conservative MAGA uncle on Facebook. I absolutely hate how the pandemic was politicized as you should never introduce bipartisan nonsense to indisputable and factual matters like science and diseases.

So coronaviruses are nothing new. There have been previous coronavirus strains that infected the world. There is the one that caused SARS in 2002 and the other that caused MERS in 2012. And yes, bats do spread them. They are species capable of zoonotic infections (between species), including rats (spread the bubonic plague) and cattle. However, COVID-19 was a lot more devastating than the other 2 outbreaks. With all the modern knowledge and technology we have on disease prevention/control and vaccines/drugs, the fact that this outbreak was devastating to the point of causing a global pandemic is suspicious. There is no way something as cataclysmic came from nature given our current immunological and microbiological advancements in the 21st century. And judging how bats have spread coronaviruses in the past, it was never this catastrophic.

This leads me to think there was gain of function research involved using animal models in a lab (the Wuhan Institute of Virology). I do have a theory as to how they conducted their research, but it could be wrong. But gain of function research was definitely taking place. I believe they had animals in the lab that were positive for coronavirus (either bats or rats). They took nasal swabs and/or saliva samples from them to be able to harvest cells that had coronavirus RNA replicated in them. One strange thing about some viruses is that they do not possess any DNA. They contain RNA, which is the nucleotide chain that is generated from DNA during a process known as transcription. And most RNA sequences are converted to proteins via translation. Why some viruses lack DNA, however, I never really knew why.

Now in this day and age, we have the technology to modify the sequence of DNA/RNA. This process is known as gene editing. You would have to cut the sequence at specific nucleotide junctions, either insert or remove nucleotides, and then glue the sequence back together. One famous method of doing so is using the CRISPR technique. But there are many other ways to modify DNA/RNA sequences. These modifications do have an effect on the function of the virus. By editing the virus' RNA sequence, you can either cause the virus to weaken (loss-of-function) or to strengthen (gain-of-function). Some modifications lead to no changes in the viral strength and activity. Weakened viruses are used in traditional vaccines, so this is when RNA editing can be beneficial. However, I do believe gain-of-function gene editing was performed in the lab by using the coronavirus RNA sequences harvested from these animals that tested positive for the virus.

This is one theory as to how the gain-of-function research was conducted. There are many ways to do it, we can never be sure as to how it was exactly performed with these coronavirus samples in the lab.

Now how it spread from the lab to the rest of the world, I have no idea. Obviously, infections spread between people who interact with one another. How it expanded from a single lab to the whole world is a complex process to understand.

So this is my theory as a cell biologist regarding the origins of COVID-19. Yes it came from a lab. I fail to believe something this infectious and destructive came naturally from bats. We have the technology and immunological knowledge to aid in minimizing the spread of illness and creating effective drugs and vaccines. Looking at previous trends where bats have spread coronaviruses to other animals and humans, they did not result in global pandemics to this extent. So I think the virus was genetically modified to become more infectious. What was the reasoning behind this? What was the hypothesis they were trying to test? I don't know.

Here in the US, there are strict regulations as what type of research you can conduct in a lab. In theory, you can create almost anything in a lab, from drugs, to explosives, to deadly bioweapons. However, just because you can, doesn't mean you should. While that strictness is enforced here, it is not in other countries unfortunately.

I am devastated by the destruction the pandemic caused. From a single viral outbreak, to illness, disease, lockdowns, crashing economy, closing of small business, politicization of science and biology, anti-Asian hate, etc... Had we had the knowledge beforehand, this would have fared better for us.

#covid #COVID-19 #coronavirus #bats #gain of function #biology #pandemic #virus #disease #virology #lab leak theory #wuhan virology lab #covid origin #scientist

[under-same-sky]

🥳🥳

I'm really happy.. feels like an understatement I have been heard And we are investigating my shit immune system!!

🥳🥳

😅For those that want the deets😅

I met with my new Hematologist.

He wanted to go over my ITP history FROM THE BEGINNING! He was shocked how much I had in my head without notes.

I told him what treatments have yielded no platlet responses over the years and how most my drops since 2013 have been immune system triggered or medication triggers (like vaccinations)

He wanted me to take a daily med that stimulates the bone marrow to produce more platlets but these meds have only been out 10 years and were approved as orphan drugs. I have followed these meds the last ten years. I'm not on board with these. MORE SO, I DO NOT have Chronically low numbers. Mine are event drops.

This HOUR long, one on one appointment with him ended with him agreeing that

* I am on top of this

*I manage this condition well

*I can have IVIG infusions when i drop below 20

AND! AND!

since it's tied so to my immune system,

My severe infection history & routine home mitigation, & I respond SO WELL to IVIG w/o roids I am being sent to the immunology department to be checked for IgG Deficiency, CVID & other autoimmune issues. They will follow up with rheumatology should they find anything but both referral sent.

I already have intake appointment with them! I know this isn't likely going to be a fast thing but the possibility of some answers and maybe not end up in the hospital when I get sinus infection or UTI would be really nice.

#itpwarrior #platelets #immune thrombocitopinia purpua #idiopathic thrombocytopenia #autoimmine disease #trachel stenosis #fibromyalgia #CVID #igg deficiency #ivig #iv infusion therapy