The essay question most likely to be asked on Odysseus is ‘how good a leader is Odysseus’ or ‘how responsible for his men is Odysseus’ and the answer, based on the text, is *always* ‘not very’
Here is a Basic Essay plan:
~FOR his being a good leader /responsible:
- tries to get them to leave Ismarus after attacking Cicones
- gets his men back from the Lotus-Eaters, using force in their best interests
- makes stops to take on food and water and ensures crews are well fed, so much so they vote him extra in thanks
- saves his remaining men from Polyphemus by clever thinking and action
- always shares food and loot equally with his men
- after several search parties come to sticky ends, he puts himself into the party and draws lots for fairness
- refuses to abandon his crew to Circe’s magic
- follows Hermes’ instructions to ensure his men are saved from being pigs (yes technically this means sleeping with Circe too)
- chooses not to tell his crew about the dangers of Scylla because he thinks it will cause unnecessary panic
- does tell them not to eat Hyperion’s cattle and tries to prevent them all from dying by begging help from the gods
- gives motivational speeches to try and improve morale (“my friends! We are utterly lost!” 😂)
- can carry *really* heavy stags on his own😉
- is such a responsible leader he attempts to stay awake for days on end to steer them home, and his men only make incredibly bad decisions (opening bag of winds, killing Hyperion’s cattle) when he’s not there to stop them
~AGAINST his being a good leader/being responsible:
- even though he tries to get his crews to leave Ismarus, they refuse, essentially mutinying, and he lets them = questionable authority
- puts his men unnecessarily in danger by insisting on exploring Polyphemus’ island even though they’ve already taken on food and water and even though he has ‘a bad feeling about it’, because their *might* be guest gifts, thus kudos, in it for him
- continues to put his crew in danger by revealing their location having escaped from blinded Polyphemus in order to claim kudos from having been the one to blind him
- continues to put his crews in danger by shouting out *again*, after they’ve narrowly escaped being sunk the first time, in order to further insult the cyclops, resulting in a curse that ends all their lives despite his men *begging* him to shut up
- puts his own life in danger by insisting on hearing the sirens, thus endangering his crew by removing their leader and putting them in the difficult position of refusing his orders (when he begs to be untied)
- doesn’t tell them what’s in the bag from Aeolus… although they should probably assume he’d share it with them if it was loot, because he has set a precedent for always doing that, by not telling them he creates confusion, leading to their mistake of opening it
- doesn’t stop the rest of the ships from entering the harbour at Telepylos, even though he moors outside = again questionable authority
- abandons 11 ships to the Laestrygonians because he cannot save them (ok he didn’t know they were monster cannibals but still, responsibility)
- chooses a more dangerous route when given a choice by Circe, because Jason’s already ‘done’ the Clashing Rocks and Scylla & Charybdis are unclaimed = more kudos for him again, adding to his personal kleos
- fails to prepare his crew for the dangers of Scylla & Charybdis instead choosing to sacrifice some of their lives for his and the rest of the crew’s (return to in Evaluation)
- absents himself at the crucial moment of their desperation in Hyperion’s island, ostensibly to pray for help, but knowing what Eurylochus is likely to do ie: go against his orders and kill the forbidden cattle
(If I’ve missed out some points I may add more later)
~EVALUATION
- although he can’t possibly be expected to know what’s coming (eg: Laestrygonians being monster cannibals), perhaps he should have taken more stock of the way things were going
- arguably, sacrificing some lives for the majority is one of those horribly difficult decisions of leadership, so this might even be admirable (?)
- he does question every decision he makes in order to choose what he considers to be the best course of action…
- …unless if it involves his own kudos, which is his priority
~CONCLUSION
- although he is not without leadership ability, Odysseus arguably makes too many decisions in his own favour, and is directly responsible for the loss of (12 ships x c.50crew each) c.600men, plus uncounted enslaved people from Troy
- and whereas some decisions made by his crew/men can be blamed for events (not leaving Ismarus, opening Aeolus’ bag, killing Hyperion’s cattle), that Odysseus doesn’t/can’t stop them suggests a lack of leadership on his part and/or a lack of trust in him from his men, and, on these events, we *only have Odysseus’s word for it*, as the sole survivor and narrator of these books, which are being narrated for the dual purpose of entertaining the Phaeacians and gaining sympathy from them so that they will help him get home and this is potentially an unreliable source that, like Odysseus himself*, simply cannot be trusted.
*due to his portrayal in every other literary text containing him as a character
I should end this by saying I LOVE Odysseus as a character. He is ‘meaty’, meaning there’s so much that can be discussed when it comes to him. If anything, he’s an annoyingly enjoyable antihero, like Milton’s Satan, or Shakespeare’s Richard III. Though he’s not a tragic hero and is only a ‘hero’ by Ancient Greek terms, *not* modern:
https://youtu.be/rXTecz3PN18
42 notes
·
View notes