"The “firefall” phenomenon in Yosemite that occurs every year in February, when the setting sun illuminates Horsetail Falls in vibrant reds and oranges so it appears like a lava flow." (source)
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Of course, my first thought was that it looked like a cupcake.
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Tornado near Jasper, Minnesota, July 8, 1927 taken by 15 year old Lucille Handberg | src Billy Parrot Collection (view on Fb)
Photograph of a tornado near Jasper, Minnesota in 1927 taken by a schoolgirl (Lucille Handberg)
The Deadly Sioux Falls Tornado of 1932. Siouxland Heritage Museums | src images of the Past
The Deadly Sioux Falls Tornado of 1932. Siouxland Heritage Museums | src South Dakota Public Broadcasting
Tornado near Jasper, Minnesota, July 8, 1927 (Lucille Handberg)
South Dakota twister by Lucille Handberg. Published in New Britain Herald (New Britain, Conn.), August 6, 1928, page 14 | src Library of Congress
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While I'm still living in Tennessee, I am also mindful when the weather gets gnarly. It is also very stressful whenever the possibility of a tornado is on the table.
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Aerial footage shows lava spilling out of the erupted volcano on the Reykjanes Peninsula threatening to flow into nearby Grindavík. (Image credit: Iceland Public Defence / Handout/Anadolu/Getty Images
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NASA Analysis Confirms 2023 as Warmest Year on Record
Earth’s average surface temperature in 2023 was the warmest on record, according to an analysis by NASA. Global temperatures last year were around 2.1 degrees Fahrenheit (1.2 degrees Celsius) above the average for NASA’s baseline period (1951-1980), scientists from NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) in New York reported.
“NASA and NOAA’s global temperature report confirms what…
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"In the light of our modern knowledge base built on solid science, religious assertions about natural phenomena are obsolete, irrelevant and false."
Religious claims about the nature of our world have a historical 0% success rate. Clinging to them is a form of deliberate ignorance and determination to be wrong.
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How Rainbows Form pt. 2
To add to a previous post, this one explains how rainbows appear to us as half-circles!
Ok, so other than the dispersion of light in raindrops, another factor in the occurrence of rainbows is seeing them. We do not see every individual rainbow formed from each droplet because we’re too far away to see them. Instead, we see different individual colors from different raindrops based on their height and angle from us.
A raindrop at a 42-degree angle from us relative to the sun would reflect red light to us and end up looking red. The other raindrops below it would look orange, yellow, green, blue, and indigo in the angles between 40 and 42 degrees. Violet would be below the other colors at a 40-degree angle from us and the sun.
This would also explain why we see rainbows as an arc or half-circle. According to Wikipedia, “A circle is a shape consisting of all points in a plane that are at a given distance from a given point, the center”.
The sun shines light on many points at once from its direction. For an observer to be able to see colors from a rainbow, the dispersed light reflected from the sun would have to reach them from an angle. This means that all the other raindrops reflecting colors to the observer would also have to reach their eyes at 40-42 degree angles, which also leads to all the points (in this case, raindrops showing color) being at similar distances away from the observer.
To make this easier to understand, I tried to use a triangle ruler where the lines (base and hypotenuse) represented the path of the light from the sun to the observer’s eyes; the point of the triangle touching the ground would represent the observer.
If the triangle was tilted so that the point on the bottom stayed in its place, it would go in the direction of an arc. If all the points on this arc were mapped out, it would form a half-circle or at least part of one.
It would form a full circle if no ground or horizon were blocking the triangle ruler. This is the same for rainbows. Rainbows are full circles, but the lower half is usually blocked by the ground or horizon. This is also the reason why people on airplanes or in the sky can sometimes see rainbows as circles because the horizon does not block them.
Rainbows are also similar to mirages since they’re a result of the behavior of light, so unfortunately you can’t ride them or find any gold at the end. Additionally, the rainbow will move with you because only certain raindrops can form the rainbow you see depending on your position and location; Buttttt! this also means that everyone sees a different rainbow, which makes each rainbow as unique as the observers who look at one :) even though it may not look that way at first glance
I’m gonna stop writing about rainbows now but I hope this and the other post were good explanations for the formation of rainbows!
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Visual dialogue · Tornadoes
Image of the famous tornado used on the cover of book 'The Breath of God' by Swami Chetanananda [作者] (1988) | src amazon
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Cover of Tinderbox, the seventh album by English rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees, released on 21 April, 1986
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view more images of 1927 tornado in a related post, here
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