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#history of kashmir
timetravellingkitty · 4 months
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KASHMIR MASTERLIST
Background
History of Kashmir from 250 BC to 1947 [to understand Kashmir's multi religious history and how we got to 1947]
Broad timeline of events from 1947 to the abrogation of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution in 2019 (BBC) [yes, BBC. hang on just this once]
Human Rights Watch report based on a visit to Indian controlled Kashmir in 1998 [has a summary, background, human rights abuses and recommendations]
Another concise summary of the issue
Sites to check out
Kashmir Action - news and readings
The Kashmiriyat - independent news site about ongoings in Kashmir
FreePressKashmir - same thing as previous
Kashmir Law and Justice Project - analysis of international law as it applies to Kashmir
Stand with Kashmir - awareness, run by diaspora Kashmiris (both Pandit and Muslim)
These two for more readings and resources on Kashmir: note that the petitions and donation links are from 2019 and also has explainers on the background (x) (x)
To read
Do You Remember Kunan Poshpora? - about women in the Kashmiri resistance movement and the 1991 mass rape of Kashmiri women in the twin villages of Kunan and Poshpora by Indian armed forces
Until My Freedom Has Come: The New Intifada in Kashmir - a compliation of writings about the lives of Kashmiris under Indian domination
Colonizing Kashmir: State Building under Indian Occupation - how Kashmir was made "integral" to the Indian state and examines state-building policies (excerpt)
Resisting Occupation in Kashmir - about the social and legal dimensions of India's occupation
On India's scapegoating of Kashmiri Pandits, both by Kashmiri Pandits (x) (x)
Of Gardens and Graves - translations of Kashmiri poems
Social media
kashiirkoor
museumofkashmir
kashmirpopart
posh_baahar
readingkashmir
standwithkashmir and their backup account standwithkashmir2 (main account is banned in India wonder why)
kashmirlawjustice
kashmirawareness
jammugenocide (awareness about the 1947 genocide abetted by Maharaja Hari Singh and the RSS)
To watch
Jashn-e-Azadi: How We Celebrate Freedom parts 1 and 2 - a documentary about the Kashmiri freedom struggle (filmed by a Kashmiri Pandit)
Paradise Lost - BBC documentary about how India and Pakistan's dispute over the valley has affected the people
Kashmir - Valley of Tears - the exhaustion with the conflict in the post nineties
In the Shade of Fallen Chinar - art as a form of Kashmiri resistance
Human rights violations (x) (x) (x) (x) (x)
Land theft and dispossession (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x)
A note: I know annoying Desis are going to see this and go "Oh but Kashmir is Pakistan's because-" and "Kashmir is an integral part of India because-". I must make my stance clear: Kashmir belongs to the Kashmiris, the natives, no matter what religion they belong to. Neither Pakistan nor India get to decide the matter of Kashmiri sovereignty. The reasons given by both parties as to why Kashmir should be a part of either nation are bullshit. The United Nations itself recognises Kashmir as a disputed region, so I will not entertain dumbfuckery. I highly encourage fellow Indians especially to take the time to go through and properly understand the violence the government enacts on Kashmiris. I've also included links to learn more about Kashmiri culture because really, what do the rest of us know about it? Culturally and linguistically Kashmir differs so much from the rest of India and Pakistan (also the amount of fetishization of Kashmiri women...yikes). This is not just a bilateral issue between these two nations over land, this actually affects the people of Kashmir. And if you're still here, thank you for reading
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bfpnola · 8 months
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ID 1: Screenshot of a post by @/key48return on Instagram. Background is of a globe with pinpoints of the israeli flag all over North and South America. Title reads in all caps, “israel is involved in oppression all over the world not just in Palestine…” A yellow arrow points right underneath the title. End ID
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ID 2: In all caps, “ISRAEL'S INVOLVED IN:
THE RWANDAN GENOCIDE - 1994
ISRAEL EXPORTED SUBSTANTIAL WEAPONS AND ARMS TO THE HUTU MILITIAS WHO MASSACRED OVER 1 MILLION TUTSI CIVILIANS IN RWANDA ACROSS THE DURATION OF 100 DAYS.
WEAPONS USED IN THE GENOCIDE INCLUDED ISRAELI-MADE 5.56MM BULLETS, RIFLES AND GRENADES. THE RWANDAN GENOCIDE IS RECOGNISED AS THE WORST GENOCIDE IN MODERN HISTORY. ISRAEL HAS REPEATEDLY ATTEMPTED TO CONCEAL THEIR ARMS EXPORTS TO RWANDA BEFORE AND DURING THE GENOCIDE, FEARING PROSECUTION.”
Black and white photos below are shown of various Rwandan children in graveyards or in makeshift tents just trying to get by. End ID.
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ID 3: In all caps, “ISRAEL'S INVOLVED IN:
APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA 1948 - 1994
ISRAEL WAS A STAUNCH ALLY TO THE SOUTH AFRICAN APARTHEID REGIME, PROVIDING ANTI-RIOT VEHICLES AND ARMS TO USE AGAINST THE NATIVE BLACK POPULATION, ASSISTING THE REGIME IN CREATING NUCLEAR BOMBS AND ISRAEL ALSO OPPOSED THE GLOBAL EMBARGO AND BOYCOTT OF APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA.
FOR DECADES, THE ZIONIST FEDERATION IN SOUTH AFRICA HONOURED MEN SUCH AS PERCY YUTAR, WHO PROSECUTED NELSON MANDELA FOR SABOTAGE AND CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE STATE IN 1963 AND SENT HIM TO JAIL FOR LIFE. (FOR WHICH HE SERVED 27 YEARS)”
Black and white photos below showcase a Black man being held in a chokehold by a white man, two Black people on their knees and hands up trying not to get shot, and a sign that reads in english and afrikaans “white area.” End ID.
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ID 4: In all caps, “ISRAEL'S INVOLVED IN:
MAYAN GENOCIDE 1960 - 1996
THROUGHOUT THE GUATEMALAN CIVIL WAR FROM 1960-1996, OVER 200,000+ INDIGENOUS MAYANS WERE MURDERED BY STATE FORCES, AND OVER ONE MILLION MORE DISPLACED, IN WHAT IS REFERRED TO TODAY AS THE MAYAN GENOCIDE.
THE GUATEMALAN STATE FORCES RESPONSIBLE WERE ARMED AND TRAINED BY ISRAEL. WHEN THE U.S. GOVERNMENT SUSPENDED MILITARY FUNDING TO THE GUATEMALAN STATE FORCES IN 1977 IN THE MIDST OF THE MAYAN GENOCIDE, ISRAEL GAVE THEM OVER $38 BILLION WORTH OF ARMS TO FILL THE GAP. THE 'GALIL' ASAULT RIFLE, AN ISRAELI-MADE WEAPON, WAS STANDARD ISSUE FOR THE GUATEMALAN ARMY BY 1980, WITH THE STATE OWNED SMALL-ARMS PRODUCTION FACILITY IN ALTA VERAPAZ PRODUCING ITS AMMUNITION UNDER ISRAELI ARMS LICENCES.”
Below are multiple in-color photos of Mayan families mourning, one photo in particular which shows indigenous Mayans carrying a seemingly endless line of coffins off into the distance. End ID.
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ID 5: In all caps, “ISRAEL'S INVOLVED IN:
SREBRENICA - 1995
ALSO KNOWN AS THE SREBRENICA GENOCIDE. IN 1995 OVER 8,000+ BOSNIAN MUSLIMS WERE MASSACRED BY SERBIAN ARMY FORCES ARMED AND TRAINED BY ISRAEL. SERBIAN FORCES ETHNICALLY CLEANSED OVER 250,000+ MUSLIMS IN TOTAL ACROSS CROATIA AND BOSNIA.
TENS OF THOUSANDS OF OTHERS WERE WOUNDED, STARVED, WOMEN WERE MASS RAPED AND MANY WERE INCARCERATED IN CONCENTRATION CAMPS. MANY OF THOSE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE GENOCIDE FLED TO ISRAEL, WHERE THEY WERE GRANTED ISRAELI CITIZENSHIP IN ORDER TO AVOID ARREST AND PROSECUTION FOR CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY.”
Once again, the in-color photos below show various peoples mourning. Two of the photos specifically show people reaching their hands out over extremely long lists of just names of people who have died. End ID.
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ID 6: In all caps, “ISRAEL'S INVOLVED IN:
TRAINING U.S. POLICE
SINCE 1990, HUNDREDS OF AMERICAN POLICE OFFICERS, INCLUDING AGENTS FROM THE FBI, CIA AND IMMIGRATION AND CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT (ICE), HAVE EITHER BEEN SENT TO ISRAEL THROUGH POLICE TRAINING EXCHANGES, OR ATTENDED SUMMITS WITHIN THE U.S. THAT WERE SPONSORED BY ISRAELI LOBBY ORGANISATIONS.
THE KNEE-TO-NECK 'RESTRAINT' THAT DEREK CHAUVIN MURDERED GEORGE FLOYD WITH, IS OFTEN USED BY ISRAELI POLICE AND SOLIDERS AGAINST PALESTINIANS.
BLACK LIVES MATTER.”
Photos below are in-color and show various B.L.M. protests. End ID.
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ID 7: In all caps, “ISRAEL'S INVOLVED IN:
ARMING INDIA'S VIOLENCE IN KASHMIR
INDIA IS ISRAEL'S LARGEST ARMS CLIENT, MAKING UP OVER 45% OF ISRAEL'S ARMS SALES. BUYING ISRAELI AMMUNITION AND AIR-TO-GROUND MISSILES, ON THE PREMISE THEY HAVE BEEN 'BATTLE-TESTED' ON PALESTINIANS IN GAZA. ISRAEL PROVIDES INDIA WITH THE ARMS INDIA USES TO MILITARILY OCCUPY KASHMIR AND BRUTALISE KASHMIRI'S.
SINCE 1989, OVER 100,000+ KASHMIRIS HAVE BEEN KILLED BY INDIAN FORCES. WITH OVER 7,200+ KASHMIRIS BEING MURDERED IN INDIAN POLICE CUSTODY, OVER 110,000+ KASHMIRI CHILDREN HAVE BEEN ORPHANED, AND MORE THAN 11,000+ KASHMIRI WOMEN HAVE BEEN RAPED BY INDIAN OCCUPATION FORCES. IN ADDITION, OVER 7,000+ UNNAMED MASS GRAVES HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED WITH THOUSANDS OF VICTIMS.”
The photos below show israel and india’s leaders shaking hands and various armed indian soldiers stopping Kashmiris for unnecessary checks. End ID.
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ID 8: In all caps, “ISRAEL'S INVOLVED IN:
PINOCHET COUP - CHILE 1973
CIA BACKED DICTATOR, AUGUSTO PINOCHET TOOK OVER CHILE ON SEPTEMBER 11, 1973. OVERTHROWING ITS DEMOCRATICALLY ELECTED PRESIDENT, SALVADOR ALLENDE. THE NEXT DAY HIS FORCES BEGAN KIDNAPPING ANYONE THEY SUSPECTED OF BEING LEFT WING AND PLACED THEM IN CONCENTRATION CAMPS.
PINOCHET'S SECRET POLICE, DINA (DIRECCION DE INTELIGENCIA NACIONAL) RAN THOSE CONCENTRATION CAMPS AND TORTURE CENTRES, AND THEY FREQUENTLY ABDUCTED, 'DISAPPEARED' AND EXECUTED CHILEAN CIVILIANS. ISRAEL TRAINED DINA AND WAS ALSO ONE OF PINOCHET'S MAIN ARMS SUPPLIERS.”
Black and white photos below showcase various scenes of armed DINA officers, with one photo in particular showing them in a tank over bodies on the ground, presumably dead. End ID.
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ID 9: In all caps, “ISRAEL'S INVOLVED IN:
ETHNICALLY CLEANSING ARMENIANS - ONGOING
ISRAEL HAS BEEN FUNDING AND ARMING AZERBAIJAN'S MILITARY SINCE 1988, ARMS WHICH HAVE BEEN USED TO KILL ARMENIAN CIVILIANS THROUGHOUT AZERBAIJAN'S ONGOING ETHNIC CLEANSING OF ARTSAKH. THE ISRAELI REGIME SUPPLIES AZERBAIJAN WITH OVER 70% OF ITS MILITARY ARSENAL.
IN ADDITION TO PROVIDING THE ARMS TO KILL ARMENIANS, ISRAEL ALSO REFUSES TO RECOGNISE THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE, COMMITTED BY THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE (TURKEY) FROM 1914-1923, WHO SYSTEMATICALLY MURDERED OVER 1.5 MILLION ARMENIAN CIVILIANS.”
Photos below show israel and azerbaijan’s leaders shaking hands, azerbaijan’s soldiers menacingly standing in front of someone wrapped in an Armenian flag, and Armenians mourning over a shrine with their flags all around them. End ID.
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ID 10: In all caps, “THE PALESTINIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM IS CONNECTED TO STRUGGLES ALL AROUND THE WORLD.
BECAUSE OPPRESSORS LIKE ISRAEL ARE NOT ONLY UPHOLDING OPPRESSION AGAINST ONE POPULATION, ITS ALWAYS INTERCONNECTED TO OPPRESSING MANY MORE.
FREE PALESTINE.” No photos at the bottom of this slide. End ID.
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intersectionalpraxis · 4 months
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OP lists some ways we can help:
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Here is the page they referenced on Instagram:
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molkolsdal · 17 days
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Surya, the Sun God
early 700s, Kashmir
Surya wears a long tunic and boots suitable for riding horses across the grassland steppes of Central Asia. The sun god was of paramount power among the people of Central and Western Asia who followed religions such as Zoroastrianism, a pre-Islamic faith emphasizing a sacred duality between light and dark. When the image of the sun god began to be made in India from the 100s BC on, he is shown in the dress of the people who revered him the most. Surya is worshipped throughout the Indian subcontinent and Himalayan regions of Kashmir and Nepal alongside both Hindu and Buddhist deities.
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weirdo09 · 2 months
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dedicate the last day of women’s history month to the women of palestine, the women of sudan, the women of congo and countless other women under the siege in their countries. these women are the heartbeat of their countries, we shall stand and continue to stand with them during their liberation and repair of their great nations
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x-heesy · 15 days
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Dolman coat made of Kashmir shawls, 1875-1885
#fashion #fashiongram #fashionable #fashionphotography #fashionlover #fashionart #fashionaddict #fashionphotographer #fashionpost #fashionshoot #fashionlove #fashionlovers #fashioneditoral #editoral #catwalk #history #historyofart #historycal #historyfacts #historylovers #historyinpictures #historymade #historygeek #historyera #historyphoto #historyclass #historychannel #historylesson #historygram #historynerd #historytour #historyofphotography #historyplace #historylover #historyphotographed #historymatters #historyoffashion #historyiscool #arthistory #historical #historicalplaces #historicalpix #historicalclothing #historicalphotos #historicalromance #historicalmonument #historicalfacts #historicalart #historicalsnapshots #historicalphotography #historicalphoto #historicalpictures #historicalhome #historicalcenter #historicaldesign #historicalfantasy #historicalusociety
Memories by Waldeck, made in Austria 🇦🇹
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whencyclopedia · 1 year
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White Huns (Hephthalites)
The White Huns were a race of largely nomadic peoples who were a part of the Hunnic tribes of Central Asia. They ruled over an expansive area stretching from the Central Asian lands all the way to the Western Indian Subcontinent. Although being a mostly nomadic tribe, they nonetheless adopted the lifestyles of the lands they conquered but still retained their warlike nature. Their rule begins in the 5th cent CE, but they lingered on in the region for a substantial amount of time after their kingdom fell and eventually integrated so well into the Indian culture that their practices and traditions became a full part of it.
Continue reading...
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seeratrouf · 1 year
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oh, to have someone to talk to about art, literature, movies, about religion, and psychology, and poetry and history, just talk talk and talk.
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namorlei · 4 months
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haiii
got suspended from twitter so guess im chilling here till i get my acc back lmao. if you wanna talk look at tags and ig pick one to talk abt. or follow maybe...?????
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hey i've seen you talk about kashmir not a lot of people are aware about what's going on there so yeah thank you for talking about my people
I follow Stand with Kashmir on Instagram, and I've been meaning to post more updates -so that's been an oversight on my end, so for folks who saw my original post below or who haven't yet -please don't stop talking about Kashmir. The occupation must end and the Kasmiri people must be free.
Thank you for connecting with me today! I will always be in solidarity with the Kasmiri people, and I will keep posting content about what is going on in Kashmir.
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molkolsdal · 1 year
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Ekamukhalinga (Shiva linga with one face)
Jammu and Kashmir or Afghanistan, marble, Shahi period, 9th century
The linga is the abstract form of the Hindu God Shiva. It expresses his absolute creative power. It also symbolizes Mount Meru, home of the gods, and the cosmic pillar or axis mundi that penetrates all levels of reality. The single face of Shiva, superimposed on the linga, expresses the primordial oneness, the philosophy of Tad Ekam (That One). This sculpture is a beautiful example of the Kashmiri style with arched eyebrows, elongated eyes, and full cheeks and lips.
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godofglitter · 11 months
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In a spontaneous (and probably highly illegal) decision, I decided to enter a half-renovated palace looking building in Mubarak Mandi Complex, Jammu. No one stopped me, precisely because there was no one around- the entire enclosed polygon of tall buildings of maharajas who'd probably thought they'd be ruling forever had a neglected, forgotten look about it. Even the locals didn't seem to know of the existence of the small museum, or the British style fountains on four corners of a Mughal and Dravidian style garden, enclosed by the Rajputana looking palace buildings. So many religions, ruling families, races- all blending together homogeneously, without the added colour of communalism that often (unfortunately) divides other significant melting pots such as Delhi, where I have grown up seeing firsthand the segregation of Mughalai versus Rajputana, each distinct and prideful in a lack of confluence with the opposite party. Here in Jammu for the first time I saw a masjid down the road from a temple, jhatka and halal shops standing shoulder to shoulder with a pure vegetarian vaishno dhaba, people living in seemingly true fraternity- and above all, harmony.
I am sure this is a gross romanticisation of the political atmosphere of one of India's most controversial and warred upon regions. And yet this picture- of a roof panel at that palace I very illegally entered- sparks these bittersweet emotions in me that awaken the inner idealist. This panel is a glimpse into Dogra history, and all the diverse factors that form it- and yet even as we speak, vital parts are being slowly replaced by fresh, bright, unmarked wood. The glass half empty side of my brain cries at the loss of history, cries for the beautiful and intricate artwork on the inner walls of the palace that are being covered by sterile white paint, for the erasure of an entire culture by controversy such that even the descendants of the kings themselves don't know who they are. And yet, unbidden as hope, the glass half full side of my brain sees this blank wood with rosy eyes, perhaps reminiscent of the perspective of the artisans who first set out to paint this beauty in the first place- seeing these empty spots as fresh slates onto which we can paint our own stories of love and peace.
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the-heaminator · 1 year
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Had some motivation to draw your Kashmir OC, and I know it’s not the best but I enjoyed drawing her lol :)
AAAAA OMG THA K YOU YHABK YOU THANK YOU QWQ I NEVER THOUGHT ANYONE ELSE WOULD WANT MY OC THAT EVEN I SOMETKMES FORGET ABOUT. SHES SO PRETTY OMG
SO HERE ARE EXPANDED KASHMIR HCS they were meant to be hcs but kinds if got out of control
She is short, 5'3 only, and pretty slight all things considered, unlike Haryana. Who for that matter always absolutely stuffs her if she ever comes over because Punjab needs backup bc Haryana is in her shit shit shit I need to feed everyone stage which happens at least once ever 2 to 3 years.
Speaking of her relationship with Punjab, which is to be fair one of the only things I have fleshed out here, they get along in the way that the enemy of ky enemy is my friend but in a joking way, ish, neither particularly want to be part of India, both have strong separatists movements (I personally have severe beef with both movements but thafs just personal reasons) they both have a history of religious violence, incredible pain during the partition (what used to be punjab before the partition was much much larger, and a lot of it got split into pakistani punjab, his sister, who is constantly sick and not having a good time)
idk I think he might have tried to substitute his sister with Kashmir, who has a brother of her own, Jammu, who has the capital for half the year and she has it for the rest, he cares for her deeply, and has ended up caring for punjab a lot too because that man is fucking lost and he needs help.
The three have a type of "Oh shit you're nearly as fucked up as I am going on." They all got fucked severely by the partition, thus having too many seperationist movements, religious conflict, not so great infrastructure and a general hatred towards the main government.
J&Ks infrastructure has gotten a lot better in the past decade, it is no longer a state per se since 2019, union territory but shut up, apparently when my mum got married you couldn't even reliably drive a car because the roads were so bad you would kill the suspension in a moment so horses were still main modes of transport, this wasn't even that long ago, late 90s early 2000s.
Which is a shame, J&K is so fucking pretty, natural beauty a plenty, mountains and all, and comparatively to places like dehli, Mumbai amritsar etc Srinagar is very, very clean, she feeds all the stray dogs, she has befriended them, I hc her to have one, a Bakherwal (?) Dog, very friendly to most people, has particular beef with India and China, they know its personal, he is spoiled rotten by Jammu and punjab who keeps on giving him roti.
Both Jammu and Kashmir have a fondness for mutton and chicken, they eat so much rice that its not even funny, so much bloody rice. They are not good at making dhaal but make very good sabjis. But make them wet bc they eat it with fucking rice (I'm sorry I'm pissed that my dad manages to make aloo gobi a fucking curry how di you do that??)
anyhow I might elaborate on these later. Maybe
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apenitentialprayer · 2 years
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Okay, so ignoring Sikand's clear anti-Brahmin bias, his article has a lot of interesting things to say about the Islamicization of Kashmir. For example, though he talks presents Bulbul Shah as the most famous missionary to Kashmir, and the first with ample historical evidence of his mission, he mentions several instances in which Muslims are said to be in Kashmir in both Hindu and Muslim texts:
Muhammad is said to have sent emissaries to a Kashmiri king named Venadutt, whose experience with these Muslims led him to live an ascetic lifestyle and to perform a form of zakat.
When Muslims invaded Sindh in 711, a Sindhi king fled to Kashmir alongside his Syrian Muslim general, Hamim ibn Sama. If this is true, that means that there were Indian Muslims who fought for Hindu rulers against the Caliphate within the first century of Islam's existence.
An eighth-century Kashmiri king is also supposed to have petitioned the Caliph to send scholars who could elaborate on the foundations of shari'ah in Kashmiri; less than a hundred years later, another king is said to have commissioned a Kashmiri translation of the Qur'an.
By the 11th century, during the reign of Harshadeva, there is evidence of a significant Muslim presence in the upper classes of Kashmiri society, three hundred years before the first Muslim dynasty would reign in Kashmir.
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aarifboy · 1 month
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History of Pakistan, A Quick Recap. People Who Contributed For Bettermen...
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ipl24 · 2 months
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#Kashmir's Water Queen Bilquis Mir Scripts History, Becomes First Indian Woman Jury Member For Olympics | Other Sports News #TATAIPL #IPL24
#IPL24 # Water Queen of Kashmir, Bilquis Mir, has achieved another milestone by becoming the first Indian woman to serve as a jury member in the upcoming Olympic Games. Renowned as the Aqua Woman of the Kashmir Valley, Bilquis has made significant contributions to water sports, particularly kayaking and canoeing. Her journey, starting from the iconic Dal Lake in Srinagar, spans over three…
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